Delaware House of Representatives elections, 2020
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2020 Delaware House Elections | |
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General | November 3, 2020 |
Primary | September 15, 2020 |
Past Election Results |
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2020 Elections | |
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Neither party gained seats in the 2020 elections for Delaware House of Representatives, preserving the Democratic supermajority. All 41 seats in the chamber were up for election in 2020. Heading into the election, Democrats held 26 seats and Republicans held 15. The partisan makeup of the chamber did not change, so Democrats maintained a 26-15 majority.
The Delaware House of Representatives was one of 86 state legislative chambers with elections in 2020. All 41 Delaware House seats were up for election in 2020. There are 99 chambers throughout the country. In 2018, 87 out of 99 legislative chambers held elections.
Delaware's 2020 gubernatorial and state legislative elections affected partisan control of redistricting following the 2020 census. In Delaware, the state legislature is responsible for drafting both congressional and state legislative district plans. District plans are subject to gubernatorial veto.
Aftermath
Selection of speaker
The Delaware House of Representative's leadership remained unchanged after the 2020 election. Democrats Pete Schwartzkopf and Valerie Longhurst were chosen as House Speaker and majority leader, respectively, while Rep. Larry Mitchell was chosen as majority whip. [1] The Delaware House of Representative's Republican caucus selected State Rep. Daniel Short to remain House Minority Leader and State Rep. Timothy Dukes to once again serve as minority whip. The General Assembly did not convene again until January 12, 2021.[2]
Election procedure changes in 2020
Ballotpedia provided comprehensive coverage of how election dates and procedures changed in 2020. While the majority of changes occurred as a result of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, some changes occurred for other reasons.
Delaware modified its absentee/mail-in voting procedures for the November 3, 2020, general election as follows:
- Absentee/mail-in voting: Vote-by-mail applications were sent to all registered voters in the general election.
For a full timeline about election modifications made in response to the COVID-19 outbreak, click here.
Party control
Delaware House of Representatives | |||
---|---|---|---|
Party | As of November 3, 2020 | After November 4, 2020 | |
Democratic Party | 26 | 26 | |
Republican Party | 15 | 15 | |
Total | 41 | 41 |
Candidates
General election
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Delaware State House general election
- Incumbents are marked with an (i) after their name.
- = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
Office Democratic Republican Other District 1 District 2 Stephanie Bolden (i)
District 3 District 4 Gerald Brady (i)
District 5 Kendra Johnson (i)
District 6 Debra Heffernan (i)
District 7 Scott Gesty (Libertarian Party)
District 8 District 9 Kevin Hensley (i)
District 10 Sean Matthews (i)
District 11 District 12 Krista Griffith (i)
District 13 District 14 District 15 Amy Merlino (Libertarian Party)
District 16 District 17 Timothy Collins (Independent) (Write-in)
District 18 David Bentz (i)
District 19 District 20 Stephen Smyk (i)
Lisa Truitt (Independent) (Write-in)
District 21 Michael Ramone (i)
District 22 Michael Smith (i)
District 23 Paul Baumbach (i)
District 24 District 25 John Kowalko Jr. (i)
District 26 District 27 William Hinds (Libertarian Party)
Elias Weir (Independent) (Write-in)
District 28 District 29 William Bush (i)
District 30 Shannon Morris (i)
District 31 Sean Lynn (i)
District 32 Andria Bennett (i)
District 33 Charles Postles (i)
District 34 District 35 District 36 Bryan Shupe (i)
District 37 Ruth Briggs King (i)
District 38 Ronald Gray (i)
District 39 Daniel Short (i)
District 40 Timothy Dukes (i)
District 41 Richard Collins (i)
Primary election
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Delaware State House primary election
- Incumbents are marked with an (i) after their name.
- = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
- * = The primary was canceled and the candidate advanced.
Office Democratic Republican Other District 1 Nnamdi Chukwuocha* (i)
Did not make the ballot:
Charles Potter Jr.
The Republican primary was canceled.
District 2 Stephanie Bolden* (i)
The Republican primary was canceled.
