36

CHAPTER : 2

MINING OF IRON ORE IN ECO–SENSITIVE ZONE IN GOA

Violations of :

(i) Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972

(ii) Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act,

1974

(iii-a) Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980

(iii-b) National Forest Policy, 1988

(iv) Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act,

1981

(v) Environment (Protection) Act, 1986

(vi) Biological Diversity Act, 2002

Resulting in not discharging special duty

imposed by Article 48–A and 51–A (g) of the
Constitution of India.

1. The Constitution of India Article 48–A casts a special

duty by providing that the “State shall endeavor to
promote and improve the environment and to safeguard
forests and wild–life of the country.”

2. Article 51–A (g) of the Constitution casts the

fundamental duty on every citizen of India to protect
and improve the natural environment including
forests, lakes, rivers and wild–life, and to have
compassion for living creatures.
37

3. Despite very close organic link amongst the subjects of

forest, wild–life and environment, the regulatory
authorities have been treating them largely without co–
ordination and common concern. Non–forest use of forest
land mandatorily requires prior approval of Ministry of
Environment and Forest (MoEF) under the provisions of
the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980.

4. The word “forest” has been defined by the Hon’ble

Supreme Court of India in its order dated 12.12.1996 in
WP (Civil) No.202/1995 in case of T.N. Godavarman
Thirumalpad V. Union of India, reported in 1997 AIR
1228. Use of some portion of the land from the National
Parks, Sanctuaries and eco–sensitive zones for non–wild–
life/project purposes require prior approval of the
National Board for Wild Life under the provisions of the
Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972. Iron ore mining having
covered under the Environment Impact Assessment (EIA)
Notifications, under the Environment (Protection) Act,
1986, prior approval of MoEF is required. The appraisal
is done by the Expert Appraisal Committee. Supreme
Court node is also required in cases where it has been
directed that without the permission of the Court, it shall
not be done.

5. Six major legislations applicable and related to

environment, wild–life, forest, air, water, bio–diversity,
etc. for the iron ore and manganese ore leases are :
38

(i) Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972

(ii) Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act,

1974

(iii-a) Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980

(iii-b) National Forest Policy, 1988

(iv) Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1981

(v) Environment (Protection) Act, 1986

(vi) Biological Diversity Act, 2002

6. The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (EPA)

Section 3(1) empowers the Central Government “to take
all such measures as it deems necessary or expedient for
the purpose of protecting and improving the quality of
the environment and preventing, controlling and
abating environmental pollution.”

(a) Section 3(2)(v) of EPA empowers the Central

Government to take such measures in respect of
“restrictions of areas in which any industries,
operations or processes, or class of industries,
operations or processes shall not be carried out
or shall be carried out subject to certain
safeguards.”

(b) Section 3(3) of EPA enables the Central

Government to constitute authorities for the
exercise of the powers and functions of the Central
Government and to issue directions. The Central
39

Government has constituted the Central

Empowered Committee (CEC) under Section 3(3)
in respect of protection and management of
forests and wild–life.

(c) Under Section 3 of EPA, the Central Government

have after following due procedure, issued very
detailed EIA Notifications dated 27.1.1994 (As
amended on 4.5.1994, 10.4.1997, 27.1.2000,
13.12.2000 and 14.9.2006). In brief, it provides
that iron ore mining shall require prior
Environment Clearance from the regulatory
authority (MoEF) before any construction work or
preparation of land by the project management.

(d) The Schedule to the EIA Notification provides the

list of projects and activities requiring prior
Environment Clearance. Mining of minerals is the
first entry in the list and column (5) states that
“General Conditions” shall apply.

(e) The General Conditions at the bottom of the

Schedule provide that “Any project or activities
specified in Category “B” will be treated as Category
“A”, if located, in whole or part, within 10 kms.
from the boundary of Protected Areas.” The
“Protected Areas” under the Wild Life (Protection)
Act, 1972; Chapter IV (Ss. 18–36) covers National
Parks and Sanctuaries.
40

(f) Para 2 of the EIA Notification provides for prior

Environment Clearance for iron ore mining projects
(Category “A”) including expansion, modernization,
renewal, etc.

7. The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 is very

important and brief legislation of only six sections.
Section 2 provides that “notwithstanding anything
contained in any other law, for the time–being in force in a
State, no State Government or other authority except
with the prior approval of the Central Government
may de–reserve any reserved forest or allow any
forest land to be used for non–forest purposes.”
Under Section 3, Forest Advisory Committee (FAC) is
constituted to advise the Central Government with regard
to grant of approval and any other matter connected
with the conservation of forests. Mining is non–forest
activity and requires the prior approval of the Central
Government. After the commencement of this Act, any
grant or even renewal of any mining lease in forest area
requires prior approval of the Central Government
(MoEF) as held in various Courts’ Orders. Such as, G
Raghavdas vs. Government of Andhra Pradesh, AIR
1987 AP 166 (P. 440 etc); T.N. Godavarman vs. Union
of India, (2002) 10 SCC 606; Ambica Quarry Case,
(1987) 1 SCC 213; Rural Litigation and Entitlement
Kendra vs. State of UP, AIR 1988 SC 2187.
41

8. National Forest Policy, 1988

1. Preamble

1.1 ... Conservation includes preservation, maintenance,

sustainable utilization, restoration and enhancement
of the natural environment.

2. Basic Objectives

2.1 The basic objectives that should govern the National

Forest Policy are the following:-

– Maintenance of environmental stability through

preservation and, where necessary, restoration of the
ecological balance that has been adversely disturbed
by serious depletion of the forests of the country.

