Digestion 14 Marieb

Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology

Elaine N. Marieb

Seventh Edition

Chapter 14
The Digestive System
and Body Metabolism
Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings
The Digestive System and Body

Metabolism
Digestion
Breakdown of ingested food
Absorption
Passage of nutrients into the blood
Metabolism
Production of cellular energy (ATP)
Slide 14.1
Organs of the Digestive System
Two main groups

Alimentary canal continuous coiled hollow
tube
Accessory digestive organs
Slide 14.2a
Organs of the Digestive System
Figure 14.1
Slide 14.2b
Organs of the Alimentary Canal

Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Anus
Slide 14.3
Mouth (Oral Cavity) Anatomy

Lips (labia) protect
the anterior opening
Cheeks form the
lateral walls
Hard palate forms
the anterior roof
Soft palate forms
the posterior roof
Uvula fleshy
projection of the
soft palate
Figure 14.2a
Slide 14.4

Vestibule space
between lips
externally and teeth
and gums internally
Oral cavity area
contained by the
teeth
Tongue attached at
hyoid and styloid
processes of the
skull, and by the
lingual frenulum
Figure 14.2a
Slide 14.5
Tonsils
Palatine tonsils
Lingual tonsil
Figure 14.2a
Slide 14.6
Processes of the Mouth
Mastication (chewing) of food

Mixing masticated food with saliva
Initiation of swallowing by the tongue
Allowing for the sense of taste
Slide 14.7
Pharynx Anatomy
Nasopharynx
not part of the
digestive system
Oropharynx
posterior to oral
cavity
Laryngopharynx
below the oropharynx
and connected to
the esophagus
Figure 14.2a
Slide 14.8
Pharynx Function
Serves as a passageway for air and
food
Food is propelled to the esophagus by
two muscle layers
Longitudinal inner layer
Circular outer layer
Food movement is by alternating

contractions of the muscle layers
(peristalsis)
Slide 14.9
Esophagus
Runs from pharynx to stomach through
the diaphragm
Conducts food by peristalsis
(slow rhythmic squeezing)
Passageway for food only (respiratory
system branches off after the pharynx)
Slide 14.10
Layers of Alimentary Canal Organs

Mucosa
Innermost layer
Moist membrane
Surface epithelium
Small amount of connective tissue
(lamina propria)
Small smooth muscle layer
Slide 14.11a
Submucosa
Just beneath the mucosa
Soft connective tissue with blood vessels,
nerve endings, and lymphatics
Slide 14.11b

Muscularis externa smooth muscle
Inner circular layer
Outer longitudinal layer
Serosa
Outermost layer visceral peritoneum
Layer of serous fluid-producing cells
Slide 14.12
Figure 14.3
Slide 14.13
Stomach Anatomy
Located on the left side of the

abdominal cavity
Food enters at the cardioesophageal
sphincter
Slide 14.15a
Stomach Anatomy
Regions of the stomach
Cardiac region near the heart
Fundus
Body
Phylorus funnel-shaped terminal end
Food empties into the small intestine at

the pyloric sphincter
Slide 14.15b
Stomach Anatomy
Rugae internal folds of the mucosa

External regions
Lesser curvature
Greater curvature
Slide 14.16a
Stomach Anatomy
Layers of peritoneum attached to the
stomach
Lesser omentum attaches the liver to the
lesser curvature
Greater omentum attaches the greater
curvature to the posterior body wall
Contains fat to insulate, cushion, and
protect abdominal organs
Slide 14.16b
Stomach Anatomy
Figure 14.4a
Slide 14.17
Stomach Functions
Acts as a storage tank for food
Site of food breakdown
Chemical breakdown of protein begins
Delivers chyme (processed food) to the
small intestine
Slide 14.18
Specialized Mucosa of the

Stomach
Simple columnar epithelium
Mucous neck cells produce a sticky

alkaline mucus
Gastric glands secrete gastric juice
Chief cells produce protein-digesting
enzymes (pepsinogens)
Parietal cells produce hydrochloric acid
Endocrine cells produce gastrin
Slide 14.19
Structure of the Stomach Mucosa
Gastric pits formed by folded mucosa

Glands and specialized cells are in the
gastric gland region
Slide 14.20a
Structure of the Stomach Mucosa
Figure 14.4b, c
Slide 14.20b
Small Intestine
The bodys major digestive organ
Site of nutrient absorption into the blood
Muscular tube extending form the
pyloric sphincter to the ileocecal valve
Suspended from the posterior
abdominal wall by the mesentery
Slide 14.21
Subdivisions of the Small Intestine

Dogs Just Itch!
Duodenum
Attached to the stomach

Curves around the head of the pancreas
Jejunum
Attaches anteriorly to the duodenum
Ileum
Extends from jejunum to large intestine
Slide 14.22
Chemical Digestion in the Small

