Skeletal Muscle Cells or Muscle Fibers – fascicles converge on a common point

are covered by a delicate connective tissue of attachment.

membrane called endomysium 4. Fusiform muscles – have fascicles that
may be close to parallel in the center, or
Fascicles – group of skeletal muscle fibers “belly” of the muscle but converge to a
tendon at one or both ends.
Epimysium – muscle or a whole is covered
by a coarse sheath 5. Spiral muscles – have fibers that twist
between their points of attachment.
Perimysium – tougher connective tissue
envelope 6. Circular muscles – sometimes called
“orbicular muscles” and “sphinders”, often
Aponeurosis – flat sheet of connective circle body tubes or openings.
tissue
Origin and Insertion – are point of
Fascia – muscle to muscle attachment

Superficial Fascia – fascia just under the Origin – is the point of attachment that does
skin not move when muscle contrast.

Deep Fascia – fascia around muscles and Insertion – is the point of attachment that
bones moves when muscle contrast.
6 MUSCLE SHAPES
4 MUSCLE ACTIONS
1. Parallel Muscles – can vary in length,
but long strap-like muscle with parallel 1. Prime Mover (agonist) – is used to
fascicles are must typical. describe a muscle that directly
performs a specific movement.
2. Convergent Muscles – have fascicles
that radiate out from a small to a wider 2. Antagonists – are muscles that when
point of attachment, much like the contracting, directly oppose prime
blades in the fan. mover. They are relaxed while prime
mover is contracting to produce
3. Pennate Muscles – are said to be movement.
“feather-like” in appearance
3. Synergists – are muscles that
3 CATEGORIES OF PENNATE MUSCLES contract at the same time as the prime
mover
• Unipennate muscles - only one side
of the connective tissue shaft. 4. Fixator Muscles – generally function
as joint stabilizers. They frequently
• Bipennate muscles – have a type of serve to maintain posture and
double-feathered attachment of balance.
fascicles
Lever – is any rigid bar free to turn about a
• Multipennate muscles – the fixed point called its fulcrum
numerous interconnecting quill-like
Lever System – is a simple mechanical • Pectoralis major
device that makes the work of moving a • Serratus anterior
weight or other load easier in some way. • Rectus abdominis
• External abdominal oblique
4 COMPONENT PART OF LEVER SYSTEM • Flexors of wrist and fingers
• Tensor fasciae latae
1. A rigid or bar (bone) called a lever.
• Vastus lateralis
2. A fixed pivot or fulcrum (F) around
which the lever moves. • Rectus femoris
3. A load (L) or resistance, that is moved. • Patella
4. A force, or pull (P), which produce • Tibialis anterior
movement. • Extensor digitorum longus
• Peroneus (fibularis) longus
First-class lever – the fulcrum in the first- • Peroneus (fibularis) brevis
class lever lies between the effort or pull and • Superior extensor retinaculum
the resistance or load.
POSTERIOR VIEW
Second-class lever – the load lies between (Right)
the fulcrum and the joint at which pull is
exerted. • Sternocleidomastoid
• Seventh cervical vertebrae
Third-class lever – the pull is exerted • Deltoid
between the fulcrum and the resistance or
• Teres minor
load to be moved.
• Teres major
GENERAL OVERVIEW OF THE BODY’S • Triceps brachii
MUSCULATURE • Latissimus dorsi
• Extensors of the wrist and fingers
ANTERIOR VIEW • Semitendinosus (hamstring group)
(Right) • Biceps femoris (hamstring group)
• Semimembranosus (hamstring group)
• Deltoid • Gastrocnemius
• Biceps brachii • Peroneus (fibularis) longus
• Linea alba • Peroneus (fibularis) brevis
• Extensors of wrist and fingers
• Retinaculum (Left)
• Adductors of thigh
• Sartorius • Splenius capitis
• Vastus medialis • Trapezius
• Patellar tendon • Infraspinatus
• Gastrocnemius • External abdominal oblique
• Soleus • Gluteus maximus
• Adductor magnus
(Left) • Illiotibial tract
• Gracilis
• Sternocleidomastoid • Soleus
• Trapezius • Calcaneal (Achilles) tendon
• Vastus lateralis
LATERAL VIEW • Iliotibial tract
(Anterior) • Sartorius
• Biceps femoris
• Frontalis • Tibialis anterior
• Orbicularis oculi • Peroneus (fibularis) longus
• Zygomaticus major • Peroneus (fibularis) brevis
• Orbicularis oris • Calcaneal (Achilles) tendon
• Depressor anguli oris
• Flexors of wrist and fingers
• Biceps brachii
• Medial head of triceps brachii
• Long head of triceps brachii
• Pectoralis major
• Serratus anterior MUSCLES OF FACIAL EXPRESSION
• External oblique
• Latissimus dorsi (Right)
• Occipitofrontalis
• Quadriceps (vastus lateralis)
• Orbicularis oculi
• Sartorius
• Orbicularis oculi (palpebral portion)
• Gracilis
(Left)
• Vastus medialis
• Epicranial aponeurosis
• Semitendinosus
• Temporalis
• Gastrocnemius
• Corrugator supercili
• Soleus
• Masseter
• Flexor digitorum longus
• Buccinator
• Orbicularis oris
(Posterior)