District 3 Sherry Dorsey Walker* (i)
The Republican primary was canceled.
District 4 District 5 Kendra Johnson* (i)
The Republican primary was canceled.
District 6 Debra Heffernan* (i)
The Republican primary was canceled.
District 7 District 8 Sherae'a Moore
Matthew Powell
Yvette Santiago
Did not make the ballot:
Kenneth Boulden
District 9 Kevin Hensley* (i)
District 10 The Republican primary was canceled.
District 11 The Democratic primary was canceled.
Jeffrey Spiegelman* (i)
District 12 Krista Griffith* (i)
District 13 John Mitchell Jr.* (i)
The Republican primary was canceled.
District 14 Peter Schwartzkopf* (i)
The Republican primary was canceled.
District 15 Valerie Longhurst* (i)
District 16 Franklin Cooke Jr.* (i)
The Republican primary was canceled.
District 17 Melissa Minor-Brown* (i)
The Republican primary was canceled.
District 18 David Bentz* (i)
The Republican primary was canceled.
District 19 Kimberly Williams* (i)
The Republican primary was canceled.
District 20 The Democratic primary was canceled.
Stephen Smyk* (i)
District 21 Michael Ramone* (i)
District 22 Michael Smith* (i)
District 23 Paul Baumbach* (i)
The Republican primary was canceled.
District 24 Edward S. Osienski* (i)
District 25 John Kowalko Jr.* (i)
The Republican primary was canceled.
District 26 District 27 District 28 William Carson Jr.* (i)
The Republican primary was canceled.
District 29 William Bush* (i)
District 30 Shannon Morris* (i)
District 31 Sean Lynn* (i)
District 32 Andria Bennett* (i)
District 33 Charles Postles* (i)
District 34 Lyndon Dean Yearick* (i)
District 35 Jesse Vanderwende* (i)
District 36 Bryan Shupe* (i)
District 37 The Democratic primary was canceled.
Ruth Briggs King* (i)
District 38 The Democratic primary was canceled.
Ronald Gray* (i)
District 39 The Democratic primary was canceled.
Daniel Short* (i)
District 40 The Democratic primary was canceled.
Timothy Dukes* (i)
District 41 The Democratic primary was canceled.
Richard Collins* (i)
Incumbents who were not re-elected
Incumbents defeated in the general election
No incumbents lost in the Nov. 3 general election.
Incumbents defeated in primary elections
Three incumbents lost in the Sept. 15 primaries. Those incumbents were:
Name | Party | Office |
---|---|---|
Raymond Seigfried | Democratic | House District 7 |
John Viola | Democratic | House District 26 |
Earl Jaques Jr. | Democratic | House District 27 |
Retiring incumbents
One incumbent was not on the ballot in 2020.[3] That incumbent was:
Name | Party | Office | Reason |
---|---|---|---|
S. Quinton Johnson | Democratic | House District 8 | Retired |
The one retirement in 2020 represented a decrease from ten in 2018. It was the lowest number within the preceding decade along with the 2016 elections. The table below shows the number of open seats in each election held between 2010 and 2020.
