Chapter 362.

Conservation Areas Act 1978.

Certified on: / /20 .

INDEPENDENT STATE OF PAPUA NEW GUINEA.

Chapter 362.

Conservation Areas Act 1978.

ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS.

PART I – PRELIMINARY.
1. Compliance with Constitutional requirements.
2. Interpretation.
“area”
“authority”
“the Chairman”
“conservation area”
“Council”
“the Deputy Chairman”
“environment”
“Local-level Government”
“management committee”
“management plan”
“member”
“public purposes”
“ranger”
“the Register”
“this Act”
3. Application to the State.
PART II – NATIONAL CONSERVATION COUNCIL.
4. Constitution of National Conservation Council.
5. Chairman and Deputy Chairman.
6. Meetings of the Council.
7. Validity of proceedings.
8. Disclosure of interest.
9. Functions of the Council.
10. Powers of the Council.
11. Annual reports of the Council.
PART III – CONSERVATION AREAS.
12. Recommendation to declare conservation area.
13. Duties of Minister concerning recommendation.
14. Person may make representation to the Minister.
15. Submission to National Executive Council.
16. Decision.
17. Declaration of conservation area.
PART IV – REGISTER OF CONSERVATION AREAS.
18. Establishment of Register of conservation areas.
19. Entry in register on declaration.
20. Effect of registration.
21. Search.
22. Minister may issue certificate.
23. Certificate evidence of registration.
24. Rectification of Register.
PART V – CONSERVATION AREA MANAGEMENT COMMITTEES.
25. Conservation Area Management Committees.
26. Procedures of a management committee.
27. Functions of a management committee.
28. Rules for conservation areas.
29. Powers of a management committee.
30. Annual reports of a management committee.
PART VI – DEVELOPMENT IN CONSERVATION AREAS.
31. Restriction on development or alteration of existing use of land.
32. Application for development approval.
33. Duties of Minister on receipt of application for development approval.
34. Approval may be granted.
35. Offences.
36. Minister may order restoration.
PART VII – MISCELLANEOUS.
37. Notice.
38. Appointment of rangers.
39. Powers of ranger.
40. Obstruction of ranger.
41. General penalty.
42. Person obtaining development approval must comply with other laws.
43. Regulations.

– ii –
INDEPENDENT STATE OF PAPUA NEW GUINEA.

AN ACT

entitled

Conservation Areas Act 1978,

Being an Act–
(a) to provide for the preservation of the environment and of the national cultural
inheritance by–
(i) the conservation of sites and areas having particular biological,
topographical, geological, historic, scientific or social importance; and
(ii) the management of those sites and areas,
in accordance with the fourth goals of the National Goals and Directive Principles; and
(b) to give effect to those Goals and Principles under Section 25 of the Constitution;
and
(c) to establish a National Conservation Council;
and for related purposes.

PART I. – PRELIMINARY.

1. COMPLIANCE WITH CONSTITUTIONAL REQUIREMENTS.

(1) This Act, to the extent that it regulates or restricts a right or freedom referred to in
Subdivision III.3.C (qualified rights) of the Constitution, namely–
(a) the freedom from arbitrary search and entry conferred by Section 44 of the
Constitution; and
(b) the right to privacy conferred by Section 49 of the Constitution,
is a law made for that purpose, taking into account the National Goals and the Basic Social
Obligations, particularly the fourth goal of the National Goals and Directive Principles entitled
“natural resources and environment”.
(2) For the purposes of Section 41 of the Organic Law on Provincial Governments and
Local-level Governments, it is declared that this law relates to a matter of national interest.
s. 2. Conservation Areas 9999

(3) For the purposes of Section 53 (protection from unjust deprivation of property) of the
Constitution, the purpose of the preservation of the environment is a public purpose.