• Temporalis Muscles of Mastication – are responsible

for chewing movements.
• Occipitalis
• Sternocleidomastoid
Masseter and Temporalis – powerful
• Levator scapulae muscles either elevate and retract the
• Scalenus anterior and medius mandible or open and protrude it while
• Trapezius causing sideways movement.
• Deltoid
• Lateral head of triceps Corrugator supercili – draws the eyebrow
• Brachialis together and produces vertical wrinkles
• Biceps brachii above the nose.
• Brachioradialis
• Extensor carpiradialis longus Orbicularis oculi – encircles and closes the
• Extensor digitorum eye
• Flexor carpi ulnaris
Orbicularis oris and Buccinator – pucker
• Gluteus medius the mouth (kissing) and press the lips and
• Gluteus maximus cheeks against the teeth.
• Tensor fasciae latae
Zygomaticus major – draws the corner of Left
the mouth upward (laughing). • Serratus anterior
• Rectus abdominis
MUSCLES THAT MOVE THE HEAD • Tendinous intersections
• Transverse abdominis
Sternocleidomastoid – muscles contract at • Internal oblique
the same time, the head is flexed on the • Inguinal ligament
thorax – hence the name “prayer muscle”.
External oblique – the muscle fascicles or
Semispinalis capitis – is an extensor of the
fibers extend inferiorly and medially.
head and helps bend it laterally.
Internal oblique – run almost at right angles
Splenius capitalis – muscles serve as
to those of the external oblique above it.
strong extensors that return the head to the
upright position after flexion.
Transversus abdominis – the innermost
muscle layer are as the name implies,
Longissimus capitis – muscles are covered
directed transversely.
and not visible.
MUSCLES OF THE BACK
MUSCLES OF THE THORAX
Superficial Muscles (left)
• Sternocleidomastoid
Right
• External intercostals • Trapezius
• Diaphragm • Deltoid
Left • Infraspinatus
• Internal intercostals • Teres minor
• Central tendon of diaphragm • Teres major
• Latissimus dorsi
Internal and external intercostals muscles • External abdominal oblique
– attach to the ribs at different places and • Thoracolumbar fascia
their fibers are oriented in different directions. Intermediate Muscles (right)
As a result external intercostals elevates and • Semispinalis capitis
contraction of internal intercostals depresses • Splenius capitis
the ribs. • Levator scapulae
• Rhomboideus major
MUSCLES OF THE ABDOMINAL WALL • Rhomboideus minor
• Supraspinatus
Right
• Infraspinatus
• Deltoid
• Teres minor
• Pectoralis major
• Teres major
• Latissimus dorsi
• Serratus anterior
• Serratus anterior
• Serratus posterior inferior
• Linea alba
• External abdominal oblique
• Rectus abdominis (covered by anterior
• Internal abdominal oblique
layer of rectus sheath)
• Erector spinae
• External oblique
• Gluteus maximus, cut and reflected
• Aponeurosis of external oblique
• Gluteus medius
• Anterior superior iliac spine
• Piriformis
• Superior gamellus Rhomboideus major and minor muscles –
• Inferior gamellus serve to adduct and elevate the scapula.