– Conserving the natural heritage of the country by

preserving the remaining natural forests with the
vast variety of flora and fauna, which represent the
remarkable biological diversity and genetic resources
of the Country.

– Checking soil erosion and denudation in the

catchment areas of rivers, lakes, and reservoirs in
the interest of soil and water conservation, for
mitigating floods and droughts and for the
retardation of siltation of reservoirs.

2.2 The principal aim of Forest Policy must be to ensure

environmental stability and maintenance of
42

ecological balance including atmospheric equilibrium

which is vital for sustenance of all life forms, human,
animal and plant. The derivation of direct economic
benefit must be subordinated to this principal aim.

9. Another important legislation is the Wild Life

(Protection) Act, 1972 (WLPA) The Act seeks to
constitute a Wild Life Advisory Board in each State;
regulate hunting of wild animals and birds; lay down the
procedure for declaring areas as Sanctuaries, National
Parks and others.

(a) Section 5A of WLPA provides for constitution of the

National Board for Wild Life (NBWL) under the
Chairmanship of the Prime Minister, Vice
Chairmanship of the Minister in–charge of Forest
and Wild Life and experts, officials and non–
officials. It is charged with the duty to promote the
conservation and development of wild life and
forests. Under Section 5B of WLPA, the National
Board for Wild Life (NBWL) is empowered to
constitute its Standing Committee for performing
such duties as may be delegated by NBWL.

(b) Under Section 5C of WLPA, it is the duty of the

National Board for Wild Life (NBWL) to promote
the conservation and development of wild–life and
forests. It provides functions of National Board.
The relevant provisions are as under:–
43

“2(a) framing policy and advising the Central

Government and the State Government on the
ways and means of promoting wild life
conservation and effectively controlling
poaching and illegal trade of wild life and its
products;

(b) making recommendations on the setting up of

and management of national parks,
sanctuaries and other protected areas and
on matters relating to restriction of activities
in those areas;

(c) carrying out or causing to be carrying out

impact assessment of various projects and
activities on wild life or its habitat;

(d) reviewing from time to time, the progress in the

field of wild life conservation in the country
and suggesting measures for improvement
thereto; and

(e) preparing and publishing a status report at

least once in two years on wild life in the
country.”

Under Section 5C, it is a duty of the National Board to

promote the conservation and forests and to take such
measures as it thinks fit. For this purpose, under Sub
Section 2, policies are required to frame. It is also entitled
44

to make recommendations for setting up of the

management of National Parks, Sanctuaries and other
protected areas and on matters relating to restriction on
activities in those areas.

On the basis of the said provisions, approval of the

National Board is required to be obtained before carrying
out activities of mining in the eco-sensitive zone. For this
purpose, a decision is taken in the National Board for
Wildlife in 2002.

10. EC Clearance Conditions provide that it is the duty of the

concerned officers under the provisions of the Water
(Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974; the Air
(Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1981; the
Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 and the Public
Liability Insurance Act, 1991 alongwith their
amendments and rules to enforce the EC clearance
Conditions.

11. The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act,

1974

The Pollution Control Board is empowered to grant

‘Consent to operate’ and establish the Industrial Units
under Section 25 of the Water (Prevention and Control of
Pollution) Act, 1974. The relevant provision of the said
Section is reproduced as under :–
45

“(1) Subject to the provisions of this section, no person

shall, without the previous consent of the State
Board,–

(a) establish or take any steps to establish any

industry, operation or process, or any treatment
and disposal system or an extension or addition
thereto, which is likely to discharge sewage or
trade effluent into a stream or well or sewer or
on land (such discharge being hereafter in this
section referred to as discharge of sewage); or

(b) bring into use any new or altered outlets for the
discharge of sewage; or

(c) begin to make any new discharge of sewage;

Provided that a person in the process of taking any steps

to establish any industry, operation or process
immediately before the commencement of the Water
(Prevention and Control of Pollution) Amendment Act,
1988, for which no consent was necessary prior to such
commencement, may continue to do so for a period of three
months from such commencement or, if he has made an
application for such consent, within the said period of
three months, till the disposal of such application.”

Further, the Board has powers to issue directions to

any lessee which are bound to comply by him. The
relevant Section 33A of the Act is reproduced as under :–
46

“Notwithstanding anything contained in any other law, but

subject to the provisions of this Act, and to any directions
that the Central Government may give in this behalf, a
Board may, in the exercise of its powers and performance
of its functions under this Act, issue any directions in
writing to any person, officer or authority, and such
person, officer or authority shall be bound to comply with
such directions.

Explanation:

For the avoidance of doubts, it is hereby declared that the

power to issue directions under this section includes the
power to direct-

(a) the closure, prohibition or regulation of any industry,

operation or process; or

(b) the stoppage or regulation of supply of electricity,

water or any other service.”

Further, in case of failure to comply with the provisions

of Water Act, punishment and penalty are provided u/s.
45A.

12. The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act,

1981

The Pollution Control Board is empowered to grant

‘Consent to operate’ and establish the Industrial Units
under Section 21 of the Air (Prevention and Control of
47

Pollution) Act, 1981. The relevant provision of the said

Section is reproduced as under :–

“Subject to the provisions of this section, no person shall,

without the previous consent of the State Board, establish
or operate any industrial plant in an air pollution control
area :

Provided that a person operating any industrial plant in

any air pollution control area, immediately before the
commencement of section 9 of the Air (Prevention and
Control of Pollution) Amendment Act, 1987, for which no
consent was necessary prior to such commencement, may
continue to do so for a period of three months from such
commencement or, if he has made an application for such
consent within the said period of three months, till the
disposal of such application.”