2. INTERPRETATION.
In this Act, unless the contrary intention appears–
“area” includes–
(a) a site, place or region; and
(b) a building or other structure including equipment, furniture, fittings and
articles associated with or connected with the building or other structure;
and
(c) in relation to the conservation of an area–the immediate surroundings of the
area;
“authority” includes any Minister, Departmental Head, head of a statutory authority or
body, member of a Provincial Government, Local-level Government or Local-level
Government Authority;
“the Chairman” means the Chairman of the Council;
“conservation area” means an area declared to be a conservation area under Section
17(1);
“Council” means the National Conservation Council established under Section 4;
“the Deputy Chairman” means the Deputy Chairman of the Council;
“environment” means the total stock of physical, biological and social resources available
to man and other species and the ecosystems of which they are a part;
“Local-level Government” means any Local-level Government established under the
Organic Law on Provincial Governments and Local-level Governments;
“management committee” means a Conservation Area Management Committee
established under Section 25(1);
“management plan” means a plan prepared under Section 27(1)(d);
“member” means a member of the Council;
“public purposes” means–
(a) the purposes defined as public purposes in Section 2 of the Land Act 1996;
and
(c) the purposes expressed in Section 3(a)(iii) of the National Land
Registration Act 1977; and
(d) the purpose of the preservation of the environment;
“ranger” means a person appointed as a ranger under Section 38;
“the Register” means the Register of of conservation areas kept under Section 18;
“this Act” includes the regulations.

–2–
Conservation Areas 9999 s. 3.

3. APPLICATION TO THE STATE.

This Act binds the State.

–3–
s. 4. Conservation Areas 9999

PART II. – NATIONAL CONSERVATION COUNCIL.

4. CONSTITUTION OF NATIONAL CONSERVATION COUNCIL.

(1) A National Conservation Council is hereby established.
(2) The Council shall consist of not less than five members, who shall–
(a) have technical or special knowledge in relation to matters likely to be before the
Council; and
(b)1 [Repealed.]
(c) be appointed at the pleasure of the Minister.

5. CHAIRMAN AND DEPUTY CHAIRMAN.

(1) The Minister shall appoint one member to be the Chairman and another member to be
the Deputy Chairman.
(2) In the event of the absence of the Chairman, or his inability or unavailability to act, the
Deputy Chairman has all the powers and functions of the Chairman.

6. MEETINGS OF THE COUNCIL.

(1) Meetings of the Council shall be held at such times and places as the Chairman
determines.
(2) At a meeting of the Council–
(a) half of the number of members of the Council is a quorum; and
(b) the Chairman, or in his absence the Deputy Chairman, shall preside; and
(c) all questions shall be decided by the majority of votes of the members present and
voting; and
(d) the member presiding has a deliberative and, in the event of an equality of votes on
a matter, also a casting vote.
(3) The Council shall cause minutes of its meetings to be recorded and kept.
(4) Subject to this Act, the procedures of the Council are as determined by the Council.
(5) The Office of Environment and Conservation shall act as secretariat to the Council.

7. VALIDITY OF PROCEEDINGS.
No act or proceeding of the Council, and no act done by any person acting as Chairman or
Deputy Chairman shall be invalidated by reason of a vacancy or vacancies in the number of
members of the Council.

1
Section 4(2)(b) repealed and replaced by the Conservation Areas (Amendment) Act 1992 (No. 3 of 1992).
–4–
Conservation Areas 9999 s. 8.

8. DISCLOSURE OF INTEREST.
(1) Where a member has a direct or indirect financial interest otherwise than as a member
of and in common with the other members of an incorporated company consisting of more than 25
persons and of which he is not a director, in a matter being considered or about to be considered
by the Council he shall, as soon as possible after the relevant facts have come to his knowledge,
disclose the nature of his interest at a meeting of the Council.
(2) In Subsection (1), “indirect financial interest” includes an interest of a spouse or child.
(3) Where a member is a member of an organization that has a direct or indirect financial
or other special interest in a matter being considered or about to be considered by the Council, he
shall, as soon as possible after the relevant facts have come to his knowledge, disclose his
membership of that organization and the nature of that interest at a meeting of the Council.
(4) A disclosure under this section shall be recorded in the minutes of the Council.
(5) The Council may, on being informed of the interest of a member in a matter being
considered or about to be considered by it, by resolution in which that member shall not vote,
resolve that that member take no further part in the proceedings of the Council in respect of that
matter.