Open Seats in Delaware House of Representatives elections: 2010 - 2020 | |||
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Year | Total seats | Open seats | Seats with incumbents running for re-election |
2020 | 41 | 1 (2 percent) | 40 (98 percent) |
2018 | 41 | 10 (24 percent) | 31 (76 percent) |
2016 | 41 | 1 (2 percent) | 40 (98 percent) |
2014 | 41 | 2 (5 percent) | 39 (95 percent) |
2012 | 41 | 7 (17 percent) | 34 (83 percent) |
2010 | 41 | 5 (12 percent) | 36 (88 percent) |
Process to become a candidate
See statutes: Title 15 of the Delaware Code
Major party candidates
A major party candidate may be nominated in one of two ways: by filing a notice of candidacy or by being nominated at convention.[4]
Filing a notice of candidacy
To be nominated at the primary election, a major party candidate must file by this method. The candidate must first file a notice of candidacy. If filing for a statewide office, the candidate must file this form with the chair of the state committee of his or her party. If seeking district office, the candidate must file this form with the chair of the county committee of his or her party. The notice of candidacy must include the signature, printed name, and address of the candidate. A candidate must be a registered member of the party he or she is seeking to represent in the election.[5][6]
A major party candidate must file a copy of the original notice of candidacy with the state election commissioner and pay the party filing fee by noon on the second Tuesday in July. Filing fees are determined by the political parties but cannot be greater than 1 percent of the total salary for the entire term of the office being sought by the candidate.[6][7][8][9][10][11]
A candidate may file an in-lieu-of-filing-fee petition if he or she is considered indigent by the state. To be considered indigent by the state, the candidate must be receiving benefits under the Supplemental Security Income Program for Aged, Blind, and Disabled, or the state election commissioner must determine that the candidate meets the income and resources test to receive such benefits. In order to determine indigent status, the candidate must provide copies of his or her income tax returns and must authorize the state election commissioner to receive any other information that might be needed from banks, credit reporting services, etc.[8]
The in-lieu-of-filing-fee petition must be signed by a number of registered voters equal to 1 percent of all registered voters in the election district(s) in which the candidate will appear on the ballot. These petitions cannot be circulated until after January 1 of the year of the election in which the candidate is running.[8]
Nomination at a party convention
A major party candidate may be nominated at a state convention only for offices for which no candidate has filed or for offices for which minor party candidates have been selected. A candidate nominated at a convention must be registered with the party he or she seeks to represent at the time of the convention. Conventions to nominate such candidates must be held before August 1 of the year of the election. If any candidates are nominated by convention, the presiding officer and secretary of the convention must submit a certificate of nomination to the state election commissioner by September 1 in the year of the election. If September 1 falls on a weekend or holiday, this certificate must be filed by the next business day.[4][12]
Minor party candidates
Minor party candidates are selected by conventions. To be nominated at a convention, a candidate must be a registered member of the minor party. These nominating conventions must be held on or before August 1 in the year of the election. For a candidate for statewide office, the party must file a nominating resolution with the state election commissioner by 4:30 p.m. on August 15 in the year of the election. For a candidate for a district office, the party must file a nominating resolution with the appropriate local election official by 4:30 p.m. on August 15 in the year of the election. A nominating resolution must contain the candidate's name and address and the office for which he or she was nominated. Certificates of nomination for each candidate must be filed by September 1 in the year of the election.[12]
Unaffiliated candidates
Unaffiliated candidates petition to gain access to the general election ballot. An unaffiliated candidate must collect signatures equal to 1 percent of all eligible voters as of December 31 of the year prior to the election. The petition can be circulated between January 1 and July 15 of the election year and must be filed with the department of elections in each county in which the petition was circulated. An unaffiliated candidate must also file a sworn declaration stating that he or she has not been affiliated with any political party for at least three months prior to filing as an unaffiliated candidate. This form is filed with the state election commissioner.[13]
Write-in candidates
Write-in candidates are only permitted to run in general or special elections. To have his or her votes counted, a write-in candidate must file a declaration form. If running for statewide office, the candidate must file this form with the state election commissioner. If running for a district office, the form must be filed with the appropriate local department of elections.[14][15]
A candidate cannot run as a write-in if he or she has already been placed on the general election ballot. Additionally, a candidate cannot run as a write-in if he or she withdrew as a candidate in the same election year.[15]
Residency requirements
A candidate for elective office must provide the state election commissioner with proof of residency. Proof of residency must show that the candidate lives in the district or area that the candidate seeks to represent.[16]
2020 ballot access requirements
The table below details filing requirements for Delaware House of Representatives candidates in the 2020 election cycle.
Filing requirements for state legislative candidates, 2020 | |||||
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Chamber name | Party | Signatures required | Filing fee | Filing deadline | Source |
Delaware House of Representatives | Qualified party | N/A | $945.00 | 7/14/2020 | Source |
Delaware House of Representatives | Unaffiliated | 1% of registered voters residing in the district | N/A | 9/1/2020 | Source |
Qualifications
Article II, Section 3 of the Delaware Constitution states: "No person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained the age of twenty-four years, and have been a citizen and inhabitant of the State three years next preceding the day of his election, and the last year of that term an inhabitant of the Representative District in which he shall be chosen, unless he shall have been absent on the public business of the United States or of this State."