Further, the Board has powers to issue directions to

any lessee which are bound to comply by him. The
relevant Section 31A of the Act is reproduced as under :–

“Notwithstanding anything contained in any other law,

subject to the provisions of this Act, and to any directions
that the Central Government may give in this behalf, a
Board may, in the exercise of its powers and performance
of its functions under this Act, issue any directions in
writing to any person, officer or authority, and such
person, officer or authority shall be bound to comply with
such directions.
48

Explanation :

For the avoidance of doubts, it is hereby declared that tile

power to issue directions under this section, includes the
power to direct –

(a) the closure, prohibition or regulation of any industry,

operation or

(b) the stoppage or regulation of supply of electricity,

water or any other service.”

Sections 37 and 39 provide penalty and punishment

in case of non-compliance with the provisions of Section
21 or Section 22 or with the directions issued under
Section 31A.

13. It requires to be highlighted that when any lessee desires

to operate / establish any mine, he has to mandatorily
obtain prior Consents under the Water and Air Acts. If
any mining lease is operated or established without
having consents under the provisions of the Water Act,
1974 and Air Act, 1981 since their notification, it
amounts in violation of the said provisions of the Acts,
attracting penal liability and liability for closure.

14. The project unit proprietor shall submit an application

for “Consent to Operate” under the Water Act and the Air
Act in the form as prescribed under the Goa Water
(Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rules, 1988, and
49

the Goa Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rules,

1988.

15. With regard to mining units, the Board has initiated to

grant consent to operate / renewal to consent to operate,
under the Water and the Air Acts, to those mining units
that possess valid Environmental Clearance issued by
the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF),
Government of India. The Board should have acted
independently and ought not to solely rely upon EC
before granting consent to operate.

The Environmental Clearance issued to the mining

units by the MoEF, have stipulated a number of
conditions that are to be complied with by the mining
units and to be monitored and regulated by the GSPCB,
Environment Wing of MoEF, Regional Office of Bangalore
and finally, Mines Department, Goa.

Further, in the Orders of consent to operate issued

to mining units, the Board should stipulate that the
respective mining unit must comply with all the
conditions as stipulated in the Environmental Clearance
issued by the MoEF to the Mining Units.

16. The Goa State Pollution Control Board is an Authority

constituted in terms of the Water (Prevention and Control
of Pollution) Act, 1974, and the Air (Prevention and
Control of Pollution) Act, 1981. The Board is an Authority
set up in terms of the provisions of both these Acts.
50

Essentially, the two Acts have been enacted by the

Legislature in order to provide for protection, control and
prevention of Air and Water pollution. The Board has
been provided enough power and authority to deal and
punish the offences committed under both the Acts.

This has not been exercised by Goa State

Pollution Control Board and has allowed the
situations at its lowest ebb by permitting the mining
units to violate the conditions prescribed under the
EC and its own conditions.

17. Further, when a party desires to establish or set up

certain undertakings, establishments or processes, such
party is required to have certain prior permissions
including ‘Consent to Establish’ and ‘Consent to Operate’
under the aforesaid two Acts and other permissions
relating to Environmental Clearance under the
Environment Protection Act, Forest Clearance under
Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980; CRZ Permissions under
CRZ Regulations, Permissions from local authorities,
such as, the Municipality, the Corporation, the Planning
and Development Authority under the Town and Country
Planning Act, Panchayat Body under the Panchayat Raj
Act, so on and so forth, as the case may be, wherever
applicable.

18. Whenever the party has failed to obtain the requisite

Consents from the Pollution Control Board under the Air
51

and Water Acts or has violated any condition imposed

thereto or has failed to comply with the condition
imposed by the Board in the consent to operate, then the
Pollution Control Board can prohibit / issue closure
directions in terms of Law, or even withdraw/revoke the
Consent and also initiate prosecution against the such
lessees. Allowing to continue and non initiation of
prosecution against the violators (lessees) has caused
fear free atmosphere and ways for illegalities.

19. The permissions issued under each of these Acts are

issued in terms of the functions accruing and /or
assigned to the Authority under various Acts. The lessee
is liable to obtain all statutory approvals under the
various Acts and Rules, Regulations and Notifications
issued from time to time.

The Mines Department which is authority to

allow mining is required to be satisfied that all the
clearances/approvals are obtained by the lessee
before operation of mining starts. The burden to
ensure that the party has obtained all the necessary
permissions for the purpose of carrying on or
undertaking an activity is essentially the duty of the
State Government through the Department of mines
which has permitted or granted lease for winning of iron
ore. It is this department that is required to ensure that
no mining is carried out until all other permissions
required under all other laws are fulfilled.
52

20. All other Authorities which are required to give individual

permissions/clearances having regard to the provisions
of their respective Acts and Rules under which they are
set up and the kind and nature of the permissions/
clearances required under those Acts and Rules shall
monitor matters arising within their own jurisdictions
and are required to take action in case of failure to
comply with the conditions.

21. National Board for Wild Life (NBWL) adopted “The Wild
Life Conservation Strategy–2002” and took a decision in
the meeting held on 21.1.2002 under the Chairmanship
of Prime Minister to notify the areas within 10 kms.
from the boundaries of national parks and sanctuaries
and the wild–life corridors as eco–sensitive areas. The
decision has been communicated on 5.2.2002 to the
Chief Wild Life Warden, Government of Goa. In the said
communication, the Ministry of Environment and Forests
(MoEF) requested the State Government to list out such
areas and furnish detailed proposal for their notification
as eco–sensitive areas under the Environment
(Protection) Act, 1986. This has not been done till date
but has allowed mines to operate.

22. The MoEF vide its letter dated 27.5.2005 and

subsequent reminders to the Chief Secretaries of all the
States / Union Territories, requesting them to submit
detailed proposals at the earliest for declaration of
53

eco–fragile/eco–sensitive zones falling within 10 kms.

from the outer boundary of the national parks and
sanctuaries areas.

The National Wild Life Action Plan (NWLAP) 2002–

2016 indicates that “Areas outside the protected area
network are often vital ecological corridor links and must
be protected to prevent isolation of fragments of bio–
diversity which will not survive in the long run. Land and
water use policies will need to accept the imperative of
strictly protecting ecologically fragile habitats and
regulating the use elsewhere.” The Action Plan also
indicates that “all identified areas around Protected Areas
and wild–life corridors to be declared as ecologically
fragile under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.”

23. The purpose of declaring Eco–sensitive Zones around

National Parks and Sanctuaries is to create some kind of
“shock absorber” for the Protected Areas. It should act as
a transition zone from areas of high protection to areas
involving lesser protection.

24. Eco–sensitive zones around Protected Areas may be kept

flexible in exceptional cases and Protected Area specific.
The width of the Eco–sensitive Zone and type of
regulations may differ from one Protected Area to other.
In general, the width of the Eco–sensitive Zone could go
upto 10 kms. around a Protected Area (or beyond 10
kms. where there are sensitive corridors) are presently as
54

provided in the “Wild Life Conservation Strategy–2002”.

The distribution of an area of Eco–sensitive Zone and the
extent of regulation may not be uniform all around and it
could be of variable width and extent but should not be
below the threshold which may affect the protected
area.

25. The Goa Foundation has filed a Writ Petition before the
Hon’ble Supreme Court for the safeguard of the eco-
sensitive zones. In the order dated 4.12.2006 in Writ
Petition No.460/2004 in case of Goa Foundation V/s.
Union of India, the Hon’ble Supreme Court of India
directed as under :–

“The MoEF would also refer to the Standing Committee of

the National Board for Wild Life, under Sections 5 (b) and
5 (c) (ii) of the Wild Life (Protection) Act, the cases where
environment clearance has already been granted where
activities are within 10 km. zone.”

26. If the mine owner has applied for diversion of forest area
at least two years in advance and if the MoEF still might
have not taken a final decision in matter, the mine owner
can apply for Temporary Working Permit ("TWP" for
short).

27. TWP is not a creature of any statute. It is a practice

sanctified by a catena of decisions of the Apex Court. In
T.N. Godavarman Thirumalpad V/s. Union of India,
55

the Hon'ble Supreme Court of India has observed that

from 1.1.2003 to 31.12.2004, TWP had been granted for
mining in the national parks, sanctuaries and forest
area. This was done despite the order passed by the Apex
Court restraining mining activities in these areas. It was,
therefore, reiterated that:

".... without compliance with the environmental laws, in

particular, the permission under the Forest (Conservation)
Act, 1980, no temporary working permission or temporary
permit or any other permission by whatever name called
shall be granted for mining activities in the aforesaid
areas."

28. By its order dated 4th August, 2006 in I.A. Nos.1413,

1414, 1426, 1428, 1440, 1439, 1441, 1444, 1445, 1454,
1459 and 1460 in the Godavarman matter, the Hon’ble
Supreme Court of India laid down the conditions
precedent for the grant of TWPs as well as the procedure
for their grant. TWPs could be granted only where the
following conditions are satisfied:–

(i) TWPs can only be granted for renewal of mining

leases, and not where the lease is being granted for
the first time to the applicant user agency;

(ii) The mine is not located inside any National Park/

Sanctuary notified under Sections 18, 26A or 35 of
the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972;

(iii) The grant of TWP would not result in any mining

activity within the safety zone around such areas
56

referred to in (ii) above, (as an interim measure) one

kilometre safety zone would be maintained subject to
the orders that may be made in I.A. No.1000
regarding Jamua Ramgarh Sanctuary.

29. In the aforesaid order, six other conditions and a detailed

elaborate procedure for issue of TWP were laid down. It is
made clear that the authority for grant of Forest
Clearance under the F C Act, 1980 is with the Forest
Advisory Committee and for the Wild Life matter; it is
with the Standing Committee of the NBWL under the
Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972. The State Government
and its agencies have merely to forward the completed
papers with their recommendations or otherwise.

30. In spite of the clear provisions of Section 3(2)(v) of the

Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 and the EIA
Notifications, para 2 (supra) conferring the jurisdiction,
power and authority on the Central Government (MoEF)
to grant or refuse the prior Environment Clearance for
any iron ore mining activity within 10 kms. of National
Parks, Sanctuaries and Protected Areas and Section
5C(2)(b) of the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972; (NBWL –
restriction on activities in National Parks, Sanctuaries
and other Protected and eco–sensitive Areas), it appears
that there have been large scale violations of these
provisions resulting in illegal mining in Goa State.
57

31. Further, in the background of Supreme Court Order, the

Ministry of Environment & Forests, vide its letter No.L–
11011/7/2004–IA Notes–II/N, dated 27.2.2007 have
asked for the details of all the mining projects which have
been granted environmental clearance since January,
2004 for the projects located within 10 kms. from the
boundaries of National Parks / Sanctuaries so as to refer
the same to the Standing Committee of the National
Board for Wild Life (NBWL).

32. As per the direction of Supreme Court Order, in total, 49

EC approvals which pertain to 74 mining leases should
have been placed before the Standing Committee of the
National Board for Wile Life. The list of 74 Mining
Projects is prepared based on the letter of the Chief
Conservator of Forests (MoEF) Regional Office, Bangalore.
From this record and discussion with concerned
authorities, it is observed that no decision is taken yet on
this issue by MoEF. The subject matter is not followed by
Regional Office, Bangalore as well as State Government,
Goa for best reasons known to them even after a lapse of
considerable time and substantial irreparable
environmental damage caused to Eco–Sensitive Zone
(fragile zone) of Western Ghats of Goa State by extracting
millions of tons of iron ore from more than 124 mines, or
so. This will go to a long way and would result into
change of eco-system.
58

33. Further, in the case of expansion of two leases, EC is

accorded subject to clearance under the Wild Life
(Protection) Act, 1972.

(a) Goval Sonshi Iron Ore Mining Project of M/s. Cosme

Costa and Sons in Pissurlem, Sattari, North Goa
(Area : 62.00 Ha.), (T.C. No.110/53) and

(b) M/s. Sesa Goa Ltd., Sattari, North Goa (Area : 23.95
Ha.), (T.C. No.28/51) the Environmental Clearances
were accorded subject to obtaining clearance under
the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972. There was no
condition imposed in first EC but during expansion
of projects, the above referred conditions were
imposed.

34. Hence, stipulation of conditions while according

Environmental Clearances in 49 cases out of 72 leases by
MoEF before 4.12.2006, for the projects (iron ore mining
leases) falling within the boundaries of 10 kms. from
the National Parks/Sanctuaries is quite inconsistent,
arbitrary and even without proper verification of
records.

This can be attributed to the failure on the part

of the MoEF having not considered this issue with its
seriousness even after a decision of National Board
for Wild Life and order of Hon'ble Supreme Court of
India.

Mining operations have been continuing even

before or without the Environmental Clearance and/
or NBWL Clearance.
59

35. There are 25 EC approvals in which no condition has

been imposed regarding approval of competent authority
under NBWL as shown below (Table : 6). It is observed
that many of leases in this table falls in the category of
10 kms. distance of eco-sensitive zone. Further,
investigation is required in all the cases listed in Table :
6, since Mines Department did not furnish information
even after best efforts from the Commission. Hence, in all
such cases, undue favour is extended to lessee and
immediate action should be taken. There should be
further enquiry in this regard as to why conditions were
not imposed in these cases and action against the official
should be initiated.

36. Mining lease of T.C. No.28/51 of M/s. Sesa Goa Ltd.

of Botevadeacho Dongar Iron Ore Mining Project located
at Pissurlem, Sattari (North Goa), no approval is
reported to have been obtained from the NBWL but
the mine is working.

37. As per EC approved by MoEF, no permission has so far

been granted by the CWLW but mining is taking place
in the leases without the approval of CWLW (Table : 7)

38. After Order dated 4.12.2006 passed by the Hon’ble

Supreme Court of India

It is observed that 98 EC approvals have been granted to

the mines in Goa. (As per the letter dated 10.10.2011 of
Chief Conservator of Forests, Regional Office, Bangalore
60

to Mrs. Nalini Bhatt, MoEF). Out of these, 5

Environmental Clearances pertain to further expansion of
the Mining Projects for which Environmental Clearances
have already been granted. Thus, the number of Mining
Projects for which Environmental Clearances have been
granted after 4.12.2006 is effectively 93.

(i) In 61 EC approvals for 64 mining leases (out of 93

EC approvals) it is stipulated that EC Clearance is
subject to the approval of Competent Authority
under Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972. (Table : 9).
Hence, all the 61 EC approvals need to be referred
to the Standing Committee of NBWL. It is noted that
this has not been done. To mitigate the impact of
cluster mining on the protected area, the production
should be brought down equivalent to the year 2000
to 2001.
(ii) In 6 EC approvals, permission from NBWL is
stipulated. It is noted from the records that no such
approvals of NBWL is taken in any of the mining
lease. The State of Goa should look into this matter
and Clearances should be made effective. Action
should be taken against the leases which are either
working or worked in part in violation of this
Condition by recovering the export price of ores.
Action against the officials concerned should also be
initiated. The list of the 6 Mining Project is given in
Table : 10.
(iii) In 1 EC approval, it is stipulated that permission
from CWLW is required. (T.C. No.24/57)
(iv) In 25 EC approvals, no condition is stipulated.
(Table 6)
61

39. Among those who have not obtained approval of

competent authority under Wild Life (Protection) Act,
1972; they should not be permitted to operate the mines
even though they have Environmental Clearance. But
some mines are reportedly working with the approval of
the CWLW contrary to MoEF condition. The condition
that Environmental Clearance is subject to obtaining
Clearance under Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 from the
Competent Authority clearly means that the
Environmental Clearance becomes effective only after
obtaining the approval of the Standing Committee of
NBWL. As per the clarification of the DIG (WL) MoEF
working of all these mines which are not having approval
of Standing Committee becomes illegal. To ensure that
the mining does not take place before the approval of the
Competent Authority, the State Government should take
immediate action by keeping all the 61 Environmental
Clearances in abeyance with immediate effect and make
them effective from the date of approval under Wild Life
(Protection) Act, 1972 by the Competent Authority
(Standing Committee of NBWL).

40. For T.C. No.24/57, the condition stipulated is –

Environmental Clearance is subject to the approval of the
CWLW, State of Goa. This is in contrary to the order of
Hon’ble Supreme Court of India, Environmental
Clearance was granted vide Ministry's letter No.J–11015/
344/2005 – IA. II (M) dated 19.2.2007 (2006). Expansion
62

was granted to the same Mining Project vide Ministry's

letter No.J–11015/344/2005–IA. II (M) dated 19.2.2008.
In both the Clearances, it is stipulated that
Environmental Clearance is subject to the approval of the
CWLW, Government of Goa. This is an undue favour
extended to the lessee by indicating CWLW as approval
authority contrary to all other cases of similar nature
during the same period.