9. FUNCTIONS OF THE COUNCIL.

The functions of the Council are–
(a) to furnish advice to the Minister on matters relating to conservation areas,
including action to conserve and improve conservation areas; and
(b) to establish the criteria for areas to be recommended as conservation areas; and
(c) to consider any proposals for development affecting, or in the vicinity of, a
conservation area or proposed conservation area; and
(d) to advise the Minister on the formulation of rules applicable to conservation areas,
and on the administration and control of conservation areas; and
(e) to advise the Minister on the formulation of regulations; and
(f) to encourage public interest in and knowledge of conservation areas and
conservation generally; and
(g) to advise the Minister on any matter referred to it by the Minister.

10. POWERS OF THE COUNCIL.

(1) The Council may do all things that are necessary or convenient to be done for or in
connection with the performance of its functions, and, in particular, has the power to require
details to be given to it of any development proposals in or in close proximity to a conservation
area that, in its opinion, may injure or detrimentally affect a conservation area.
(2) In the exercise of its powers under Subsection (1), the Council may, in respect of a
development proposal, obtain a report from the management committee concerned in the area of
that proposal.

–5–
s. 11. Conservation Areas 9999

11. ANNUAL REPORTS OF THE COUNCIL.

The Council shall as soon as practicable after the end of each year, furnish to the Minister
a report on the operations of the Council during that year.

–6–
Conservation Areas 9999 s. 12.

PART III. – CONSERVATION AREAS.

12. RECOMMENDATION TO DECLARE CONSERVATION AREA.

(1) Where the Minister is of the opinion that an area has particular biological,
topographical, geological, historical, scientific or social significance or other special value for the
present community or for future generations, he may cause to be prepared a recommendation that
the area be declared a conservation area.
(2) A person, group of persons or authority may make a written request to the Minister to
give consideration to making a recommendation that an area be declared a conservation area.
(3) A recommendation prepared under Subsection (1) may include–
(a) a description of the area including the boundaries; and
(b) an inventory of–
(i) persons living in the area; and
(ii) land ownership within the area; and
(iii) use to which land is put within the area; and
(iv) features of special significance found within the area; and
(c) any other factors contributing to the need for conservation of the area.
(4) A recommendation prepared under Subsection (1) shall be available for inspection at
all reasonable times at–
(a) the Office of Environment and Conservation; and
(b) the office of the Provincial Government of the province in which the area the
subject of the recommendation is situated; and
(c) the office of the Local-level Government in the area the subject of the
recommendation.

13. DUTIES OF MINISTER CONCERNING RECOMMENDATION.

(1) Where the Minister has caused a recommendation under Section 12(1) to be prepared,
he shall give notice of the recommendation in accordance with Section 37.
(2) A notice under Subsection (1) shall state–
(a) a description of the area including the boundaries; and
(b) that there has been prepared a recommendation that the area be declared a
conservation area; and
(c) the offices at which the recommendation is available for inspection; and
(d) that any person may make representation to the Minister within 90 days of
compliance by the Minister with the provisions of Section 37.

–7–
s. 14. Conservation Areas 9999

14. PERSON MAY MAKE REPRESENTATION TO THE MINISTER.

(1) Where a recommendation has been made under Section 12(1), any person may, within
90 days of compliance by the Minister with the provisions of Section 37, make a written
representation to the Minister.
(2) On receipt of a representation under Subsection (1) the Minister may invite the person
making the representation–
(a) to provide further information; or
(b) to enter into consultation with him.

15. SUBMISSION TO NATIONAL EXECUTIVE COUNCIL.

(1) Where the Minister has prepared a recommendation under Section 12(1), he shall–
(a) after the expiry of 90 days following compliance by him with the provisions of
Section 37; and
(b) after consideration of any representation made to and consultation with him under
Section 14,
make a submission to the National Executive Council.
(2) A submission made under Subsection (1) shall contain–
(a) a copy of the recommendation made under Section 12(1); and
(b) a summary of any representations made under Section 14(1); and
(c) a final recommendation.
(3) A summary under Subsection (2)(b) shall be made available for public inspection at all
reasonable times at the offices specified in Section 12(4).