Intestine
Source of enzymes that are mixed with
chyme
Intestinal cells
Pancreas
Bile enters from the gall bladder
Slide 14.23a
Chemical Digestion in the Small

Intestine
Figure 14.6
Slide 14.23b
Villi of the Small Intestine

Fingerlike
structures formed
by the mucosa
Give the small
intestine more
surface area
Figure 14.7a
Slide 14.24
Microvilli of the Small Intestine
Small projections of the

plasma membrane
Found on absorptive cells
Figure 14.7c
Slide 14.25
Structures Involved in Absorption of

Nutrients
Absorptive cells
Blood capillaries
Lacteals (specialized
lymphatic capillaries)
Figure 14.7b
Slide 14.26
Folds of the Small Intestine

Called circular folds or plicae circulares
Deep folds of the mucosa and
submucosa
Do not disappear when filled with food
The submucosa has Peyers patches
(collections of lymphatic tissue)
Slide 14.27
Digestion in the Small Intestine

Enzymes from the brush border
Break double sugars into simple sugars
Complete some protein digestion
Pancreatic enzymes play the major

digestive function
Help complete digestion of starch
(pancreatic amylase)
Carry out about half of all protein digestion
(trypsin, etc.)
Slide 14.57a
Digestion in the Small Intestine
Pancreatic enzymes play the major

digestive function (continued)
Responsible for fat digestion (lipase)
Digest nucleic acids (nucleases)
Alkaline content neutralizes acidic chyme
Slide 14.57b
Absorption in the Small Intestine

Water is absorbed along the length of
the small intestine
End products of digestion
Most substances are absorbed by active
transport through cell membranes
Lipids are absorbed by diffusion
Substances are transported to the liver

by the hepatic portal vein or lymph
Slide 14.59
Propulsion in the Small Intestine

Peristalsis is the major means of
moving food
Segmental movements
Mix chyme with digestive juices
Aid in propelling food
Slide 14.60
Large Intestine
Larger in diameter, but shorter than the

small intestine
Frames the internal abdomen
Slide 14.28
Large Intestine
Figure 14.8
Slide 14.28
Functions of the Large Intestine

Absorption of water
Eliminates indigestible food from the
body as feces
Does not participate in digestion of food
Goblet cells produce mucus to act as a
lubricant
Slide 14.29
Structures of the Large Intestine

Cecum saclike first part of the large
intestine
Appendix
Accumulation of lymphatic tissue that
sometimes becomes inflamed
(appendicitis)
Hangs from the cecum
Slide 14.30a

Colon
Ascending
Transverse
Descending
S-shaped sigmoidal
Rectum
Anus external body opening
Slide 14.30b

Colon
Ascending
Transverse
Descending
S-shaped sigmoidal
Rectum
Anus external body opening
Slide 14.30b
Food Breakdown and Absorption in

the Large Intestine
No digestive enzymes are produced
Resident bacteria digest remaining
nutrients
Produce some vitamin K and B
Release gases
Water and vitamins K and B are absorbed

Remaining materials are eliminated via
feces
Slide 14.61
Propulsion in the Large Intestine

Sluggish peristalsis
Mass movements
Slow, powerful movements
Occur three to four times per day
Presence of feces in the rectum causes

a defecation reflex
Internal anal sphincter is relaxed
Defecation occurs with relaxation of the
voluntary (external) anal sphincter
Slide 14.62
Accessory Digestive Organs

Salivary glands
Teeth
Pancreas
Liver
Gall bladder
Slide 14.32
Salivary Glands
Saliva-producing glands
Parotid glands located anterior to ears
Submandibular glands
Sublingual glands
Slide 14.33
Saliva
Mixture of mucus and serous fluids
Helps to form a food bolus
Contains salivary amylase to begin
starch digestion
Dissolves chemicals so they can be
tasted
Slide 14.34
Teeth
The role is to masticate (chew) food
Humans have two sets of teeth
Deciduous (baby or milk) teeth
20 teeth are fully formed by age two
Slide 14.35a
Teeth
Permanent teeth
Replace deciduous teeth beginning
between the ages of 6 to 12
A full set is 32 teeth, but some people do
not have wisdom teeth
Slide 14.35b
Classification of Teeth
Incisors
Canines
Premolars
Molars
Slide 14.36a
Classification of Teeth
Figure 14.9
Slide 14.36b
Regions of a Tooth
Crown exposed
part
Outer enamel
Dentin
Pulp cavity
Neck
Region in contact
with the gum
Connects crown to
root
Figure 14.10
Slide 14.37a
Regions of a Tooth
Root
Periodontal
membrane
attached to the
bone
Root canal carrying
blood vessels and
nerves
Figure 14.10
Slide 14.37b
Pancreas
Produces a wide spectrum of digestive
enzymes that break down all categories of food
Enzymes are secreted into the duodenum
Alkaline fluid introduced with enzymes
neutralizes acidic chyme
Endocrine products of pancreas
Insulin
Glucagons
Slide 14.38
Liver
Largest gland in the body
Located on the right side of the body
under the diaphragm
Consists of four lobes suspended from
the diaphragm and abdominal wall by
the falciform ligament
Connected to the gall bladder via the
common hepatic duct
Slide 14.39
Bile
Produced by cells in the liver
Composition
Bile salts
Bile pigment (mostly bilirubin from the
breakdown of hemoglobin)
Cholesterol
Phospholipids
Electrolytes
Slide 14.40
Role of the Liver in Metabolism

