前回エントリã§ããã³ã°ãããªã¼ããã³ãæ¹å¤ããProject Syndicateè«èª¬ãç´¹ä»ãããã®æ«å°¾ã§David Glasnerãããã³ã°ã«異を唱えたãã¨ã«è§¦ããããå¥ã«Glasnerã¯ããªã¼ããã³ãæè·ããããã§ã¯ãªããããããGlasnerã¯ããã³ã°ä»¥ä¸ã«ããªã¼ããã³ã«æ¹å¤çã§ãããå½¼ãããã³ã°ã«ç°ãå±ããã®ã¯ãããªã¼ããã³ã®ééãã¯ããã³ã°ã®èãã¦ãããããªãã®ã§ã¯ãªãã£ããã¨ããç¹ã§ããã
...it wasnât Friedman who first propounded a purely monetary theory of the Great Depression. Nor did the few precursors, like Clark Warburton, that Friedman ever acknowledged. Ralph Hawtrey and Gustav Cassel did — 10 years before the start of the Great Depression in 1919, when they independently warned that going back on the gold standard at the post-World War I price level (in terms of gold) — about twice the pre-War price level — would cause a disastrous deflation unless the worldâs monetary authorities took concerted action to reduce the international monetary demand for gold as countries went back on the gold standard to a level consistent with the elevated post-War price level.
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More than a quarter of a century after the fact, and after the Keynesian Revolution in macroeconomics was well established, along came Friedman, woefully ignorant of pre-Keynesian monetary theory, but determined to show that the Keynesian explanation for the Great Depression was wrong and unnecessary. So Friedman came up with his own explanation of the Great Depression that did not even begin until December 1930 when the Fed allowed the Bank of United States to fail, triggering, in Friedmanâs telling, a wave of bank failures that caused the US money supply to decline by a third by 1933. Rather than see the Great Depression as a global phenomenon caused by a massive increase in the worldâs monetary demand for gold, Friedman portrayed it as a largely domestic phenomenon, though somehow linked to contemporaneous downturns elsewhere, for which the primary explanation was the Fedâs passivity in the face of contagious bank failures. Friedman, mistaking the epiphenomenon for the phenomenon itself, ignorantly disregarded the monetary theory of the Great Depression that had already been worked out by Hawtrey and Cassel and substituted in its place a simplistic, dumbed-down version of the quantity theory. So Friedman reinvented the wheel, but did a really miserable job of it.
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大ææ ããååä¸ç´ä»¥ä¸ãçµéããå¾ããã¯ãçµæ¸å¦ã§ã®ã±ã¤ã³ãºé©å½ãå®å ¨ã«ç¢ºç«ãããå¾ã§ãããªã¼ããã³ããã£ã¦ãããå½¼ã¯ã±ã¤ã³ãºä»¥åã®è²¨å¹£çè«ã«ã¤ãã¦ã¯åããããã»ã©ã«ç¡ç¥ã ã£ããã大ææ ã«é¢ããã±ã¤ã³ãºã®èª¬æã¯ééã£ã¦ãã¦ä¸è¦ãªãã®ã ãã¨ãããã¨ã示ã決æãåºãã¦ããããã®ããã«ããªã¼ããã³ã¯å¤§ææ ã«é¢ããç¬èªã®èª¬æãå¼ã£æãã¦æ¥ãã®ã ãããã®çè«ã§è©±ãå§ã¾ãã®ã¯FRBãç±³å½ã®éè¡ã®ç ´ç¶»ã許容ãã1930å¹´12æã«ãªã£ã¦ããã ã£ããããªã¼ããã³ã®èª¬ã«ããã°ãããã«ãã£ã¦ä¸é£ã®éè¡ç ´ç¶»ãå¼ãèµ·ãããã1933å¹´ã¾ã§ã«ç±³å½ã®è²¨å¹£ä¾çµ¦ã¯ä¸åã®ä¸ä½ä¸ãããããªã¼ããã³ã¯å¤§ææ ããä¸çã®éã«å¯¾ãã貨幣éè¦ã®å¤§è¦æ¨¡ãªå¢å ã¨ããå½éçãªç¾è±¡ã¨ãã¦ã§ã¯ãªããåææã®ä»å½ã§ã®ä¸æ³ã¨ä½ããã®å½¢ã§ã¯çµã³ä»ãã¦ã¯ããããä¼ææ§ã®éè¡ç ´ç¶»ã«ç´é¢ããFRBã®æ¶æ¥µæ§ã主å ã¨ããæ¦ãå½å çãªç¾è±¡ã¨ãã¦æãããããªã¼ããã³ã¯ä»éç¾è±¡ãç¾è±¡ãã®ãã®ã¨åãéãããã¼ãã¬ã¼ã¨ã«ãã»ã«ãæ¢ã«ç©¶æãã¦ãã大ææ ã®è²¨å¹£çè«ãç¡ç¥ããã«ç¡è¦ããããã貨幣æ°é説ã®åç´ãªå£åçã§ç½®ãæãããã¨ãããã¨ã§ããªã¼ããã³ã¯è»è¼ªãåçºæããã®ã ãããã®ä»äºã¯æ¬å½ã«ã²ã©ããã®ã ã£ãã
So I agree that Delong is totally justified in criticizing Friedman and his followers for giving such a silly explanation of the Great Depression, as if it were, for all intents and purposes, made in the US, and as if the Great Depression didnât really start until 1931. But the problem with Friedman is not, as Delong suggests, that he distracted us from the superior insights of Keynes and Minsky into the causes of the Great Depression. The problem is that Friedman botched the monetary theory, even though the monetary theory had already been worked out for him if only he had bothered to read it. But Friedmanâs interest in the history of monetary theory did not extend very far, if at all, beyond an overrated book by his teacher Lloyd Mints A History of Banking Theory.
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