MEDICAL

IMAGE DATA
IMAGING SCIENCE AND
INFORMATICS
WHAT IS AN IMAGE?

 a representation of the external form of a person

or thing in art.
THREE ASPECTS OF IMAGES

 Nature
 Space
 accuracy
SPATIAL INFORMATION

 Spatial data is any data

with a direct or indirect
reference to a specific
location or geographical
area.
SCIENTIFIC IMAGE

 Scientific image explicitly expresses the spatial

attributes of a scene, pattern, or object
IMAGE CONTENT

 The value of a scientific image to a researcher is a

function of the nature and accuracy of its contents, as
well as its perceptibility
IMAGE CONTENT

 an image is a representation or reproduction of a

portion of the universe with explicit spatial content
 A scientific image is an attempt at an accurate
reproduction of a piece of the universe or scene.
IMAGE CONTENT

“The contents of scientific images are measurements of m,E, space,

and time. An image is created by making spatially defined
measurements of m, E and subsequently rendering these
measurements in a spatially (and temporally) coherent fashion for
subsequent observation and analysis”
THREE ASPECTS OF IMAGE

 Mass/energy
 Spatial dimension
 Temporal dimension
MEDICAL IMAGING

 the technique and process of creating visual representations of the interior of a body
for clinical analysis and medical intervention, as well as visual representation of the
function of some organs or tissues (physiology).

 Medical imaging seeks to reveal internal structures hidden by the skin and bones, as
well as to diagnose and treat disease.

 Medical imaging also establishes a database of normal anatomy and physiology to make
it possible to identify abnormalities.
MEDICAL IMAGING

 Medical imaging refers to several different technologies that are used to

view the human body in order to diagnose, monitor, or treat medical
conditions
MEDICAL IMAGING

 Imaging for medical purposes involves a team which includes the service
of radiologists, radiographers (X-ray technologists), sonographers
(ultrasound technologists), medical physicists, nurses, biomedical
engineers, and other support staff working together to optimize the
wellbeing of patients, one at a time.
 Appropriate use of medical imaging requires a multidisciplinary approach
HISTORY OF MEDICAL
IMAGING
Brief History of X-ray

• November 8, 1895 ,
Wilhelm Conrad
Roentgen accidentally
discovered X-ray, which
he published December
28, 1895
Crooke’s
Tube
Barium Platino Cyanide Screen
TIMELINE EVENT

Nov. 8, 1895 Discovery of X rays

Dec. 28, 1896 Roentgen’s discovery was published

January 1896 “X-RAY MANIA”

XRAY AS MEDICAL MIRACLE

mid-January 1896 headlines in newspapers proclaimed ‘new light sees

through flesh to bones’ and ‘hidden solids revealed

Thomas Edison’s work resulted in the development of a

hand-held fluoroscope, but he was unable to manufacture
a commercial ‘X-ray lamp’ for domestic use
1896 GE Innovation
1903 Great Ormond Street Hospital
1914
Dr. Maxime
Menard's
radiology
department
Cochin
hospital in
Paris
• The modern
Roentgen 'look
through' machine,
which prevents
any injury to the
treating physician,
Frankfurt,
Germany, circa
1929.
The Picker X-Ray Corporation
of New York was one of the
pioneers in the development
and manufacture of X-Ray
equipment for the U.S. Army.
1926 Darkroom
Film Processing Innovation

1896 Schleussner Rapid Photographic plate

Thomas Edison’s Calcium Tungstate Fluoroscopic Screens

1897 Double coated film between 2 intensifying screen

1902+1912 X-ray Glass Plates

1913 X-ray Film cellulose nitrate base with emulsion on one
side
1918 HIGH SPEED Emulsion was introduced (Double Emulsion)

1942 First Automatic X-ray Film Processor was introduced

120 films/hour through special hangers , 40minutes
processing time per film
1956 First roller transport system (10feet long) by Kodak

1965 Introduced rapid process(90 second) film-development

system
First roller transport system
by Kodak
1987
• First CR System was introduced
by Fuji Company replacing the
analog film
• Kodak, Agfa, and Konica then
began selling their own CR
systems
• By the early 2000’s CR
technology was extensively
being used in the hospital
market
REASONS THAT MEDICAL IMAGE ANALYSIS IS NEEDED:

1. Clinical study
2. Diagnosis support
3. Treatment planning
4. Computer-assisted surgery
CLINICAL STUDY

 image analysis is used here in order to detect patterns between multiple images,
which may support or confirm hypotheses of the study. As the images are digital, they
can all be collated in one place, no matter where in the world they are taken, and can
be analyzed here. The results can also be stored here, which allows for much larger,
globally-spanning clinical studies.
DIAGNOSIS SUPPORT

 this combines computer-aided detection and diagnosis. Artificial intelligence can be

used to detect patterns in images, and doctors can review the results of this when
diagnosing patients. They can then input their final diagnosis into the system, and the
AI can learn how accurate its diagnosis was.
TREATMENT PLANNING

 this is used before treatment is given to a patient. Applications of this are in surgery
and radiology, allowing doctors to be given information on the best course of
treatment for a patient, based on previous patient outcomes.
COMPUTER-ASSISTED SURGERY

 this newly-emerging field allows computers to diagnose and treat the patient. It
allows images to be taken, analyzed, and the appropriate response taken in much less
time than it would take a human doctor.
TYPES OF MEDICAL IMAGING
DIFFERENT TYPES OF MEDICAL IMAGING

