Respiratory System
Respiratory System
Respiratory System
System
Oversees gas exchanges (oxygen
and carbon dioxide) between the
blood and external environment
Exchange of gasses takes place
within the lungs in the alveoli(only
The Respiratory System site of gas exchange, other
structures passageways
Passageways to the lungs purify, warm,
and humidify the incoming air
Shares responsibility with
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cardiovascular system
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Slide 13.2
Nose
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs
– Figure
13.2
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13.3b
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Paranasal Paranasal
Sinuses Sinuses
Cavities within bones
surrounding the Function of the sinuses
nasal cavity Lighten the skull
Frontal bone Act as resonance chambers for speech
Sphenoid bone Produce mucus that drains into the
Ethmoid bone nasal cavity
Maxillary bone
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13.3b
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Structures of the Structures of the
Larynx Larynx
Thyroid cartilage
Largest hyaline cartilage Vocal cords (vocal folds)
Protrudes anteriorly (Adam’s apple)
Vibrate with expelled air to create
Epiglottis sound (speech)
Superior opening of the larynx Glottis – opening between vocal cords
Routes food to the larynx and air
toward
the trachea
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Trachea Primary
(Windpipe) Bronchi
Connects larynx with bronchi
Formed by division of the trachea
Lined with ciliated mucosa
Enters the lung at the
Beat continuously in the opposite hilus (medial
direction of depression)
incoming air
Right bronchus is wider, shorter,
Expel mucus loaded with dust and
other debris away from lungs and straighter than left
Walls are reinforced with C- Bronchi subdivide into
shaped hyaline cartilage smaller and smaller
branches
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Lung Lung
s s
Occupy most of the thoracic
cavity
Apex is near the clavicle (superior
portion)
Base rests on the diaphragm
(inferior portion)
Each lung is divided into lobes by
fissures
Figure 13.4b
Left lung – two lobes Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide Slide
Right lung – three lobes
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Coverings of the Respiratory Tree
Lungs Divisions
Pulmonary (visceral) pleura Primary bronchi
covers the
lung surface Secondary bronchi
Parietal pleura lines the walls Tertiary bronchi
of the thoracic cavity Bronchioli
Pleural fluid fills the area between Terminal bronchioli
layers of pleura to allow gliding
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Bronchiole Bronchiole
s s
Bronchiole
s Respiratory
Zone
Structures
Respiratory bronchioli
Alveolar duct
Terminal Alveoli
bronchioles Site of gas exchange
end in alveoli
Figure
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Alveo
Respiratory
li
Structure of alveoli
Membrane (Air-
Alveolar duct
Blood Barrier)
Alveolar sac Thin squamous epithelial layer
Alveolus lining alveolar walls
Gas exchange Pulmonary capillaries cover
external surfaces of alveoli
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Events of Events of
Respiration Respiration
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Mechanics of Mechanics of
Breathing (Pulmonary Breathing (Pulmonary
Ventilation)
Completely mechanical process Ventilation)
Depends on volume changes Two phases
in the thoracic cavity Inspiration – flow of air into lung
Volume changes lead to Expiration – air leaving lung
pressure changes, which lead
to the flow of gases to
equalize pressure
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Inspiratio Inspiratio
n n
Diaphragm and intercostal muscles
contract
The size of the thoracic cavity
increases
External air is pulled into the lungs
due to an increase in
intrapulmonary volume
Figure 13.7a
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Exhalatio Exhalatio
n n
Largely a passive process which
depends
on natural lung elasticity
As muscles relax, air is pushed out
of the lungs
Forced expiration can occur mostly
by contracting internal intercostal
muscles to depress the rib cage Figure 13.7b
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Nonrespiratory Air Respiratory Volumes and
Movements Capacities
Can be caused by reflexes or Normal breathing moves about 500
voluntary ml of air with each breath (tidal
volume [TV])
actions
Many factors that affect respiratory
Examples capacity
Cough and sneeze – clears lungs of A person’s size
debris
Sex
Laughing
Age
Crying
Physical condition
Yawn
Slide
Residual volume of air – after Slide
Hiccup exhalation,
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lungs
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Respiratory
Respiratory
Capacities
Sounds
Sounds are monitored with a
stethoscope
Bronchial sounds – produced by
air rushing through trachea and
bronchi
Vesicular breathing sounds – soft
sounds of air filling alveoli
Figure 13.9
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External External
Respiration Respiration
Carbon dioxide movement out
Oxygen movement into the blood of the blood
The alveoli always has more Blood returning from tissues has
oxygen than the blood higher concentrations of carbon
dioxide than air in the alveoli
Oxygen moves by diffusion
towards the area of lower Pulmonary capillary blood gives up
concentration carbon dioxide
Pulmonary capillary blood gains Blood leaving the lungs is
oxygen oxygen-rich and carbon dioxide-
Slide
poor Slide
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Internal
Internal Respiration
Respiration
Exchange of gases between blood
and body cells
An opposite reaction to what
occurs in the lungs
Carbon dioxide diffuses out of tissue to
blood
Oxygen diffuses from blood into tissue
Figure
13.11
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Factors Influencing Factors Influencing
Respiratory Rate Respiratory Rate
Chemicaland Depth
factors and Depth
Carbon dioxide levels Chemical factors (continued)
Level of carbon dioxide in the blood Oxygen levels
is the main regulatory chemical for
Changes in oxygen concentration in
respiration
the blood are detected by
Increased carbon dioxide increases chemoreceptors in the aorta and
respiration carotid artery
Changes in carbon dioxide act Information is sent to the medulla oblongata
directly on the medulla oblongata
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Chronic Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary
Bronchitis Disease (COPD)
Mucosa of the lower respiratory
passages becomes severely
inflamed
Mucus production increases
Pooled mucus impairs
ventilation and gas exchange
Risk of lung infection increases
Pneumonia is common
Hypoxia and cyanosis occur early Figure
13.13
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Developmental Aspects of Aging
the Respiratory Effects
System Elasticity of lungs decreases
Important birth defects Vital capacity decreases
Cystic fibrosis – oversecretion of Blood oxygen levels decrease
thick mucus clogs the
respiratory system Stimulating effects of carbon dioxide
Cleft palate decreases
More risks of respiratory tract infection
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Respiratory Rate
Changes
Newborns – 40 to 80 respirations per
minute
Infants – 30 respirations per minute
Age 5 – 25 respirations per minute
Adults – 12 to 18
respirations per minute
Rate often increases somewhat with old
age
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