以前ä¸é¨ãç´¹ä»ãããã¥ã¼ã¨ã¼ã«ã¼èªã®ã¸ã§ã³ã»ãã£ã·ãã£ã®ã·ã«ã´çµæ¸å¦è
ã¸ã®ä¸é£ã®ã¤ã³ã¿ãã¥ã¼ãããã¸ã§ã¼ã ãºã»ããã¯ãã³ã®è©±ãこちらのブログãæ¹ãã¦å¼ç¨ãã¦ããï¼H/T ノアピニオン氏ï¼ã
以ä¸ã¯ãã®å¼ç¨é¨ã®åé ï¼ã¤ã¿ãªãã¯ä½ã¯ã¤ã³ã¿ãã¥ã¢ã¼ï¼ã
What about the rational-expectations hypothesis, the other big theory associated with modern Chicago? How does that stack up now?
I could tell you a story about my friend and colleague Milton Friedman. In the nineteen-seventies, we were sitting in the Ph.D. oral examination of a Chicago economist who has gone on to make his mark in the world. His thesis was on rational expectations. After heâd left, Friedman turned to me and said, âLook, I think it is a good idea, but these guys have taken it way too far.â
It became a kind of tautology that had enormously powerful policy implications, in theory. But the fact is, it didnât have any empirical content. When Tom Sargent, Lard*1 Hansen, and others tried to test it using cross equation restrictions, and so on, the data rejected the theories. There were a certain section of people that really got carried away. It became quite stifling.
What about Robert Lucas? He came up with a lot of these theories. Does he bear responsibility?
Well, Lucas is a very subtle person, and he is mainly concerned with theory. He doesnât make a lot of empirical statements. I donât think Bob got carried away, but some of his disciples did. It often happens. The further down the food chain you go, the more the zealots take over.
ï¼æ訳ï¼
ï¼å¹ççå¸å ´ä»®èª¬ã¨ä¸¦ãã§ï¼ç¾ä»£ã·ã«ã´çµæ¸å¦ã¨çµã³ä»ãã¦ããããä¸ã¤ã®å¤§çè«ã§ããåççæå¾ ä»®èª¬ãã©ãæããã¾ããï¼ãããã¯ä»ã©ããªç¶æ³ã«ããã®ã§ããããï¼
ç§ã®å人ã§ããååã§ãã£ããã«ãã³ã»ããªã¼ããã³ã®è©±ããã¾ãããã1970年代ã«æã ã¯ãå¾ã«ä¸ççã«æåã«ãªã£ãããã·ã«ã´ã®çµæ¸å¦è ã®å士課ç¨ã®å£é 試åãè¡ã£ã¦ãã¾ãããå½¼ã®åè«ã®ãã¼ãã¯åççæå¾ ã«é¢ãããã®ã§ãããå½¼ãå¸ãè¾ããå¾ãããªã¼ããã³ã¯ç§ã«åãã£ã¦è¨ãã¾ããããã¾ããè¯ãã¢ã¤ãã£ã¢ã ã¨ã¯æããããã®äººãã¡ã¯ã¡ãã£ã¨è¡ãéãã ãã
çè«é¢ã§ããã¯ãé常ã«å¼·åãªæ¿æ²»çå«æãæã¤ä¸ç¨®ã®å義å復ã¨ãªãã¾ããããããå®éã®ã¨ãããå®è¨¼çå 容ã¯ä½ãããã¾ããã§ããããã ã»ãµã¼ã¸ã§ã³ããã©ã¼ã¹ã»ãã³ã»ã³ããã®ä»ã®äººã ãæ¹ç¨å¼éã®å¶ç´ãç¨ãã¦æ¤è¨¼ãããã¨ããæããã¼ã¿ã¯çè«ãæ£å´ãã¾ãããããçéã§ã¯ãçè«ã«æ¬å½ã«æººãã¦ãã¾ã£ã人ã ã¯ãã¾ããããã«ãã£ã¦ãã®çéã¯é常ã«æ¯è¦ãããã®ã¨ãªãã¾ããã
ããã¼ãã»ã«ã¼ã«ã¹ã¯ã©ãã§ãããï¼ãå½¼ã¯ããããçè«ãããããæ示ãã¾ãããå½¼ã«è²¬ä»»ã¯ããã¾ããï¼
ã¾ããã«ã¼ã«ã¹ã¯é常ã«åãã人ç©ã§ã主ã«çè«ã«é¢å¿ãããã¾ããå½¼ã¯å®è¨¼é¢ã®çºè¨ã¯ãã¾ããã¾ãããç§ã¯ãããçè«ã«æººãã¦ãã¾ã£ãã¨ã¯æãã¾ããããå½¼ã®å¼åã«ã¯ãããªã£ããã®ããã¾ããé£ç©é£éã®ä¸ã®æ¹ã¸è¡ãã»ã©ãçä¿¡è ãæ¯é ããããã«ãªãã®ã§ãã
以ä¸ã¯å¼ç¨é¨ã®æ«å°¾ã
So, today, what survives of the Chicago School? What is left?
