BIOLOGY

CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS

Fourth Edition

Neil A. Campbell • Jane B. Reece • Lawrence G. Mitchell • Martha R. Taylor

CHAPTER 22
Respiration: The Exchange of
Gases

Modules 22.1 – 22.4

From PowerPoint® Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Surviving in Thin Air

• The air at the height of the world’s highest

peak, Mt. Everest, is very low in oxygen
– Even expert mountain climbers do not always
survive the journey
– Thin air can weaken
muscles, damage
the digestive system,
cloud the mind, and
sometimes fill the
lungs with blood

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Geese have adaptations that allow them to fly
over the Himalayas
– Their efficient lungs draw more oxygen from the
atmosphere
– Their hemoglobin has a high affinity for oxygen

– They have a large

number of capillaries
to deliver this oxygen-
rich blood to tissues
and muscles

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
O2

Lung CO2

1 Breathing

Circulatory
system

2 Transport
of gases by
the circulatory
system

Mitochondria

3 Servicing of O2
cells within
the body CO2
tissues
Capillary

Cell
Figure 22.1

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cut

Cross section
of respiratory
surface (the
skin covering
the body)

CO2

O2
Capillaries
Figure 22.2A

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Air sacs

Tracheae

Opening
for air

Body
cell

Tracheole Air
sac

Trachea

Air Body wall

Figure 22.5A, C

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Body surface

Respiratory
surface
(gill)

CO2 Capillaries

O2
Figure 22.2B

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

– Tracheae in – Lungs in land
insects vertebrates

Body surface
Body surface
Respiratory
surface Respiratory
(tracheae) surface
O2 (within lung)

Body cells CO2 O2 Capillary

(no capillaries)
CO2

Figure 22.2C, D

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 22.5B

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The human respiratory system

Nasal
cavity

Pharynx
(Esophagus)
Left lung
Larynx
Trachea

Right
lung
Bronchus

Bronchiole

Diaphragm
(Heart)
Figure 22.6A

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 22.6C

Oxygen-rich
blood Oxygen-poor
blood

Bronchiole

Alveoli
Blood capillaries
Figure 22.6B

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 22.10A

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Heme Iron
group atom

O2 loaded O2
in lungs

O2 unloaded
O2
in tissues

Polypeptide chain
Figure 22.10B

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

TISSUE CELL

CO2 produced

INTERSTITIAL
CO2
FLUID

BLOOD
PLASMA CO2 Capillary
WITHIN wall
CAPILLARY

CO2
H2O

RED Hemoglobin
BLOOD H2CO3
picks up
CELL Carbonic acid CO2 and H+

HCO3– + H+
Bicarbonate

HCO3–
Figure 22.11A

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

ALVEOLAR SPACE IN LUNG
CO2

CO2

CO2

CO2
H2O

Hemoglobin
H2CO3
releases
CO2 and H+

HCO3– + H+

HCO3–
Figure 22.11B

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
22.8 Breathing ventilates the lungs

Rib cage
Rib cage
expands as
gets smaller
rib muscles Air Air
as rib muscles
contract inhaled exhaled
relax

Lung

Diaphragm

INHALATION EXHALATION
Diaphragm contracts Diaphragm relaxes
(moves down) (moves up)
Figure 22.8A

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Brain
Cerebrospinal fluid

BREATHING CONTROL
CENTERS—stimulated by:

Pons

Medulla CO2 increase / pH decrease

in blood

Nerve signals Nerve signal

trigger indicating low
contraction O2 level
of muscles

O2 sensor
in artery

Diaphragm
Figure 22.9 Rib muscles

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 22.7A, B

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings