Chapter 2
METHOD
This chapter describes the methodology used to achieve the purpose
of the study. It describes the research design, research locale, respondents
of the study, sampling procedures, the research instrument, the statistical
tools and structural equation modeling (SEM) employed in this
investigation.
Research Design
The study will employ quantitative approach in research, which
specifically utilize path analysis. A quantitative research is a method
which emphasize objective measurements and the statistical,
mathematical, or numerical analysis of data collected through polls,
questionnaires, and surveys, or by manipulating pre-existing statistical
data using computational techniques. It also focuses on gathering
numerical data and generalizing it across groups of people or to explain a
particular phenomenon (Babbie, 2010).
Meanwhile, path analysis is a form of multiple regression statistical
analysis that is used to evaluate causal models by examining the
relationships between a dependent variable and two or more independent
variables. Typically path analysis involves the construction of a path
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diagram in which the relationships between all variables and the causal
direction between them are specifically laid out. When conducting a path
analysis, one might first construct an input path diagram, which illustrates
the hypothesized relationships. In a path diagram, researchers use arrows
to show how different variables relate to each other. An arrow pointing
from, say, Variable A to Variable B, shows that Variable A is hypothesized
to influence Variable B. (Crossman, 2019).
Path analysis is an appropriate approach for the study since it tries
to investigate how students’ academic performance is being influenced by
some variables namely, teacher classroom management, teaching methods,
parental involvement and motivation. The study also seeks to find the
interrelationship among the abovementioned variables, thus trying to
determine which variable affects the other in order to establish a model
that shows a flow of influence between and/or variables.
Research Respondents
The respondents of the study will be the Grade 10 students from
different secondary schools in Banaybanay District in the Division of
Davao Oriental. Using the Slovin’s formula, the number of respondents is
determined. Through the use of Raosoft cample size calculator at 5%
degree of freedom and 95% level of confidence, as sample size of 247 is
determined from a total population of 646.
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Table 1 shows the distribution of the respondents of the study
comprising of 247 Grade 10 students from secondary public schools. These
students are enrolled for the school year.
Table 1
Distribution of the Respondents of the Study
________________________________________________________________________
Schools Population Sample Percentage
________________________________________________________________________
Leandro G. Japos National High School 52 20 8.09%
Manuel B. Guinez Sr. National High School 448 171 69.23%
Donguila-Pacres National High School 70 27 10.93%
Puntalinao National High School 76 29 11.74%
________________________________________________________________________
Total 646 247 100%
The stratified random sampling method will be used in selecting the
participants to ensure equal representation for every school. This
technique will be employed since the Banaybanay District has four (4)
secondary schools with varying number of Grade 10 students.
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Legend:
- The location of the respondents.
Figure 2. The vicinity map of the respondents
Research Instrument
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There will be four (4) sets of survey questionnaire that will be used
to gather data in order to determine the extent or level of classroom
management, teaching methods, parental involvement, and motivation.
The Classroom management survey questionnaire will be an
adopted questionnaire authored by Rashid, Abbass, Hussain, Khalid, and
Ahmad Salfi (2014). The rating will be based on the five (5) point scales
with 1 representing “Never”, 2 (Seldom), 3 (Sometimes), 4 (Oftentimes)
and 5 (Always) will be used as a basis of determining the responses of the
students.
For the classroom management, the researcher will employ a
parameter limit and descriptive equivalents as follows:
Range of Means Descriptive Interpretation
Equivalent
4.30 – 5.00 Very High If the measure described in the
classroom management item is
always manifested
3.50 – 4.20 High If the measure described in the
classroom management item is
oftentimes manifested.
2.70 – 3.40 Moderate If the measure described in the
classroom management item is
sometimes manifested.
1.90 – 2.60 Low If the measure described in the
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classroom management item is
seldom manifested
1.00 – 1.80 Very Low If the measure described in the
classroom management item is
never manifested
The teaching methods survey questionnaire will be an adopted
questionnaire authored by Juuti, Lavonen, Uitto, Byman and Meisalo
(2009). The rating will be based on the five (5) point scales with 1
representing “Never”, 2 (Seldom), 3 (Sometimes), 4 (Oftentimes) and 5
(Always) will be used as a basis of determining the responses of the
students.
For teaching methods, the five orderable categories in parental
involvement are categorized below:
Range of Means Descriptive Interpretation
Equivalent
4.30 – 5.00 Very High If the measure described in the
teaching methods item is
always manifested
3.50 – 4.20 High If the measure described in the
teaching methods item is
oftentimes manifested.
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2.70 – 3.40 Moderate If the measure described in the
teaching methods item is
sometimes manifested.