41. On verification of the records and discussions held with

the concerned, it seems that the MoEF has not taken
final decision for the 93 Environmental Clearances for
111 mining leases in State of Goa for seeking
approval of the Standing Committee of National
Board for Wild Life. A substantial irreparable damage
has already been caused to this eco–sensitive zone in Goa
which is one of Hot Spot of Mega Biodiversity on the
earth by extracting large quantity of Iron Ore. This could
have been avoided, had there been timely action taken in
the matter.

42. Recently, Dy. Conservator of Forests (Monitoring and

Evaluation) [DCF, (M & E)], Goa communicated the
approval of CWLW for mining as stipulated in
Environmental Clearance granted by the Ministry of
Environment and Forests in respect of T.C. No.84/52,
situated at Pale Village, Victorium Taluka subject to
certain conditions to the Director, M/s. Bandekar
Brothers (P) Limited vide his letter No.6–13(172)–97–
63

FD/161, dated 11.4.2011. This matter was brought to

the notice of DIG (WL) by Chief Conservator of Forests,
Regional Office, Bangalore. Acting on this letter, the DIG
(WL) vide her letter No. F. No.6–69/2011 WL, dated 30th
May, 2011 had informed the CWLW, Government of Goa
that the permission granted to M/s. Bandekar
Brothers (P) Limited is not in conformity with the
orders of Hon'ble Supreme Court of India and,
therefore, needs to be cancelled. She has further
informed the CWLW that the competent authority, in
such cases, is the Standing Committee of NBWL and,
therefore, detailed proposal (10 copies) as per the
prescribed pro-forma available in the website of Ministry
(http://www.envfor.nic.in) alongwith the clear maps, etc.
be submitted to the Ministry for placing them before the
Standing Committee of NBWL.

43. The DCF (M & E), Goa vide his letter dated 23.9.2011 has
communicated to the Director, M/s. Bandekar Brothers
(P) Limited that the approval / clearance of the CWLW
stands cancelled with immediate effect as per the letter
from the Ministry of Environment and Forests and
advised him to submit proposal in the prescribed format
for the consideration of the Standing Committee of
NBWL. The attention of CWLW, Goa was drawn to all
other such cases where the approval of the Standing
Committee of NBWL had not been obtained by the Chief
Conservator of Forests, Regional Office, Bangalore.
64

44. There is no legal power / authority vested with the

Chief Wild Life Warden to accord approvals in eco-
sensitive zones under the Wild Life (Protection) Act,
1972. Also he has not been authorized by the National
Board for Wild Life (NBWL) or Standing Committee. As
per the letter No.6–69/2011 WL, dated 30.5.2011 of
Prakriti Srivastava, Dy. Inspector General (WL), Ministry
of Environment and Forests (Wildlife Division), the
Competent Authority in such cases is Standing
Committee of NBWL. The Clearances by the CWLW in
all the 17 cases and others, if any, are undue favour
shown to the lessees and misuse of power.

45. The list of the similar mines, for which CWLW has issued
approval contrary to the conditions stipulated by MoEF
while giving Environmental Clearances, is given in
Table : 11.

46. Hon’ble Supreme Court of India, vide its order dated

4.8.2006 has directed the States not to grant any
Temporary Working Permits/Permission (TWP) whatever
the name it may be called in the protected areas and
within one km. from the boundary of the National Parks/
Sanctuaries. In this regard, certain mines have been
closed on the recommendations of the Forest Advisory
Committee (FAC). It is to be noted here that if TWP for
mining within 1 Km. from boundary of protected area can
be banned, then it is imperative that regular mining shall
not be allowed at all. But it is/was being allowed in the
State of Goa.
65

47. Illegality in case of T.C. No.31/55

(a) The illegalities / irregularities committed by M/s.

Chowgule and Company Private Limited (T.C.
No.31/55), a mining concession over an area of
98.08 Ha. in Gavanem, Ambelim, Xelpo–Curado
Villages of Sattari Taluka requires to be highlighted.
The said concession has been declared as mining
lease under the MM(DR) Act, 1957 in pursuant of
the enactment of Goa Abolition Act, 1987. There is
no renewal so far for the said mining lease under
the MM(DR) Act, 1957 even after lapse of 24
years. The mining lease has been operated under
alleged deemed extension. Meanwhile, the
proposal submitted for diversion of forest land
under the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 by the
lessee which was recommended by the State
Government was finally rejected vide letter No.8–
544/89–FC, dated 28.3.2000 of MoEF. In the said
rejection order, it was stated that the lessee should
reclaim the already broken up area of 3.9125 Ha.
forest land at his own cost. The DCF, South Goa in
his letter dated 18.10.2011 states that no such
reclaiming has been done by the lessee so far.

(b) Further, there is a fresh encroachment in forest

land towards the southern side of the freshly
delineated lease area. It is pertinent to note here
that the lessee has obtained Environmental
66

Clearance vide letter No.J–11015/230/2006 IA.

II (M), dated 17.5.2007 of MoEF. While obtaining
the Environmental Clearance, the lessee has
submitted wrong information regarding
surrender of 60.6557 Ha. of leased area. From the
records of the Director of Mines & Geology, Goa; it
is observed that there is no such surrender done by
the lessee and he has obtained the Environmental
Clearance for the part of the leased area. The MoEF
did not verify the records in this regard.