1. Imaging using X-rays

→uses an X-ray beam that is projected on the body
2. Molecular Imaging
→provides detailed information of the biological processes taking place
in the body at cellular and molecular levels and can indicate disease in its
earliest stages
3. Non-Ionizing Imaging
→magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasound imaging
Innovation
• "new idea, device or method“
• the application of better solutions that meet new
requirements, unarticulated needs, or existing market needs.
Innovation
1. Ideate
2. Create
3. Validate
What is Computed Radiography?
• is the generic term applied to an imaging system comprised of:
1. Photostimulable Storage Phosphor to acquire the x-ray
projection image
2. CR Reader to extract the electronic latent image
3. Digital electronics to convert the signals to digital form
Conventional Radiography
Image Formation
Computed Radiography
• the digital replacement of
conventional X-ray film
radiography and offers enormous
advantages for inspection tasks –
the use of consumables is
virtually eliminated and the time
to produce an image is
drastically shortened
CR System is also known as:
SP
→storage phosphors (PSP)
DLR
→ Digital Luminescence Radiography
PSL
→ PhotoStimulable Luminescence Radiography
Computed Radiography System
• Computed radiography (CR) systems are very similar to film-
based systems, but instead of film, a photostimulable
phosphor plate is used.
• These flexible plates are 1 mm thick and are coated with
europium activated fluorohalide compounds in crystalline
formation embedded in organic binding material.
Digital Image Projecttion
1. Computed Tomography
2. Digital Radiography
Digital Image Projection Elements
1. Interact with the analog x-ray aerial image emerging from an
exposed object/patient
2. Produce and retain sufficiently long a latent image
corresponding to the aerial image
3. Convert the latent image into a digital image
Conventional Radiography Image Formation
Computed Radiography
CR System Components
1. Cassettes containing Imaging Receptors
( Photostimulable-phospor plates)
2. Image Reader/Digitizer
3. Computer Console or Workstation
4. Software
5. Monitors and Printer
Limitations of
conventional radiology
• Films cannot tolerate a wide range in radiation exposure (D
logE curve)
• One has to chose between good contrast and good latitude
• Image cannot be adjusted once taken
• Require space for dark room and film/ chemicals storage..
Limitations of screen-film
systems
• Price of films and chemicals is constantly going up (4-10% per
year)
• Need several exposures to show different tissues (bone vs.
soft tissue)
-Principles of Operation-
-Operational Steps-
Principles of Operation
• Imaging plates are inserted in a radiographic table’s cassette
holder and images are acquired using the x-ray system
• When exposed to x-rays, electrons in the phosphor plate are
excited into a higher energy state, forming a latent image.
• An image reader scans the phosphor plate with a laser spot.
Principles of Operation
• When the trapped electrons absorb the laser energy, they emit
light as they return to their ground state.
• This light is collected by a light guide and transmitted to a
photomultiplier tube, which produces an analog electrical
signal that is amplified, converted to a digital signal, and
digitally stored.
• The plate can be reused after it is exposed to an erasing light
that removes residual radiation.
Operating Steps
1) After the image has been captured on an image
plate by a standard x-ray system, the technologist
takes the plate to an image-plate reader to extract
the image.
2) The cassette is loaded (manually or automatically)
into the reader.
3) The digital image is produced in 30-120 seconds
and downloaded to an image-processing system,
usually a computer workstation, for display and
manipulation.
4) The plate is erased for reuse.
Advantages of Computed
Radiography
1) Imaging plates are reusable
2) No darkroom or chemicals needed
3) Reduction in exposure and processing time
4) Software-based evaluation and reporting
5) Simple digital information exchange and
archiving
Advantages of CR
• Image quality comparable with to conventional screen-film
systems
• Wide dynamic range- ability to image structures off different
attenuation values (thorax and abd)
• Reduction of repeat exposures
Advantages of CR
• CR is compatible with most conventional x-ray systems
• Increased savings: no film,, chemicals,, dark room and storage
room required
• Computer processing off raw image: brightness,, contrast,,
sharpness enhancement,, zooming,, measurements…
Advantages of CR
• CR is more tolerant of under / over exposure (wide latitude)
• Ability to extract information not possible on conventional
radiographs (e.g. edge enhancement, masking, cropping)
• Faster image acquisition
Advantages of CR
• DICOM-Digital imaging communications in medicine
• PACS- Images retrieved from computer archive
• Teleradiology
Disadvantages of CR
• Initial cost
• Additional cost
• Transition to a new system
• Wider latitude – Tend to overexpose degrade contrast.
• IP sensitive to fogging: use grid,, need to be erased daily
2 Chronicles 15:7
But you, Be STRONG and do
not let your HANDS be weak,
for your work shall be
REWARDED

END OF TOPIC
THANK YOU!!!
Augmented Reality