I think the tradition of incorporating theory into your economic thinking and confronting it with data—that is still very much alive. It might be in the study of wage inequality, or labor supply responses to taxes, or whatever. And the idea that people respond rationally to incentives is also still central. Nothing has invalidated that—on the contrary.
So, I think the underlying ideas of the Chicago School are still very powerful. The basis of the rocket is still intact. It is what I see as the booster stage—the rational-expectation hypothesis and the vulgar versions of the efficient-markets hypothesis that have run into trouble. They have taken a beating—no doubt about that. I think that what happened is that people got too far away from the data, and confronting ideas with data. That part of the Chicago tradition was neglected, and it was a strong part of the tradition.
When Bob Lucas was writing that the Great Depression was people taking extended vacations—refusing to take available jobs at low wages—there was another Chicago economist, Albert Rees, who was writing in the Chicago Journal saying, No, wait a minute. There is a lot of evidence that this is not true.
Milton Friedman—he was a macro theorist, but he was less driven by theory and by the desire to construct a single overarching theory than by attempting to answer empirical questions. Again, if you read his empirical books they are full of empirical data. That side of his legacy was neglected, I think.
When Friedman died, a couple of years ago, we had a symposium for the alumni devoted to the Friedman legacy. I was talking about the permanent income hypothesis; Lucas was talking about rational expectations. We have some bright alums. One woman got up and said, âLook at the evidence on 401k plans and how people misuse them, or donât use them. Are you really saying that people look ahead and plan ahead rationally?â And Lucas said, âYes, thatâs what the theory of rational expectations says, and thatâs part of Friedmanâs legacy.â I said, âNo, it isnât. He was much more empirically minded than that.â People took one part of his legacy and forgot the rest. They moved too far away from the data.
ï¼æ訳ï¼
ä»æ¥ã«ããã¦ãã·ã«ã´å¦æ´¾ã§çãæ®ã£ã¦ãããã®ã¯ä½ã§ããï¼ãä½ãæ®ã£ã¦ããã®ã§ããããï¼
çµæ¸å¦çæèã«çè«ãåãå ¥ããããããã¼ã¿ã¨ç §ããåããããã¨ããä¼çµ±ã¯ä»ã大ãã«å¥å¨ã ã¨æãã¾ããè³éæ ¼å·®ã®ç 究ã«ãããå´åä¾çµ¦ã®ç¨éã¸ã®åå¿ã®ç 究ã«ããããã以å¤ã®ç 究ã«ãããã§ããããã¦äººã ãã¤ã³ã»ã³ãã£ãã«åççã«åå¿ãããã¨ããèããä¾ç¶ã¨ãã¦ä¸å¿çãªãã®ã§ããä½ãã®ããã®èããç¡å¹ã«ãã¦ããããããããã®å対ã§ãã
ã¨ãããã¨ã§ãç§ã¯ã·ã«ã´å¦æ´¾ã®æ ¹åºã«ããèãã¯ä¾ç¶ã¨ãã¦é常ã«å¼·åãªãã®ã ã¨èãã¦ãã¾ãããã±ããã®åå°é¨åã¯ä»ãç¡å·ã§ããåé¡ãçããã®ã¯ãåççæå¾ ä»®èª¬ããå¹ççæå¾ ä»®èª¬ã®ä¸ä¿çãªã©ãç§ãæã¡ä¸ã段éã¨å¼ã¶ãã®ã§ãããããã¯å¤§ããªãæåãå«ãã¾ããããã®ãã¨ã«çåã®ä½å°ã¯ããã¾ãããä½ãèµ·ãããã¨è¨ãã¨ããã¼ã¿ãããã³èãããã¼ã¿ã¨ç §ããåããããã¨ãã人ã ãé¢ããããã®ã ã¨æãã¾ããã·ã«ã´ã®ä¼çµ±ã®ãã¡ãã®é¨åã軽è¦ããã¾ããããããã¯ä¼çµ±ã®å¼·ã¿ã¨ãªãé¨åã ã£ãã®ã§ãã
大ææ ã§ã¯äººã ãããã«å°±ããä½è³éã®è·ãæå¦ãã¦é·ãã®ä¼æãåã£ã¦ããã®ã ã¨ããã»ã«ã¼ã«ã¹ãæ¸ããæãå¥ã®ã·ã«ã´ã®çµæ¸å¦è ã¢ã«ãã¼ãã»ãªã¼ã¹ã¯ã·ã«ã´ã¸ã£ã¼ãã«ã«ãããã¡ãã£ã¨å¾ ã¦ããããäºå®ã§ãªãã¨ãã証æ ã¯å±±ã»ã©ãããã¨æ¸ãã¾ããã
ãã«ãã³ã»ããªã¼ããã³ââå½¼ã¯ãã¯ãã®çè«å®¶ã§ããããçè«ã«ãã ããä¸ã¤ã®å æ¬çãªçè«ãæ§ç¯ãããã¨é¡ãããã¯ãå®è¨¼çãªåãã«çãããã¨èãã¦ãã¾ãããå½¼ã®å®è¨¼åéã®æ¬ãèªãã¨ãå®è¨¼ãã¼ã¿ã«æº¢ãã¦ãã¾ããå½¼ã®æ¥ç¸¾ã®ããããå´é¢ã¯è»½è¦ããã¦ãããã¨ç§ã¯æãã¾ãã
æ°å¹´åã«ããªã¼ããã³ã亡ããªã£ãæãæã ã¯åæ¥çåãã«ããªã¼ããã³ã®æ¥ç¸¾ã«ã¤ãã¦ã®ã·ã³ãã¸ã¦ã ãéãã¾ãããç§ã¯æ常æå¾ä»®èª¬ã«ã¤ãã¦è©±ããã«ã¼ã«ã¹ã¯åççæå¾ ã«ã¤ãã¦è©±ãã¾ãããæã ã®åæ¥çã«ã¯è³¢ã人ããã¾ãããã女æ§ãç«ã¡ä¸ãã£ã¦æ¬¡ã®ããã«è¨ãã¾ãããã401Kãã©ã³ã¨äººã ãããã誤ã£ã¦ä½¿ãããªãã使ããªããã¨ã«é¢ããå®è¨¼ç証æ ãè¦ã¦ãã ãããããªãæ¹ã¯æ¬å½ã«äººã ã¯åççã«å ãè¦ã¦è¨ç»ãããã®ã ã¨ãã£ããã£ã¦ããã®ã§ããï¼ãããã«å¯¾ãã«ã¼ã«ã¹ã¯ãã¯ãããããåççæå¾ çè«ã®è¿°ã¹ãã¨ããã§ãããããªã¼ããã³ã®æ¥ç¸¾ã®ä¸ã¤ã§ããã¨è¨ãã¾ãããç§ã¯ãããããéãã¾ããå½¼ã¯ããããèããããé¥ãã«å®è¨¼çç²¾ç¥ã«å¯ãã§ãã¾ãããã¨è¨ãã¾ããã人ã ã¯å½¼ã®æ¥ç¸¾ã®ä¸é¨ãåãåºãã¦æ®ããå¿ãã¾ãããå½¼ãã¯ãã¾ãã«ããã¼ã¿ããé¢ããããã®ã§ãã
*1:Larsã®èª¤ãï¼