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The slow recovery from the crisis of the euro zone as a whole is the result, among other factors, of (1) political resistance that delayed by many years the implementation of sufficiently aggressive monetary policies by the European Central Bank; (2) excessively tight fiscal policies, especially in countries like Germany that have some amount of âfiscal spaceâ and thus no immediate need to tighten their belts; and (3) delays in taking the necessary steps, analogous to the banking âstress testsâ in the United States in the spring of 2009, to restore confidence in the banking system. I would not, by the way, put âstructural rigiditiesâ very high on this list. Structural reforms are important for long-run growth, but cost-saving measures are less relevant when many workers are already idle; moreover, structural problems have existed in Europe for a long time and so canât explain recent declines in performance.
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