16. DECISION.
(1) After consideration of a submission under Section 15, the National Executive Council
shall–
(a) decide that the area the subject of the submission be declared a conservation area
and advise the Head of State accordingly; or
(b) decide that the area the subject of the submission not be declared a conservation
area.
(2) Notice of a decision under Subsection (1)(b) shall be given in accordance with Section
37.

17. DECLARATION OF CONSERVATION AREA.

(1) The Head of State, acting on advice given under Section 16(1)(a), may declare an area
to be a conservation area.
(2) Notice of a declaration made under Subsection (1) shall be given in accordance with
Section 37.

–8–
Conservation Areas 9999 s. 18.

PART IV. – REGISTER OF CONSERVATION AREAS.

18. ESTABLISHMENT OF REGISTER OF CONSERVATION AREAS.

The Minister shall open and keep a register to be known as the Register of conservation
areas.

19. ENTRY IN REGISTER ON DECLARATION.

Where an area is declared to be a conservation area, the Minister shall immediately register
as a conservation area the area the subject of the declaration.

20. EFFECT OF REGISTRATION.

(1) An entry in the Register is conclusive evidence that an area is a conservation area.
(2) Where it is necessary to prove that an area is or is not a conservation area, the
production of the Register, or any extract from it purporting to be certified by the Minister, is
admissible and is sufficient proof of such matters.

21. SEARCH.
A person may at all reasonable times inspect the Register and make a copy of or take an
extract from an entry in the Register.

22. MINISTER MAY ISSUE CERTIFICATE.

The Minister may issue a certificate in the prescribed form certifying that an area described
in the certificate has been registered in the Register.

23. CERTIFICATE EVIDENCE OF REGISTRATION.

A certificate issued by the Minister under Section 22 shall be received in all courts of
justice as evidence of the particulars contained in it.

24. RECTIFICATION OF REGISTER.

The Minister–
(a) may, on such evidence as seems to him sufficient; or
(b) shall, on the order of the National Court,
correct errors in the Register and in certificates and copies of entries and supply entries omitted to
be made under this Act.

–9–
s. 25. Conservation Areas 9999

PART V. – CONSERVATION AREA MANAGEMENT COMMITTEES.

25. CONSERVATION AREA MANAGEMENT COMMITTEES.

(1) Where an area is declared to be a conservation area, the Minister shall, as soon as is
practicable, establish a Conservation Area Management Committee for that conservation area.
(2) A management committee established under Subsection (1) shall consist of not less
than three members appointed by the Minister by notice in the National Gazette.
(3) Membership of a management committee shall reflect the interests of–
(a) the owners of the land within the conservation area; and
(b) the Provincial Government, Local-level Government or Local-level Government
Authority in the province or areas within which the conservation area is situated.
(4) The Constitution of a management committee shall be as determined by the
management committee and approved by the Council.
(5) Where the declaration of a conservation area is revoked, the management committee
for that area shall cease to function.

26. PROCEDURES OF A MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE.

(1) A management committee shall meet not less than once in every three months.
(2) Subject to this Act and to any direction given by the Minister, a management
committee shall determine its own procedure.

27. FUNCTIONS OF A MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE.

(1) The functions of a management committee in respect of the conservation area for
which it is established are–
(a) to manage the conservation area; and
(b) to make recommendations to the Minister on the making of rules applicable within
the conservation area; and
(c) to advise the Minister in respect of co-ordination of development within the
conservation area; and
(d) to prepare a management plan for the conservation area outlining the manner in
which land use will be managed and features of special significance conserved; and
(e) to direct the work of rangers; and
(f) such other functions as are determined by the Minister.
(2)2 3A management plan prepared under Subsection (1)(d) shall be subject to approval by
the Minister who, in his consideration of such a management plan, shall have regard to physical
planning considerations.

2
Section 27(2) amended by the Physical Planning (Consequential Amendments) Act 1989 (No. 33 of 1989), s18.
3
Section 27(2) amended by the Physical Planning (Consequential Amendments) Act 1989 (No. 33 of 1989), s18.
– 10 –
Conservation Areas 9999 s. 28.

