13.1.1 Respiratory System

Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology

Seventh Edition
Elaine N. Marieb

Chapter 13
The Respiratory System

Slides 13.1 – 13.30
Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Organs of the Respiratory system
 Nose
 Pharynx
 Larynx
 Trachea
 Bronchi
 Lungs –
alveoli
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 13.1 Slide 13.1
Function of the Respiratory System
 Gas exchange – diffusion of O2/CO2 at

alveoli of lungs and blood
 Passageways (nares) purify, warm, and

humidify the incoming air
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 13.2
The Nose
 Nares – “nostrils”; Air enters

 The interior of the nose consists of a
nasal cavity divided by a nasal septum
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 13.3a
Upper Respiratory Tract
Figure 13.2
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 13.3b
Anatomy of the Nasal Cavity
 Olfactory receptors are located in the

mucosa at top of inner nares
 The rest of the cavity is lined with
respiratory mucosa
 Moistens air
 Traps bacteria/foreign particles
Anatomy of the Nasal Cavity
 Lateral walls have projections called
conchae
 Increases surface area
 Increases air turbulence
within the nasal cavity
Paranasal Sinuses
 Cavities within bones surrounding the
nasal cavity
 Frontal, Sphenoid, Ethmoid, &
Maxillary bones
 Function of the sinuses
 Lighten the skull
 Act as resonance chambers for speech
 Produce mucus that drains into the nasal
cavity
Pharynx (Throat)
 Connect nasal cavity to larynx
Structures of the Pharynx

 Auditory tubes enter the nasopharynx
 Tonsils of the pharynx
 Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids)
 Palatine tonsils
 Lingual tonsils at the base of the tongue
Pharynx (Throat)
Larynx (Voice Box)
 Routes air and food into proper
channels
 Plays a role in speech
 Made of eight rigid hyaline cartilages
and a spoon-shaped flap of elastic
cartilage (epiglottis)
Structures of the Larynx
 Thyroid cartilage
 Largest hyaline cartilage
 Protrudes anteriorly (Adam’s apple)
 Epiglottis
 Superior opening of the larynx
 Routes food to the larynx and air toward
the trachea
Structures of the Larynx
 Vocal cords (vocal folds)

 Vibrate with expelled air to create sound
(speech)
 Glottis – opening between vocal cords
Trachea (Windpipe)
 Connects larynx with bronchi
 Lined with ciliated mucosa
 Beat continuously, Expel mucus w/dust &
other debris away from lungs
 Walls are reinforced with C-shaped
hyaline cartilage - keep trachea from
collapsing due to pressure changes.
Primary Bronchi
 Trachea divides into L & R.

 Right bronchus is wider, shorter,
and straighter than left
 Bronchi subdivide into smaller
and smaller
branches….bronchioles….then finally
alveolar sacs.
Lungs
 Occupy most of the thoracic cavity
 Apex near clavicle
 Base rests on diaphragm
 Each lung is divided into lobes
 Left lung – two lobes
 Right lung – three lobes
Lungs
Figure 13.4b
Coverings of the Lungs
 Pulmonary (visceral) pleura covers the

lung surface
 Parietal pleura lines the walls of the
thoracic cavity
 Pleural fluid fills the area between layers
of pleura to allow gliding
Respiratory Tree Divisions
 Primary bronchi
 Secondary bronchi
 Tertiary bronchi
 Bronchioli
 Terminal bronchioli
Respiratory Zone
 Structures
 Respiratory bronchioli
 Alveolar duct
 Alveoli
 Site of gas exchange
Gas Exchange
 Gas crosses the respiratory membrane

by diffusion
 Oxygen enters the blood
 Carbon dioxide enters the alveoli
 Macrophages add protection
 Surfactant coats gas-exposed alveolar
surfaces
Events of Respiration
 Pulmonary ventilation – moving air in and

out of the lungs
 External respiration – gas exchange
between pulmonary blood and alveoli
Pressure Differences in the
Thoracic Cavity
 Normal pressure within the pleural

space is always negative (intrapleural
pressure)
 Differences in lung and pleural space
pressures keep lungs from collapsing
Nonrespiratory Air Movements
 Can be caused by reflexes or voluntary
actions
 Examples
 Cough and sneeze – clears lungs of debris
 Laughing
 Crying
 Yawn
 Hiccup
Gas Transport in the Blood
 Oxygen transport in the blood