Several roles in digestion
Detoxifies drugs and alcohol
Degrades hormones
Produce cholesterol, blood proteins
(albumin and clotting proteins)
Plays a central role in metabolism
Slide 14.77
Gall Bladder
Sac found in hollow fossa of liver
Stores bile from the liver by way of the
cystic duct
Bile is introduced into the duodenum in
the presence of fatty food
Gallstones can cause blockages
Slide 14.41
Processes of the Digestive System
Ingestion getting food into the mouth

Propulsion moving foods from one
region of the digestive system to
another
Slide 14.42a
Peristalsis alternating
waves of contraction
Segmentation moving
materials back and forth
to aid in mixing
Figure 14.12
Slide 14.42b
Mechanical digestion
Mixing of food in the mouth by the tongue
Churning of food in the stomach
Segmentation in the small intestine
Slide 14.43

Chemical Digestion
Enzymes break down food molecules into
their building blocks
Each major food group uses different
enzymes
Carbohydrates are broken to simple sugars
Proteins are broken to amino acids
Fats are broken to fatty acids and alcohols
Slide 14.44

Absorption
End products of digestion are absorbed in
the blood or lymph
Food must enter mucosal cells and then
into blood or lymph capillaries
Defecation
Elimination of indigestible substances as
feces
Slide 14.45
Figure 14.11
Slide 14.46
Control of Digestive Activity

Mostly controlled by reflexes via the
parasympathetic division
Chemical and mechanical receptors are
located in organ walls that trigger
reflexes
Slide 14.47a
Control of Digestive Activity

Stimuli include:
Stretch of the organ
pH of the contents
Presence of breakdown products
Reflexes include:
Activation or inhibition of glandular
secretions
Smooth muscle activity
Slide 14.47b
Nutrition - Take a Class!

Nutrient substance used by the
body for growth, maintenance, and
repair
Categories of nutrients
Carbohydrates: simple sugars, starches,
fiber
Lipids: triglycerides, phospholipids, fatty
acids
Proteins: amino acids
Slide 14.63
Body Energy Balance

Energy intake = total energy output
(heat + work + energy storage)
Energy intake is liberated during food
oxidation
Energy output
Heat is usually about 60%
Storage energy is in the form of fat or
glycogen
Slide 14.83

Digestion 14 Marieb

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Digestion 14 Marieb

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Digestion 14 Marieb

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology

The Digestive System and Body

Organs of the Digestive System

Two main groups

Organs of the Digestive System

Organs of the Alimentary Canal

Mouth (Oral Cavity) Anatomy

Mouth (Oral Cavity) Anatomy

Mouth (Oral Cavity) Anatomy

Processes of the Mouth

Mastication (chewing) of food

Food movement is by alternating

Layers of Alimentary Canal Organs

Layers of Alimentary Canal Organs

Layers of Alimentary Canal Organs

Layers of Alimentary Canal Organs

Located on the left side of the

Food empties into the small intestine at

Rugae internal folds of the mucosa

Specialized Mucosa of the

Simple columnar epithelium

Mucous neck cells produce a sticky

Structure of the Stomach Mucosa

Gastric pits formed by folded mucosa

Structure of the Stomach Mucosa

Subdivisions of the Small Intestine

Attached to the stomach

Chemical Digestion in the Small

Chemical Digestion in the Small

Villi of the Small Intestine

Microvilli of the Small Intestine

Small projections of the

Structures Involved in Absorption of

Folds of the Small Intestine

Digestion in the Small Intestine

Pancreatic enzymes play the major

Digestion in the Small Intestine

Pancreatic enzymes play the major

Absorption in the Small Intestine

Substances are transported to the liver

Propulsion in the Small Intestine

Larger in diameter, but shorter than the

Functions of the Large Intestine

Structures of the Large Intestine

Structures of the Large Intestine

Structures of the Large Intestine

Food Breakdown and Absorption in

Water and vitamins K and B are absorbed

Propulsion in the Large Intestine

Presence of feces in the rectum causes

Accessory Digestive Organs

Role of the Liver in Metabolism

Processes of the Digestive System

Ingestion getting food into the mouth

Processes of the Digestive System

Processes of the Digestive System

Processes of the Digestive System

Processes of the Digestive System

Processes of the Digestive System