SFé£éã®Economic Lettersã§ã製é æ¥ã¨ããããã¯ã«ã¼ãã³çãªæ¥åã®è¡°éãè·ã®åªå¤±ãæãã¦ãããã¨ããå ±åãなされているãã¬ãã¼ãã®ã¿ã¤ãã«ã¯ãThe Prime-Age Workforce and Labor Market Polarizationãã§ãèè ã¯Rob Vallettaã¨Nathaniel Barlowã
As defined by David Autor (2015) and other researchers, labor market polarization refers to the gradual elimination of routine jobs, which involve repetitive tasks and hence are readily replaced by automation and other new production technologies. Polarization affects selected white-collar jobs, but its impact on routine manual employment is especially noteworthy. This category consists broadly of traditional skilled and semi-skilled blue-collar jobs, which are within such manual occupation categories as production, maintenance, and material moving. These jobs tend to be concentrated in the manufacturing industry, but they also are common in a number of other industries, such as transportation and construction. The status and extent of these jobs in the United States has declined as production technologies have evolved to replace them and as the use of these technologies has spread to developing countries with a ready supply of low-cost labor.
Figure 2 depicts the decline of routine manual and manufacturing jobs in the United States since the year 2000. While the former accounts for about twice as many jobs, the share of total jobs in each category fell by about 4½ percentage points.
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The estimated relationship in Figure 3 indicates that a 3 percentage point drop in the routine manual share is associated with nearly a 1 percentage point decline in the prime-age labor force participation rate. Extrapolating to the national level, the 4.5 percentage point decline in the routine manual employment share between 2000 and 2017 implies a reduction in the prime-age participation rate of about 1.3 percentage points. This represents slightly more than half of the actual 2.3 percentage point drop in prime-age participation.
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