1.90 – 2.60 Low If the measure described in the
teaching methods item is
seldom manifested
1.00 – 1.80 Very Low If the measure described in the
teaching methods item is never
manifested
The Parental involvement survey questionnaire will be an adopted
questionnaire authored by Gafoor (2001). The rating will be based on the
five (5) point scales with 1 representing “Never”, 2 (Seldom), 3
(Sometimes), 4 (Oftentimes) and 5 (Always) will be used as a basis of
determining the responses of the students.
For parental involvement, the five orderable categories in parental
involvement are categorized below:
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Range of Means Descriptive Interpretation
Equivalent
4.30 – 5.00 Very High If the measure described in the
parental involvement item is
always manifested
3.50 – 4.20 High If the measure described in the
parental involvement item is
oftentimes manifested.
2.70 – 3.40 Moderate If the measure described in the
parental involvement item is
sometimes manifested.
1.90 – 2.60 Low If the measure described in the
parental involvement item is
seldom manifested
1.00 – 1.80 Very Low If the measure described in the
parental involvement item is
never manifested
The motivation survey questionnaire will be an adopted
questionnaire authored by Njiru (2003). The rating will be based on the
five (5) point scales with 1 representing “Never”, 2 (Seldom), 3
(Sometimes), 4 (Oftentimes) and 5 (Always) will be used as a basis of
determining the responses of the students.
For motivation, the five orderable categories in parental
involvement are categorized below:
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Range of Means Descriptive Interpretation
Equivalent
4.30 – 5.00 Very High If the measure described in the
motivation item is always
manifested
3.50 – 4.20 High If the measure described in the
motivation item is oftentimes
manifested.
2.70 – 3.40 Moderate If the measure described in the
motivation item is sometimes
manifested.
1.90 – 2.60 Low If the measure described in the
motivation item is seldom
manifested
1.00 – 1.80 Very Low If the measure described in the
motivation item is never
manifested
To assess the level of students’ achievement in science, grades of the
Second Quarter in the subject Science will be utilized as data. To determine
the academic achievement in Science of the students, the guidelines in
DepEd Order No. 8 series of 2015 will be the basis in plotting the five
orderable gradations.
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For the academic achievement in Science, the guidelines in DepEd
Order No. 8 series of 2015 will be the basis in plotting the five orderable
gradations. The following scaling will be utilized:
Transmuted Descriptive Description
Grade Equivalent
90 -100 Outstanding If the measure described the
(84.00 - 100) science achievement
is very high.
85 - 89 Very Satisfactory If the measure described the
(76.00 – 83.99) science achievement is
high.
80 – 84 Satisfactory If the measure described the
(68.00 – 75.99) science achievement is
moderate.
75 – 79 Fairly Satisfactory If the measure described the
(60.00 – 67.99) science achievement
is low
74 and below Did not meet If the measure described the
(0 – 59.99) Expectations science achievement is
very low.
Data Gathering Procedure
In gathering data, the researchers will observe the following steps:
Seeking Permissions to Conduct the Study from Authorities. The
researcher will send a letter of permission to conduct study to the Office of
Schools Division Superintendent of the Division of Davao Oriental, Dr.
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Lorenzo E. Mendoza, CESE at the Government Center, Dahican, City of
Mati, Davao Oriental.
General Orientation and Seeking of Consent from Research
Participants. In the process of conducting the study, the researcher will
conduct a brief orientation about his study or the purpose of the study on
the respondents. Also, the researcher will do the process of making the
respondents aware on how they were selected, how their responses would
be given emphasis and importance, and how the assurance of
confidentiality would be strictly observed as to the gathering and
tabulation of data. Also, the act of giving and explaining technical terms
used within the study will be practiced. It was on this process that the
respondents will get acquainted and be informed as to what the study will
be all about and how their participation would be of help on the success of
the study. The introduction and giving short discussion with regards to the
instruments being used on the study would minimize the ambiguity,
anxiety, and complication that the respondents might encounter on the
conduct of it.
Administration and Retrieval of Questionnaires. Upon the
approval, the researcher will personally distribute the research
instruments to the respondents. With the help of the respective class
advisers, it will be properly distributed and retrieved afterwards.
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Also, the researcher will be ready to entertain questions and
clarifications about the survey questionnaire items.
Checking, Collating and Processing of Data. At this point, the
researcher will tally and tabulate all the data that will be gathered from the
respondents utilizing various scales and subjected the data set for
statistical analysis. The analysis and interpretation of the statistical results
including the conclusions and the formulation will follow.
Statistical Treatment of Data
This research will employ different statistical tools for analyzing the
data.
Mean. It is the sum of the sampled values divided by the number of
items in the sample (Bradfield, 1998). It will be used to determine the level
of the variables such as classroom management, teaching methods,
parental involvement, motivation and academic performance in science of
the students. It will be used to answer the research questions 1, 2, 3, 4, and
5.