28. RULES FOR CONSERVATION AREAS.

(1) Subject to Subsection (2), the Minister may, after consultation with–
(a) the management committee; and
(b) the Council; and
(c) as far as practicable the owners of the land within the conservation area; and
(d) the relevant authority,
make rules for the protection, development, land use activities, management and control of the
conservation area.
(2) A person who, without reasonable excuse (proof of which is on him) contravenes or
fails to comply with a provision of a rule made under Subsection (1) is guilty of an offence.
Penalty: A fine not exceeding K500.00.
Default penalty: A fine not exceeding K200.00.

29. POWERS OF A MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE.

Subject to this Part, a management committee has power to do all things that are necessary
or convenient to be done for or in connection with the performance of its functions.

30. ANNUAL REPORTS OF A MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE.

A management committee shall, as soon as practicable after the end of each year, furnish
to the Minister a report on its operations during that year.

– 11 –
s. 31. Conservation Areas 9999

PART VI. – DEVELOPMENT IN CONSERVATION AREAS.

31. RESTRICTION ON DEVELOPMENT OR ALTERATION OF EXISTING USE OF

LAND.
(1) An owner or occupier of land in a conservation area shall not develop or alter or permit
the development or alteration of the existing use of that land except–
(a) in accordance with the terms of the management plan for that conservation area; or
(b) in accordance with written approval from the Minister.
(2) Where a notice of recommendation under Section 12(1) has been given in respect of an
area, an owner or occupier of land within that area shall not develop or alter or permit the
development or alteration of the existing use of that land except with the written approval of the
Minister, until–
(a) the land has been declared a conservation area, when the provisions of Subsection
(1) shall apply; or
(b) notice under Section 16(2) has been given that the land not be declared a
conservation area.

32. APPLICATION FOR DEVELOPMENT APPROVAL.

(1) Where, in respect of any land–
(a) in a conservation area; or
(b) in an area in respect of which a notice of recommendation has been given under
Section 12(1),
any development or alteration of the existing use of that land is proposed (other than in accordance
with the terms of the management plan)–
(c) the owner of the land; or
(d) the proponent, with the consent of the owner of the land; or
(e) where the proponent is the State and the proposed use is a public purpose, the
proponent,
shall make application to the Minister for approval to develop, or alter or permit the development
or alteration of the existing use of the land.
(2) An application under Subsection (1) shall be in the prescribed form and shall be
accompanied by–
(a) plans and specification of the proposed development or alteration, where relevant;
and
(b) particulars of any adverse change–
(i) in the environment of the conservation area; or
(ii) in the area in respect of which a notice of recommendation under Section
12(1) has been given,
likely to arise out of the proposed development or alteration.

– 12 –
Conservation Areas 9999 s. 33.

(3) The Minister may require an applicant to lodge such other plans and specification and
provide such further information as the Minister considers necessary or relevant to enable him
adequately to assess the application.

33. DUTIES OF MINISTER ON RECEIPT OF APPLICATION FOR DEVELOPMENT

APPROVAL.
Where the Minister has received an application under Section 32(1) together with any
additional material required by him under Section 32(3), he–
(a) shall, where the application relates to a conservation area, refer a copy of the
application, together with the additional material, to the management committee for
that conservation area and seek its opinion; and
(b) may refer a copy of the application, or of any part of it to–
(i) the Council; and
(ii) such other authority, body or person (if any) as he thinks fit,
and seek its or their opinion; and

(c) shall, where the applicant is the State under Section 32(1)(e), refer a copy of the
application or any part of it to the owner of the land and to any person likely to be
injuriously affected; and
(d) may require a notice to the effect that application has been made to be advertised in
such other manner as he considers appropriate.

34. APPROVAL MAY BE GRANTED.

(1) The Minister may, after considering–
(a) the application together with all material lodged under Section 32; and
(b) the opinion of the management committee to which reference was made under
Section 33(1)(a); and
(c) any opinion or opinions sought under Section 33(1)(b); and
(d) the impact or likely impact of the proposed development or alteration on the
environment of the conservation area or of the area in respect of which a notice of
recommendation under Section 12(1) has been given; and
(e)4 any physical planning considerations,
approve the application, or approve the application subject to conditions, or refuse to approve the
application.
(2) Where the Minister approves an application or approves an application subject to
conditions, he shall grant to the applicant written approval in the prescribed form.
(3) Where the Minister refuses to approve an application, he shall notify the applicant in
writing setting out the grounds for refusing the application.