Erector spinae muscle – group consists of a MUSCLES THAT MOVE FOREARM

number of long, thin muscles that travel all
the way down our backs.

Interspinales and multifidus groups – help

extend the back and neck or flex them to the
side.

MUSCLES ACTING ON THE SHOULDER

GIRDLE

Anterior View (Right)

• Pectoralis major
• Deltoid (cut)
• Coracobrachialis
• Seratus anterior
Anterior View (Left)
• Deltoid

Posterior View (Right) MUSCLES THAT MOVE THE WRIST, HAND

• Levator scapulae AND FINGERS
• Supraspinatus
• Rhomboideus minor Muscle that move the wrist, hand and fingers
• Teres minor can be extrinsic muscles or intrinsic muscles.
• Rhomboideus major
• Infraspinatus Extrinsic muscles – extrinsic means from
• Teres major the outside and refers to muscle originating
• Latissimus dorsi outside of the part of skeleton moved.
• Twelfth thoracic vertebrae
Intrinsic muscles – intrinsic means from
• External abdominal oblique within, refers to the muscle that are actually
• Thoracolumbar fascia within the part moved.

MUSCLES THAT MOVE THE UPPER ARM

Pectoralis minor – lies under the larger
pectoralis major muscle on the anterior chest Shoulder – is a synovial joint of the ball-and-
wall. socket type.

Serratus Anterior – helps hold the scapula Deltoid – a good example of a multifunction
against the thorax to prevent “winging”. muscle.

Levator scapulae – elevates the scapula. Four other muscles serve as both a structural
and functional cap or cuff around the
Trapezius – used to “shrug” the shoulders.
shoulder joint and are referred to as the Calcaneal (Achilles) tendon – the common
rotator cuff muscles. They include the; tendon of the gastrocnemius and soleus.
• supraspinatus
• infraspinatus Peroneus muscles – are also called
• teres minor “fibularis muscles “
• subscapularis
the so-called SITS muscles

MUSCLES THAT MOVE THE THIGH AND

LOWER LEG

3 Group muscles acting on the thigh

1. muscles crossing the front of the hip.

2. the three gluteal muscles and the

tensor fasciae latae.

3. and the thigh adductors.

Gluteus medius muscle – is often the site of

intramuscular injections.

MUSCLES THAT MOVE THE ANKLE AND

FOOT DISEASES

Extrinsic foot muscles – are located in the 1. Muscular dystrophy – is a group of

leg but exert their actions by pulling on muscle diseases characterized by the
tendons that insert on bones in the ankle and creation of non-functional muscle
foot. proteins that weakens muscle and
impairs proper function.
Extrinsic muscle are divided into four
functional groups. 2. Exercise indulged muscle damage –
1. dorsal flexors it is due to eccentric and concentric
2. plantar flexors muscle loading.
3. invertors
4. evertors of the foot 3. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome – is
characterized by weakness, pain and
Intrinsic foot muscles – they are tingling in this part of the hand. The
responsible for flexion , extension, abduction pain tingling may also radiate to the
and adduction of the toes. forearm and shoulder.

Superficial Muscles – are located on the • Carpal tunnel – the median

posterior surface of the leg from the bulging nerve and muscles that flex
“calf”. the fingers pass through
concavity in the wrist.
1. Brain tumors – is an intracranial solid or aponeurosis ; a tendon sheath
neoplasm – a tumor (defined as an covers some longer tendons.
abnormal growth of ells) – within the
brain or the centra spinal cranal. B. SIZE, SHAPE & FIBER ARRANGEMENT

2. Traumatic brain injury – also known 1. Vary considerably in size, shape and
as intracranial injury, occurs when an fiber arrangement.
external force traumatically injures the 2. Size – range from extremely small to
brain. large masses.
3. Shape – variety of shapes, such as
broad, narrow, long, tapering, short,
blunt, triangular, quadrilateral,
irregular, flat sheets or bulky masses.
4. Arrangement – variety of
arrangements, such as parallel to a
long axis, converging to a narrow
attachment, oblique, pennate,
bipennate or curved; the direction of
fibers is significantbecause of its
relationship to function.