Pearson Product Moment Coefficient Correlation. It is a measure of
the linear correlation between two variables X and Y (Moriya, 2008). It will
be used to find the relationship between the variables classroom
management, teaching methods, parental involvement, motivation and
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academic performance in science of the students. This statistical tool will
be used to answer the research question 6.
Regression Analysis. It is a set of statistical processes for estimating
the relationships between a dependent variable (often called the 'outcome
variable') and one or more independent variables (often called 'predictors',
'covariates', or 'features') (Mogull, 2004). It will also be used to derive the
value of a criterion from several other independents, or predictor
variables. Also, it would determine which of the exogenous variables:
classroom management, teaching methods, parental involvement,
motivation predict the endogenous variable which and academic
performance in science of the students. It will be used to answer the
research questions 7 and 8.
Structural Equation Modelling will be used to assess the best fit
among the models and to determine the validity of the hypothesized
model. It will be used to answer the research question 9.
Ethical Consideration
This is to guarantee systematic practices in research, the ethical
codes need to be emphasized and applied towards the respondents. Also
the context concerning the agreement of both the researchers and the
respondents. This quantitative paper revolves around the key principles of
ethical research which includes consent, confidentiality, anonymity, harm
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and reciprocity, and reflecting to the issue of power, empowerment and
ownership (Halai, 2006).
The study will also follow the standards that are being set
internationally which is to protect the key respondents. The privacy of the
respondents will be considered. The data that will be collected shall
remain confidential which is the appropriate thing to do with the group of
people.
Respect for persons needs an obligation of the researcher not to
exploit the weaknesses of the research respondents. Self-sufficiency will be
avoided in order to maintain friendship, trust, and confidence among the
respondents and the researchers. Beforehand, the researcher will ask
permission from the Schools Division Superintendent by sending a
permission letter to conduct the study before conducting the research.
Prior to the conduct of the study, the researcher will do an
orientation to the respondents and will utilize informed consent (and
informed assent if study involves children below 18 y/o) wherein the
consent/assent contains all the details about the study including how they
will participate in the study and the benefits that they could get from the
study.
The researcher shall ensure that the respondents will voluntarily
participate. There must be absence of coercion in high level and that they
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are free to withdraw from the study. Upon withdrawal, their data will no
longer be included in the study. This voluntary participation and freedom
of withdrawal will all be stipulated in the informed consent/assent. That
in the entire duration of the data gathering, the researcher will ensure that
no harm will be incurred to the respondents by having the data collection
in the safest place possible like their classrooms.
The researcher must ensure observance to Data Protection Policy,
where the participants’ identity will never be divulged in the study. This
will be done by not including their names and any information related to
them. The schools where they belong will also be assigned with code
names. Also, the raw data of the study will be stored in a safe box and will
be accessed only by the researcher and the analyst if needed. This will be
done to pay respect for the individuals concerned in the study.
Consent is another most important way of showing respect to
persons during research. This is to let all respondents became aware on the
purpose and objectives of the research study that they are going to involve.
Written consent will be provided for them to get their approval. After
getting their nod, they will have to actively participate in the answering of
the survey questionnaires. Of course, they will be informed on the results
and findings of the study. (Creswell, 2012).
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Beneficence requires a commitment of minimizing risks to the
research respondents rather maximizing the profits that are due to them.
The respondents will benefit from the study by being to exposed to
academic stimuli. They will be oriented on how educational practitioners
deal and address problems they are experiencing. Anonymity of the
respondents will be kept in order not to put each participant into risks. At
all times, respondents will be protected, so every files of information will
not be left unattended or unprotected (Bricki and Green, 2007).
Confidentiality towards the results and findings including the
safeguard of the respondents, coding system will be used. Meaning, the
respondents’ identities will be hidden. All materials including survey
questionnaires and others should be destroyed after the data will be
analyzed. At first, respondents will have to refuse to give positive answer
to the request, but then as we will go on, they wanted also to offer help in
the research. They will not be required to write their names in the
questionnaires (Maree and Van Der Westhuizen, 2007).
Justice requires a reasonable allocation of the risks and benefits as
results of the research. It is very important to acknowledge the
contributions of all the respondents as they generally part of the success of
the research. They must be given due credits in all their endeavors. Time of
the respondents will not be wasted. Data gathering will be done in a
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reasonable length of time. The researcher will also ensure that classes will
not be interrupted during the data gathering thus it will be done during
free time. Random sampling technique will strictly be observed to ensure
that everybody will have the chance to be included in the study, hence fair
selection will be observed. The respondents will not able to spend any
amount of money during the conduct of the study. Sensible tokens will be
given to them as a sign of recognition to their efforts on the study. The
researcher is hoping that through this study, they will be set free into
whatever negative experiences they had and maintain a good name into
what positive contributions they could offer in this study.