 Inside red blood cells attached to
hemoglobin (oxyhemoglobin [HbO2])
 A small amount is carried dissolved in the
plasma
Gas Transport in the Blood
 Carbon dioxide transport in the blood

 Most is transported in the plasma as
bicarbonate ion (HCO3–)
 A small amount is carried inside red blood
cells on hemoglobin, but at different binding
sites than those of oxygen
Internal Respiration
 Exchange of gases between blood and

body cells
 An opposite reaction to what occurs in
the lungs
 Carbon dioxide diffuses out of tissue to
blood
 Oxygen diffuses from blood into tissue
Internal Respiration
Figure 13.11
Respiratory Disorders: Chronic
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
(COPD)
 Exemplified by chronic bronchitis and

emphysema
 Major causes of death and disability in
the United States
(COPD)
 Features of these diseases
 Patients almost always have a history of
smoking
 Labored breathing (dyspnea) becomes
progressively more severe
 Coughing and frequent pulmonary
infections are common
(COPD)
 Features of these diseases (continued)

 Most victimes retain carbon dioxide, are
hypoxic and have respiratory acidosis
 Those infected will ultimately develop
respiratory failure
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 13.40c
Emphysema
 Alveoli enlarge as adjacent chambers break
through
 Chronic inflammation promotes lung fibrosis
 Airways collapse during expiration
 Patients use a large amount of energy to
exhale
 Overinflation of the lungs leads to a
permanently expanded barrel chest
 Cyanosis appears late in the disease
Chronic Bronchitis
 Mucosa of the lower respiratory
passages becomes severely inflamed
 Mucus production increases
 Pooled mucus impairs ventilation and
gas exchange
 Risk of lung infection increases
 Pneumonia is common
 Hypoxia and cyanosis occur early
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
(COPD)
Figure 13.13
Lung Cancer
 Accounts for 1/3 of all cancer deaths in
the United States
 Increased incidence associated with
smoking
 Three common types
 Squamous cell carcinoma
 Adenocarcinoma
 Small cell carcinoma
Asthma
 Chronic inflamed hypersensitive

bronchiole passages
 Response to irritants with dyspnea,
coughing, and wheezing
Tuberculosis
Collapsed lung (Pneumothorax)
Aging Effects
 Elasticity of lungs decreases

 Vital capacity decreases
 Blood oxygen levels decrease
 Stimulating effects of carbon dioxide
decreases
 More risks of respiratory tract infection
Respiratory Rate Changes
Throughout Life
 Newborns – 40 to 80 respirations per
minute
 Infants – 30 respirations per minute
 Age 5 – 25 respirations per minute
 Adults – 12 to 18 respirations per
minute
 Rate often increases somewhat with old
age

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Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology

Slides 13.1 – 13.30

Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook

 Gas exchange – diffusion of O2/CO2 at

 Passageways (nares) purify, warm, and

 Nares – “nostrils”; Air enters

 Olfactory receptors are located in the

Structures of the Pharynx

 Vocal cords (vocal folds)

 Trachea divides into L & R.

 Pulmonary (visceral) pleura covers the

 Gas crosses the respiratory membrane

 Pulmonary ventilation – moving air in and

 Normal pressure within the pleural

 Oxygen transport in the blood

 Carbon dioxide transport in the blood

 Exchange of gases between blood and

 Exemplified by chronic bronchitis and

 Features of these diseases (continued)

 Chronic inflamed hypersensitive

 Elasticity of lungs decreases

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