(c) Further, the Environmental Clearance was given

subject to obtaining Clearance under the Wild Life
(Protection) Act, 1972 from the Competent
Authority. No such approval has been obtained and
the mining lease was allowed to operate from the
year 2007–08 to 2011–12. The production, in the
said period, as submitted by Mines Department is
as under :–

Production (in Matric Tonnes)

2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12

14,333 1,99,937 2,32,795 1,26,873 17,409

(d) Therefore, it is apparent that the mine has been

operated illegally. The entire production is illegal
since there is no approval from the Competent
Authority under the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972.
67

It is pertinent to note here that out of 98.08 Ha.

leased area, 79.5502 Ha. is forest land. Out of the
forest land, 49.1458 Ha. falls in Madel Wildlife
Sanctuary and remaining is the forest land. The
Director of Mines & Geology, Goa has allowed the
mining for extraction of 5,91,347 Matric Tonnes
of Iron Ore illegally.

(e) After a much unreasonable delay, the Director of

Mines & Geology, Goa has issued a closure order
dated 15.4.2011 for want of Wildlife Clearance,
consent under Water and Air Acts. This delayed act
of Director of Mines & Geology, Goa has caused an
irreparable and irreversible damage caused to
environment, ecology, bio–diversity, wildlife and
huge loss to State Government. It is a fit case to
take action against the lessee, the Director Mines as
well as all other concerned officials of mines, forest
and GSPCB.

48. Illegality in case of T.C. No.20/51

Carea Codilupri adam Tembo E Sauripar (Maulinguem) of

R. T. Deulkar who is a legal heir of lessee of T.C.
No.20/51 has played mischief while obtaining EC
clearance. Firstly, it is to be stated that 75% of 87.218
Ha. of land is within the Wildlife Sanctuary and 13.86
Ha. is in forest area. He has, allegedly, “surrendered”
65.1072 Ha. land in wildlife sanctuary in violation of
68

Rule 29 of MCR, 1960. He has worked upon the land

outside the leased area and extracted huge quantity of
iron ore illegally. This is clearly visible from the Google
Map. Further, the extraction of ore within leased area is
also illegal since prior approval under the Wild Life
(Protection) Act, 1972 from the competent authority is
not obtained.

49. Illegality in case of T.C. No.2/57

Under the provisions of Goa Abolition Act, 1987,

notification was issued in favour of Raguvir S. Garco at
Sr. No.422 as a concession holder. Despite this, renewal
application was processed in favour of legal heir of
Mahabaleshvar S. Garco and delay is condoned. He is
permitted to occupy and operate the mine without
obtaining any permission from the Central Government
as being first renewal and other violations. The lessee has
also obtained EC from the MoEF. One of the specific
conditions stipulated in EC is to obtain prior permission
of competent authority under the Wild Life (Protection)
Act, 1972 which has not been taken till date and the
mine is being operated by extracting huge quantity of
iron ore which is dealt in separate chapter.

50. Further, the Environment Wing of the MoEF is also

equally responsible to state inconsistent conditions
related to wild life matters while according clearance to
lessees. It is to be noted here that as per the order of the
69

Hon’ble Supreme Court of India dated 4.12.2006 in WP

(C) No.460/2004 and Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972,
the Competent Authority is Standing Committee of
National Board for Wild Life under Section 5 of the said
Act. Despite the aforesaid provision, while giving
clearance to mining leases, the CWLW had not referred to
any provision of the WPA, 1972 which empowers him to
accord approval. The most of approvals, which he has
accorded, are cut and paste irrespective of distance,
surrounding eco-system and other physical and
Biological factors related to leases.

51. Under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1987;

Government of India issued Notification dated
27.10.1994 and Notification dated 14.9.2006 and
amendments from time to time. It is mandatory on the
part of lessees to prepare and submit EIA under these
Notifications and to take Environmental Clearance for the
mining projects. Almost all mines worked till the year
2005-06 without having the approval under the 1994
Notification. Subsequently, they have taken delayed
Environmental Clearances. In some cases, it is observed
that Environmental Clearances were taken under the
1994 Notification but was not renewed under the 2006
Notification which was mandatorily required. The
Environmental Clearances taken for these leases, there
was specific conditions stipulated for taking approval
under the provisions of Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972.
70

The conditions stipulated by the Government of India,

MoEF are as under :-

1. Environmental Clearance is subject to obtaining

clearance under the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972
from the competent authority.

2. Environmental Clearance is subject to the approval

of the Chief Wild Life Warden, Government of Goa.

3. Environmental Clearance is subject to approval of

Standing Committee of NBWL.

4. In some of approvals, it has been stated that

approval is subject to outcome of WP 460/2004 of
Goa Foundation.

5. In some approvals, no conditions are stipulated

(seems to be intentional) though mines fall within
10 kms.

52. From the records provided by the Mines Department,

Forest Department, Regional Office, MoEF, Bangalore
and the Goa State Pollution Control Board; it is observed
that Mines Department has allowed the mining without
having the compliance of above conditions (Conditions 1,
2 and 3 above) from the period 2005-06 to 2007-08 or so.
The large quantities of iron ore had been extracted from
the mines which is given in Table : 8. All the extractions
of the iron ore during the period shall be considered as
71

illegal, irregular and unlawful. The export price for the

said iron ore is required to be recovered with the
exemplary penalties.