Salaries and per diem
- See also: Comparison of state legislative salaries
State legislative salaries, 2024[17] | |
---|---|
Salary | Per diem |
$50,678/year | No per diem is paid. |
When sworn in
Delaware legislators assume office the first Wednesday after the first Monday in November (the day after election day).[18][19]
Delaware political history
Trifectas
A state government trifecta is a term that describes single-party government, when one political party holds the governor's office and has majorities in both chambers of the legislature in a state government.
Delaware Party Control: 1992-2024
Sixteen years of Democratic trifectas • No Republican trifectas
Scroll left and right on the table below to view more years.
Year | 92 | 93 | 94 | 95 | 96 | 97 | 98 | 99 | 00 | 01 | 02 | 03 | 04 | 05 | 06 | 07 | 08 | 09 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Governor | R | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Senate | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
House | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Presidential politics in Delaware
2016 Presidential election results
U.S. presidential election, Delaware, 2016 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Vote % | Votes | Electoral votes | |
Democratic | Hillary Clinton/Tim Kaine | 53.4% | 235,603 | 3 | |
Republican | Donald Trump/Mike Pence | 41.9% | 185,127 | 0 | |
Libertarian | Gary Johnson/Bill Weld | 3.3% | 14,757 | 0 | |
Green | Jill Stein/Ajamu Baraka | 1.4% | 6,103 | 0 | |
Total Votes | 441,590 | 3 | |||
Election results via: Delaware Department of Elections |
Voter information
How the primary works
A primary election is an election in which registered voters select a candidate that they believe should be a political party's candidate for elected office to run in the general election. They are also used to choose convention delegates and party leaders. Primaries are state-level and local-level elections that take place prior to a general election. Delaware utilizes a closed primary process, in which the selection of a party's candidates in an election is limited to registered party members.[20][21][22]
For information about which offices are nominated via primary election, see this article.
Poll times
In Delaware, polls are open from 7:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. Eastern Time. An individual who is in line at the time polls close must be allowed to vote.[23]
Registration requirements
- Check your voter registration status here.
To vote in Delaware, an individual must meet the following requirements:[24]
- The individual must be a United States citizen.
- The individual must be a resident of Delaware.
- The individual must be 18 years of age by Election Day.
- The individual must be mentally competent.
- The individual must not be under a felony sentence or convicted of a disqualifying felony.
According to the Delaware Department of Elections, "The voter registration deadline is the 4th Saturday before a Primary and General Election. Voter registration applications submitted via the voter portal, ivote.de.gov, by the deadline, or received by mail by the Department and postmarked by the deadline, will be considered to be submitted by the deadline."[25]
Automatic registration
Delaware practices automatic voter registration through Delaware Division of Motor Vehicles (DMV) locations and website. Individuals that complete an in-person or online application for a drivers license, learners permit, or identification card, or completes an in-person or online application to change their name or address on these documents, are atumatically registerd to vote. An individual whose eligibility and citizenship status have been confirmed by the DMV is also automatically registered.[26][27]
According to the Department of Election's website, voters that are automatically registered are mailed a "“Notice of Automatic Voter Registration”, which includes a “Response to Automatic Voter Registration” form. AVR voters may use the form to update their voter registration, choose a party affiliation, or cancel their voter registration."[27]
Online registration
- See also: Online voter registration
Delaware has implemented an online voter registration system. Residents can register to vote by visiting this website.
Same-day registration
Delaware does not allow same-day voter registration.[28]
Residency requirements
To register to vote in Delaware, you must be a resident of the state. State law does not specify a length of time for which you must have been a resident to be eligible.