4
Section 34(1)(e) added by the Physical Planning (Consequential Amendments) Act 1989 (No. 33 of 1989), s19.
– 13 –
s. 35. Conservation Areas 9999

35. OFFENCES.
(1) A person who develops or alters or permits the development or alteration of the
existing use of land in a conservation area except–
(a) in accordance with the terms of the management plan for that conservation area; or
(b) in accordance with written approval from the Minister under Section 34(1),
is guilty of an offence.
Penalty: A fine not exceeding K40,000.00.
Default penalty: A fine not exceeding K4,000.00.
(2) A person who develops or alters or permits the development or alteration of the
existing use of land in an area in respect of which a notice of recommendation has been given
under Section 12(1), except in accordance with written approval from the Minister under Section
34(1), is guilty of an offence.
Penalty: A fine not exceeding K40,000.00.
Default penalty: A fine not exceeding K4,000.00.
(3) It shall not be a defence to an action for an offence under this section that the
development or alteration to the existing use of land did not adversely affect the environment.

36. MINISTER MAY ORDER RESTORATION.

(1) Where he considers it necessary for the preservation of the environment of a
conservation area or an area in respect of which a notice of recommendation under Section 12(1)
has been given, the Minister may direct a person who has been convicted of an offence against
Section 35 to restore any land to which the offence relates to the state that it was in before the
commission of the offence.
(2) If a person to whom a direction is given under this section fails to comply with that
direction within the time limit specified in the direction, or where there is no time limit specified,
within a reasonable time, the Minister may enter on the land with whatever assistance is
reasonably necessary and carry out the work required to give effect to the direction.
(3) Any costs and expenses incurred by the Minister exercising his powers under
Subsection (2) shall be a debt due and payable to the State by the person to whom the direction
was given.

– 14 –
Conservation Areas 9999 s. 37.

PART VII. – MISCELLANEOUS.

37. NOTICE.
Where–
(a) the Minister has prepared a recommendation under Section 12(1); or
(b) the National Executive Council has made a decision under Section 16(1)(b); or
(c) the Head of State, acting on advice, has made a declaration under Section 17(1),
the Minister shall cause a notice of the recommendation or a copy of the declaration to be
published–
(d) in the National Gazette; and
(e) at the office of the Local-level Government in whose area the area the subject of
the recommendation or decision or declaration is situated; and
(f) by a radio broadcasting service which specifically serves the area the subject of the
recommendation or declaration; and
(g) at the office of the Provincial Government of the province in which the area the
subject of the recommendation or decision or declaration is situated; and
(h) in such other places and in such other manner as he considers appropriate.

38. APPOINTMENT OF RANGERS.

The Minister may, after consultation with the management committee for a conservation
area appoint by written notice, a person to be a ranger for that conservation area for the purposes
of ensuring compliance with this Act.

39. POWERS OF RANGER.

A ranger may at all reasonable times enter and inspect any land in the conservation area.

40. OBSTRUCTION OF RANGER.

A person who–
(a) hinders or obstructs a ranger; or
(b) refuses or fails to comply with any reasonable request of a ranger,
in the exercise of his powers or functions under this Act is guilty of an offence.
Penalty: A fine not exceeding K50.00.

41. GENERAL PENALTY.

A person who fails to comply with a provision of this Act is guilty of an offence, and
where no specific penalty is provided is liable to a fine not exceeding K500.00.

– 15 –
s. 42. Conservation Areas 9999

42. PERSON OBTAINING DEVELOPMENT APPROVAL MUST COMPLY WITH

OTHER LAWS.
A grant of development approval under Section 34 does not relieve a proponent from
compliance with the requirements or provisions of any other law.

43. REGULATIONS.
The Head of State, acting on advice, may make regulations not inconsistent with this Act,
prescribing all matters that by this Act are required or permitted to be prescribed for carrying out
or giving effect to this Act, and for the imposition of fines not exceeding K500.00 for offences
against the regulations.

Office of Legislative Counsel, PNG

– 16 –