It is noted here that the Director of Mines, the

Secretaries of Mines and Environment, the Scientists of
the Regional Office, Bangalore, MoEF New Delhi, the
Chief Conservator of Forest, in the MoEF Regional office,
Bangalore, the Member Secretary and Chairman of
Pollution Control Board were/are responsible for non-
compliance of the conditions and loss to the State. Action
should be initiated against them after having
identification by name.

53. On the basis of the aforesaid laws, Regulations and Order

of Supreme Court, it is found that many mines as
mentioned hereinafter in different accompanying tables
are working in violation of the aforesaid laws.

i. It is to be stated that till December, 2010, in all,

124 mines were working but at present, 90 mines
are operated. All mines of iron ore are/were
operating as on December, 2011 and before without
approval of Standing Committee of NBWL, and in
violation of order passed by the Hon’ble Supreme
Court and also some specific conditions stipulated
by the MoEF.
72

ii. 33 mines are/were operating within one km. from

the boundary of the nearest National Park,
Sanctuary or Protected Areas without approval of
NBWL. This is in total violation of various provisions
of the Acts and laws above, the Wild Life
Conservation Strategy, 2002 and a decision of the
meeting held on 21.1.2002. Hence, the mining
activities including transportation in these mines
require to be immediately stopped. Thereafter, by
following due process of law, leases should be
cancelled. Table : 1.

iii. At present, on the basis of the record available,

there are 7 leases falling within 1.5 km. from the
outer boundary of the nearest Wildlife Sanctuaries.
The adverse impact of such mines on the protected
areas can not be ruled out. The National Board for
Wild Life should especially take note of such mines
and decide whether the mines should be closed or
allowed with minimum required production so as to
dissipate the adverse impact in a longer period.
Table : 2

The aforesaid figure of 7 mines would definitely

increase, if the State Government sends the
information which was sought from it. However,
State Government has sought time for
furnishing information upto end of April, 2012.
73

iv. In compliance with the orders, the Regional Office of

the MoEF, Bangalore has submitted a list of 49
projects pertaining to State of Goa which are falling
within 10 kms. from the boundaries of National
Parks/Sanctuaries. The list of 49 Environmental
Clearance which pertains to 74 mining leases in
which EC was granted (pre 4.12.2006) with its
stipulated conditions is given in Table : 3.

In the aforesaid mines which are within 10

kms. from the boundaries of National Park /
Sanctuary, the IBM ought not to have permitted
extraction of iron ore more than the extraction
which was permitted in the year 2000–01 and on
that basis, MoEF should have restricted the
production accordingly.

This excess production undoubtedly has

affected environment, eco-system as well as polluted
water and air in near about area.

v. MoEF has granted Environmental Clearances in 31

cases (for 49 leases) with a stipulation of condition
to get clearance from the Chief Wild Life Warden
(CWLW) of the State even though the CWLW has no
authority and competence to grant such clearance.
(before the SC order dated 4.12.2006) Table : 4
74

vi. MoEF has granted Environmental Clearances

without stipulating or referring for approval by the
Standing Committee of NBWL under the Wild Life
(Protection) Act, 1972; both before and after the
Supreme Court Order dated 4.12.2006 (supra)
(Tables : 5 and 6), though many leases fall within
10 kms. from the buffer zone. From such approvals,
it is apparent that approvals are in violation of law
and arbitrary from which it can be concluded that
undue favour is shown.

vii. The MoEF has stipulated condition to obtain

approval of Chief Wild Life Warden or Competent
Authority under the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972.
In 10 leases, it is observed that there is no approval
obtained from the Chief Wild Life Warden or
National Board for Wild Life which is applicable but
the mines are operating. This is totally illegal and in
violation of the conditions stipulated by MoEF. Such
mines should immediately be stopped. Export /
Market price (whichever is applicable) of the iron ore
should be recovered besides initiating penal action
against the lessees and concerned officers. Table : 7

viii. (a) The MoEF has granted conditional

Environmental Clearance by stipulating
condition for prior approvals of the Standing
Committee of NBWL or Chief Wild Life Warden,
75

or Competent Authority under the Wild Life

(Protection) Act, 1972, etc.

(b) It is observed that some lessees have not taken

approvals at all while others have taken it after
unreasonable delay.

(c) Further, the mines which are running without

approval is required to be stopped and the
money should be recovered at the rate of
export price or market price whichever is
applicable. Other consequential action should
also be taken. It is pertinent to state here that
such illegal act can’t happen without
connivance of the politicians, bureaucrats and
lessees. There is a complete collapse of the
system.

(d) During the period (when there is no approval

of the CWLW or delayed approval) the mining
continued and large quantity of iron ore was
dispatched. The entire quantity produced in
this period from those mines where there is no
approval as stipulated by MoEF is totally
illegal. Table : 8

ix. In 61 EC approvals where approval of competent

authority under Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 is
76

stipulated. 61 EC approvals required to be referred

to the Standing Committee of NBWL and the same
has not been done. (Table : 9) Hence, the mines are
running in violation of stipulated conditions of
MoEF. Production capacity has also been increased
by IBM and MoEF in total disregard of impact on
protected areas in their eco-sensitive zone. The
production level should be brought down equivalent
to production in the year 2000–2001.

x. 6 mining leases in which permission of NBWL was

stipulated but no such permission/approval is
found from the records. (Table : 10) All
consequential actions as stated for similar cases
should also be taken.

xi. Chief Wild Life Warden has given approval for

mining to 47 leases. In 17 cases, CWLW has
granted approval for mining wherein he was not
authorized to grant approval by the MoEF.
(Table : 11) Such approvals are illegal. The mining
activity should be stopped till proper approvals are
obtained. Action should be initiated against all the
officials, secretaries and minister who are involved
in such approvals.