Verification of citizenship
Delaware does not require proof of citizenship for voter registration. An individual must attest that they are a U.S. citizen when registering to vote. According to the state's voter registration application, "if you register to vote even though you know you are not eligible, you can be fined between $50.00 - $200.00 or imprisoned for 30 days to two years, or both."[29]
All 49 states with voter registration systems require applicants to declare that they are U.S. citizens in order to register to vote in state and federal elections, under penalty of perjury or other punishment.[30] As of November 2024, five states — Alabama, Arizona, Georgia, Kansas, and New Hampshire — had passed laws requiring verification of citizenship at the time of voter registration. However, only two of those states' laws were in effect, in Arizona and New Hampshire. In three states — California, Maryland, and Vermont — at least one local jurisdiction allowed noncitizens to vote in some local elections as of November 2024. Noncitizens registering to vote in those elections must complete a voter registration application provided by the local jurisdiction and are not eligible to register as state or federal voters.
Verifying your registration
The state's voter portal allows residents to check their voter registration status online.
Voter ID requirements
Delaware requires voters to present non-photo identification while voting.[31][32]
As of July 2024, the state website said:[31]
“ |
When arriving at a polling place, a poll worker will ask you for proof of identity. A photo ID is not required. Examples of acceptable IDs:
When arriving at an Early Voting Site, a poll worker will ask you for proof of identity. A photo ID is not required. Permitted forms of identification include current:
|
” |
Voters who do not present proof of identity can "sign an affidavit of affirmation that the voter is the person listed on the election district record," according to Delaware Code.[32]
Early voting
Delaware permits early voting. Learn more by visiting this website.
On June 28, 2024, the Delaware Supreme Court struck down a ruling from the Delaware Superior Court and reinstated early voting in the state. In a 5-0 decision, the court ruled that plaintiffs failed to prove that they would be harmed by laws permitting early voting, and therefore had no standing to sue. The decision, therefore, did not rule on the lower court's determination that early voting was prohibited by the Delaware Constitution.[34] The court agreed to hear the case on an expedited basis to provide clarity to voters and election administrators before the November election.[35] To read more about this case, see here.
Early voting permits citizens to cast ballots in person at a polling place prior to an election. In states that permit no-excuse early voting, a voter does not have to provide an excuse for being unable to vote on Election Day. States that allow voters to cast no-excuse absentee/mail-in ballots in person are counted as no-excuse early voting states.
As of February 2024, 47 states and the District of Columbia permitted no-excuse early voting.
Absentee voting
The deadline for eligible voters to request an absentee/mail-in ballot is no later than four days before an election.[36]
According to the state's absentee/mail-in ballot application, an individual is eligible for any of the following reasons:[37]
“ |
Uniformed and Overseas Citzens Absentee Voting Act to vote by absentee ballot.
|
” |
Certain of these voters are eligible for a permanent absentee/mail-in voting status and may request to be added to the permanent list on their ballot application.[37]
On October 7, 2022, the Delaware Supreme Court struck down a state law allowing any registered voter to vote by absentee/mail-in ballot.[38]
On eligibility, Article V, Section 4A, of the Delaware Constitution reads:[39][40]
“ | The General Assembly shall enact general laws providing that any qualified elector of this State, duly registered, who shall be unable to appear to cast his or her ballot at any general election at the regular polling place of the election district in which he or she is registered, either because of being in the public service of the United States or of this State, or his or her spouse or dependents when residing with or accompanying him or her because of the nature of his or her business or occupation, because of his or her sickness or physical disability, because of his or her absence from the district while on vacation, or because of the tenets or teachings of his or her religion, may cast a ballot at such general election to be counted in such election district.[33] | ” |
Voter guides
2020 State Cannabis Voter Guides
See also
External links
Footnotes
- ↑ Delaware Business Times, "Delaware Senate gets new leadership," November 12, 2020