C. ATTACHMENT OF MUSCLES

1. Origin – point if attachment that does

not move when the muscle contrast
2. Insertion – point of attachment that
MUSCULAR SYSTEM CHAPTER moves when the muscle contrast.
SUMMARY D. MUSCLE ACTIONS

1. Prime Mover – a muscle that directly

• There are more than 600 skeletal
performs a specific movement.
muscles in the body 2. Agonists – any “mover” muscle that
• From 40% to 50% of our body weight directly perform a movement, including
is skeletal muscle the prime mover.
• Muscles fill in the form and contour of 3. Antagonists – muscle that when
the body contracting, directly oppose prime
movers; antagonist relax while prime
A. Connective Tissue components mover(agonist) is contracting to
produce movement; provide precision
1. Endomysium – delicate connective and control during contraction of prime
tissue membrane that covers skeletal mover.
muscle fibers. 4. Synergists – muscles that contract at
2. Perimysium – tough connective the same time as the prime movers;
tissue binding together fascicles. they facilitate prime mover actions to
3. Epimysium – coarse sheath covering produce a more efficient movement.
the muscle as a whole. 5. Fixator Muscles – joint stabilizers
4. These three fibrous components (type of synergists)
continue and fuse to become a tendon
HOW MUSCLES ARE NAMED?
joint allowing extensive movements in
• Muscle names can be in Latin or every plane of motions.
English 3. Muscles that move the forearm –
• Muscles are named according to one found proximal to the elbow and attach
or more of the following features; to the ulna and radius.
1. Location, function and shape 4. Muscles that move the wrist, hand
2. Direction of fibers – named according and fingers – these muscles are
to fiber orientation. located on the anterior or posterior
3. Number of heads or division surface of the forearm.
4. Points of attachment
5. Relative size – small, medium or large LOWER LIMB MUSCLES

IMPORTANT SKELETAL MUSCLE 1. The pelvic girdle and lower extremity

function in locomotion and
1. Muscles of facial expression – maintenance of stability.
unique in that at least one point of 2. Muscle that move the thigh and lower
attachment is to deep layers of the part of the leg.
skin over the face or neck 3. Muscles that move the ankle and foot.
2. Muscles of Mastication – responsible 1. Extrinsic foot muscles in the leg
for chewing movements pull on tendons that insert on bones in the
3. Muscles that move the head – ankle and foot; responsible for dorsiflexion,
paired muscles on either side of the plantar flexion, inversion and eversion
neck are responsible for head 2. Intrinsic foot muscles are located
movements. within the foot; responsible for flexion,
extension, abduction and adduction of the
toes.

TRUNK MUSCLES POSTURE

1. Muscle of the Thorax – critical 1. Maintaining body posture is the major

importance in respiration. role of muscles.
2. Muscle of the abdominal wall – 2. “Good Posture” - body alignment
arranged in three layers, with fiber in that most favors function; achieved by
each layer running in different keeping the body’s center of gravity
direction to increase strength. over its base and requires the least
3. Muscles of the back – bend or muscular work to maintain.
stabilize the back. 3. How posture is maintained?
4. Muscles of the pelvic floor – support • Muscles exert a continual pull on
the structures in the pelvic cavity. bones in the opposite direction
from gravity.
UPPER LIMB MUSCLES • Structures other than muscle and
bones have a role in maintaining
1. Muscles acting on the shoulder posture
girdle – muscles that attach the upper a.) Nervous System – responsible for
extremity to the torso are located the existence of muscle tone and also for
anteriorly or posteriorly. regulation and coordination of the amount of
2. Muscles that move the upper part of pull exerted by individual muscles
the arm – the shoulder is a synovial
b.) Respiratory, Digestive, Excretory and
Endocrine Systems all contribute to maintain
posture.

CYCLE OF LIFE: MUSCULAR SYSTEM

1. Muscle cells – increase or decrease

in number, size and ability to shorten
at different periods.

2. Pathological conditions at different

periods may affect the muscular
system.

3. Life cycle changes – manifested in

other components of functional unit:

• Infancy and Childhood –

coordination and control of muscle
contraction permit sequential
development steps

1. Degenerative changes of advancing

age result in replacement of muscle
cells with nonfunctional connective
tissue.