æ¨å¹´11æã«ãããã»ãããªãã¯ã表é¡ã®ã¨ã³ããªï¼åé¡ã¯ãTaking a Crack at Neoliberalismãï¼ã§ãRescuing Economics from Neoliberalismãã¨ãããã¹ãã³ã»ã¬ãã¥ã¼ã«æ²è¼ããè«èª¬ã紹介しããã®ä¸å¿çãªæç« ã¨ãã¦ä»¥ä¸ãå¼ç¨ãã¦ããã
That neoliberalism is a slippery, shifting concept, with no explicit lobby of defenders, does not mean that it is irrelevant or unreal. Who can deny that the world has experienced a decisive shift toward markets from the 1980s on? Or that center-left politicians—Democrats in the United States, Socialists and Social Democrats in Europe—enthusiastically adopted some of the central creeds of Thatcherism and Reaganism, such as deregulation, privatization, financial liberalization, and individual enterprise? Much of our contemporary policy discussion remains infused with norms and principles supposedly grounded in homo economicus.
But the looseness of the term neoliberalism also means that criticism of it often misses the mark. There is nothing wrong with markets, private entrepreneurship, or incentives—when deployed appropriately. Their creative use lies behind the most significant economic achievements of our time. As we heap scorn on neoliberalism, we risk throwing out some of neoliberalismâs useful ideas.
The real trouble is that mainstream economics shades too easily into ideology, constraining the choices that we appear to have and providing cookie-cutter solutions. A proper understanding of the economics that lies behind neoliberalism would allow us to identify—and to reject—ideology when it masquerades as economic science. Most importantly it would help us develop the institutional imagination we badly need to redesign capitalism for the twenty-first century.
ï¼æè¨³ï¼
ããªãªãã©ãªãºã ãæãã©ããããªãæå³ãç§»ããæ¦å¿µã§ãããæç¢ºãªæè·å£ä½ãããªããã¨ã¯ããããéè¦ã§ãªãããªããç¾å®çã§ã¯ãªããã¨ãæå³ããããã§ã¯ãªãã1980年代以éã«ä¸çãå¸å ´å¿åã¸ã¨æ±ºå®çãªå¤åãéãããã¨ãå¦å®ã§ãã人ãããã ãããï¼ããããã¯ãç±³å½ã®æ°ä¸»å ãæ¬§å·ã®ç¤¾ä¼å ãç¤¾ä¼æ°ä¸»å ã¨ãã£ãä¸éå·¦æ´¾ã®æ¿æ²»å®¶ããè¦å¶ç·©åãæ°å¶åãéèèªç±åãããã³å人ã®èµ·æ¥ãªã©ã®ãµããã£ãªãºã ãã¬ã¼ã¬ããºã ã®ä¸å¿çãªæç¾©ãç±å¿ã«æ¡ç¨ãããã¨ã¯ã©ãã ãããï¼ãç¾ä»£ã®æ¿æ²»çè°è«ã®å¤ãã¯ããã¢ã»ã¨ã³ããã¯ã¹ã«åºã¥ãã¦ããã¨æãããè¦ç¯ãåçã«æåãããã¾ã¾ã§ããã
ãããããªãªãã©ãªãºã ã¨ããè¨èã®ææ§ãã¯ãæ¹å¤ãå¾ã ã«ãã¦çå¤ãã«çµãããã¨ãæå³ãããå¸å ´ãæ°éã®èµ·æ¥å®¶ç²¾ç¥ãããã³ã¤ã³ã»ã³ãã£ãã¯ãé©åã«éç¨ããã¦ããã°ãä½ã®åé¡ãç¡ããããããåµé çã«ç¨ãã¦ãããã¨ãããã®æä»£ã®ãã£ã¨ãéè¦ãªçµæ¸ç忥ã®èæ¯ã«ãã£ããããªãªãã©ãªãºã ãå²ç¬ãããã¨ã«ã¯ããã®æç¨ãªèãããæ¨è±¡ãã¦ãã¾ãå±éºæ§ãããã
çã®åé¡ã¯ãä¸»æµæ´¾çµæ¸å¦ããã¾ãã«ãç°¡åã«ã¤ããªãã®ã¼åãã¦ãã¾ããæã ãæã£ã¦ããã¯ãã®é¸æè¢ãå¶éããã¹ãã¬ãªã¿ã¤ãã®è§£æ±ºæ³ãæä¾ãããã¨ã«ãããããªãªãã©ãªãºã ã®èå¾ã«ããçµæ¸å¦ããã¡ãã¨çè§£ããã°ãçµæ¸ç§å¦ã®è¡£ãçºã£ãã¤ããªãã®ã¼ãå¤å¥ããæ£å´ãããã¨ãã§ããããããæãéè¦ãªã®ã¯ã21ä¸ç´ã®è³æ¬ä¸»ç¾©ãåè¨è¨ããããã«ãã²ã¨ãå¿ è¦ãªå¶åº¦ã«é¢ããæ³ååãçºå±ãããã®ã«å½¹ç«ã¤ãã¨ããç¹ã§ããã