- ↑ WBOC, "Delaware GOP Announces House Leadership," November 6, 2020
- ↑ Ballotpedia defines an incumbent as retiring if the incumbent did not file for office or filed for office but withdrew, was disqualified, or otherwise left a race in a manner other than losing the primary, primary runoff, or convention. If an incumbent runs as a write-in candidate, Ballotpedia does not consider them to be retiring. If an incumbent runs in the same chamber for a different seat, Ballotpedia does not consider them to be retiring.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Delaware Code, "Title 15, Chapter 33, Section 3301," accessed March 19, 2014
- ↑ Delaware Code, "Title 15, Chapter 31, Subchapter I, Section 3101A," accessed March 19, 2014
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Delaware Code, "Title 15, Chapter 31, Subchapter I, Section 3106," accessed March 19, 2014
- ↑ Delaware Code, "Title 15, Chapter 31, Subchapter I, Section 3101," accessed March 19, 2014
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Delaware Code, "Title 15, Chapter 31, Subchapter I, Section 3103," accessed March 19, 2014
- ↑ Delaware Democratic Party, "List of Filing Fees," December 4, 2013
- ↑ Republican State Committee of Delaware, "List of Filing Fees," January 17, 2014
- ↑ This information comes from email correspondence with the Delaware Democratic Party.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Delaware Code, "Title 15, Chapter 33, Section 3303," accessed March 19, 2014
- ↑ Delaware Code, "Title 15, Chapter 30, Section 3002," accessed March 19, 2014
- ↑ Delaware Code, "Title 15, Chapter 34, Section 3401," accessed March 19, 2014
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 Delaware Code, "Title 15, Chapter 34, Section 3402," accessed March 19, 2014
- ↑ Delaware General Assembly, "House Bill 183," accessed August 1, 2022
- ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, "2024 Legislator Compensation," August 21, 2024
- ↑ Delaware Constitution, "Article II, Section 3," accessed November 1, 2021
- ↑ Delaware Constitution, "Article II, Section 4," accessed November 1, 2021
- ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, "State Primary Election Types," accessed July 22, 2024
- ↑ State of Delaware, "Primary Election," accessed July 22, 2024
- ↑ Delaware.gov, "TITLE 15 Elections, CHAPTER 49. Conduct of Election § 3110 Qualifications of voters," accessed July 22, 2024
- ↑ Delaware Code, "Title 15, Chapter 49, Section 4947," accessed July 22, 2024
- ↑ Office of the State Election Commissioner , "Qualifications," accessed July 22, 2024
- ↑ Delaware Department of Elections, "Voter Registration," accessed July 22, 2024
- ↑ State of Delaware, "Automatic Voter Registration at DMV," June 20, 2023
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 State of Delaware Department of Elections, "Automatic Voter Registration FAQs," accessed July 22, 2024
- ↑ AP, "Delaware justices nix vote-by-mail, same-day registration," October 7, 2022
- ↑ Delaware Elections, "State of Delaware All-In-One Form to Register to Vote or Update Your Information," accessed November 1, 2024
- ↑ Under federal law, the national mail voter registration application (a version of which is in use in all states with voter registration systems) requires applicants to indicate that they are U.S. citizens in order to complete an application to vote in state or federal elections, but does not require voters to provide documentary proof of citizenship. According to the U.S. Department of Justice, the application "may require only the minimum amount of information necessary to prevent duplicate voter registrations and permit State officials both to determine the eligibility of the applicant to vote and to administer the voting process."
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 Delaware.gov, "Voting in Delaware," accessed July 22, 2024
- ↑ 32.0 32.1 Delaware Code, "Title 15, Chapter 49 Conduct of Elections § 4937 Voting procedure," accessed July 22, 2024 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>
tag; name "dvid" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.
- ↑ WHYY, "Delaware Supreme Court restores access to early voting, permanent absentee voting," February 23, 2024
- ↑ Delaware.gov, "In unanimous ruling, Court sides with Jennings on voting rights," June 28, 2024
- ↑ State of Delaware Department of Elections, "Absentee Voting," accessed July 22, 2024
- ↑ 37.0 37.1 State of Delaware Department of Elections, "Request for an Absentee Ballot for Primary, General and/or Special Elections," accessed July 22, 2024
- ↑ Delaware Online, "Delaware Supreme Court finds vote by mail, same-day registration unconstitutional," October 7, 2022
- ↑ Delaware Code Online, "Article V. Elections." accessed April 6, 2023
- ↑ Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware, "Higgin v. Albence: Memorandum Opinion," September 14, 2022