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We want macroeconomics to account for the occasional aggregative pathologies that beset modern capitalist economiesâ¦. A model that rules out pathologies by definition is unlikely to help. It is always possible to claim that those âpathologiesâ are delusions, and the economy is merely adjusting optimally to some exogenous shock. But why should reasonable people accept this?⦠Why should the burden of proof fall on those who see an ordinary standard pathology here?
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And they rebutted this current of thought by demonstrating that all you needed was very small market frictions–very small deviations from the Ramsey setup at the level of the individual agent–to produce large and macroeconomically-significant pathologies: to show that large business cycles could emerge from small menu costs, and thus the assumption that market failures were small at the level of individual economic actors should not be taken to imply that any macroeconomy was approximating the solution to any optimal central planning problem.
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But then Mike Woodford and company lost sight of the goal. Yes, New Keynesian models with more or less arbitrary micro foundations are useful for rebutting claims that all is for the best macro economically in this best of all possible macroeconomic worlds. But models with micro foundations are not of use in understanding the real economy unless you have the micro foundations right. And if you have the micro foundations wrong, all you have done is impose restrictions on yourself that prevent you from accurately fitting reality.
Thus your standard New Keynesian model will use Calvo pricing and model the current inflation rate as tightly coupled to the present value of expected future output gaps. Is this a requirement anyone really wants to put on the model intended to help us understand the world that actually exists out there? Thus your standard New Keynesian model will calculate The expected path of consumption as the solution to some Euler equation plus an intertemporal budget constraint, with current wealth and the projected real interest rate path as the only factors that matter. This is fine if you want to demonstrate that remodel can produce macroeconomic pathologies. But is it a not-stupid thing to do if you want your model to fit reality?
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After all, Ptolemy had microfoundations: Mercury moved more rapidly than Saturn because the Angel of Mercury left his wings more rapidly than the Angel of Saturn and because Mercury was lighter than Saturnâ¦
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