SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY,

AND SOCIETY
WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY-PHILIPPINES DIVINE GRACE S. BATENGA
College of Arts and Science Subject Instructor
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 SCIENCE- methodical way of gaining knowledge on a particular
subject
 TECHNOLOGY- alludes to the particular application of the scientific
knowledge
 SOCIETY- a group of individuals, which is characterized by common
interest and may have distinctive culture and institutions
 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, and SOCIETY- study of how society, politics,
and culture affect science research and technological innovation,
and how these, in turn, affect society, politics and culture

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SCIENCE
Demands
more
Demands
Seeks to improve informs
more

SOCIETY TECHNOLOGY
Benefits from Makes life
easier

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CHAPTER 1

Historical Antecedents in the

Course of Science and
Technology

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ANCIENT TIMES

In the ancient times, people were concerned with:

transportation and navigation
communication and record keeping
 mass production
 security and protection
 health
 aesthetics
 architecture

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ANCIENT TIMES
TRANSPORTATION
 People were trying to go places and discover new horizons

 they travelled to search for food and find better locations

 they also travelled to trade their surplus good in exchange for things that they
lacked

NAVIGATION
 Assisted them in their journeys to unfamiliar and strange areas in the world

 It allowed them to return home after they discovered new places or completed
important trade with another group of people

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ANCIENT TIMES
COMMUNICATION
 Essential in their endeavours to discover and occupy new places
 they need a way to communicate with the natives of the areas they visited so as to facilitate trade
and prevent possible conflicts

RECORD-KEEPING
 Important because they needed to remember places they had been and
document the trades they made with each other

 It is also vital to keep records of their history and culture so they could establish their
identities as they tried to relate with other cultures and civilizations

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ANCIENT TIMES
MASS PRODUCTION OF FOOD AND OTHER BASIC NECESSITIES
 Due to the increase in size and number of nations

 People must be able to produce food at a given time and space since resources
were getting scarcer

 Demands for a form of technology that would enable them to increase food
supplies and other survival needs

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ANCIENT TIMES
WEAPONS AND ARMORS
 Important in the discovery of new places or the establishment of new alliance or
tribes

 There was always a risk of conflict when people met with others with different
culture and orientations

 Conflict is common especially if different groups struggled to control vital resources

 Stronger nations tended to invade weaker ones

 The development of weapons and armours for security and protection was
considered a major achievement

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ANCIENT TIMES

CHALLENGES THEY FACE!!!

 CONSERVATION OF LIFE
 The early people might have been successful in harnessing the rich resources
that the world could provide, but their survival posed a great problem

 Different illnesses and diseases, both natural and man-made, hampered the full
potential of human being

 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY played a major role in the discovery of cures

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ANCIENT TIMES
THE FIELD OF ENGINEERING
 In order to integrate their needs for a better transportation, establishment of
structures for protection from human attacks and natural disasters, and construction
of bigger and stronger infrastructures

 The development of this field allowed humans to build structures that would
address their specific needs and wants

 Some of the structures built during the ancient times still exist today and continually
awe people
-the Pyramid of Egypt
-the Great Wall of China

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ANCIENT TIMES
THE FIELD OF ARCHITECTURE
 Elaborated architectural designs were signs of technological advancement of a
particular civilization during ancient times

 In the generations to come, architecture would be considered a status symbol

among nations of how advanced their technology

 It may also establish the identity of the nation

-the Parthenon
-Greek Temples

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ANCIENT TIMES
• The people were not contented in beautifying only their
infrastructures and surroundings

• Humans later developed the technology to improve how they look

• They discover that people looked more visually presentable and

appealing by adding some features and decorations in their body

• The development of SCIENCE and TECHNOLOGY, aside from

affecting the lives of the people, were the result of many prior
antecedents

• People in ancient times were able to discover and invent things that
would impact the lives of the modern people

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SUMERIAN
CIVILIZATION

 Located on the southernmost tip of

ancient Mesopotamia (today’s Iraq)
 Oldest civilization
 Known for their high degree of
cooperation with one another and
their desire for great things
 They are not contented with the
basic things that life can offer
 This desire pushed them to develop
many things connected with
SCIENCE and TECHNOLOGY

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SUMMERIAN
CIVILIZATION
CUNEIFORM

• First writing system (major contribution)

• A system that utilizes word pictures and
triangular symbols which are craved on
clay using wedge instruments and then
left to dry
• Allowed the Sumerians to keep records of
things with great historical value or their
everyday life

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SUMMERIAN
CIVILIZATION
URUK CITY

• Considered to be the first true city in the

world
• A great wonder: because there were no
building stones in the location of the city,
lumber is limited, making the construction
a big challenge
• Built using only mud or clay from the
river, which they mixed with reeds,
producing sun-baked bricks
• They used the bricks to make houses
and building walls

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SUMMERIAN
CIVILIZATION
THE GREAT ZIGGURAT OF UR

• Also called the mountain of god

• Built the same manner that they constructed
the City of Uruk
• The structure was constructed using sun-
baked bricks
• Served as the sacred place of their chief god,
where only their priests were allowed to enter
• The temple showcases not only the elaborate
and intricate Sumerian architecture but also
the remarkable technology used to build it
• People still enjoy and marvel the Great
Ziggurat of Ur
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SUMMERIAN
CIVILIZATION
IRRIGATION AND DIKES

• Increased population
• Difficulty in getting water from the rivers
• Scarce water supply
• Flooding cause by the river
• Considered as one of the world’s most
beneficial engineering works
• Sumerians were able to enjoy year-long
farming and harvesting
• Mass production of food

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SUMMERIAN
CIVILIZATION
SAILBOATS

• Transportation as a great challenge to Sumerians

• The wheel was not yet invented; the main mode of
transportation was through waterways such as rivers
and seas
• Boat were used to carry large quantities of products
and were able to cover large distances
• They wanted to discover faraway lands to settle
• Sailboats were essential in transportation and
trading as well as in fostering culture, information,
and technology

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SUMMERIAN
CIVILIZATION
WHEEL

• Sumerians were able to invent the wheel since

the specialized tools needed to create it were
already available
• The first wheels were not made for
transportation but for farm work and food
processes
• With the use of the wheel and axle, mass
production was made easier
• Farmers were able to mill grains with less effort
in less time

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SUMMERIAN
CIVILIZATION
ROADS

• In order to facilitate faster and easier travel

• The flow of traffic became faster and
organized
• They made the roads with the same
technology they used in making the sun-
baked bricks
• They later poured bitumen (a black sticky
substance similar to asphalt), to smoothen the
roads
• The invention of roads was very useful
especially during rainy season

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BABYLONIAN
CIVILIZATION
 Emerged near the Tigris and
Euphrates Rivers
 The Babylonians were great
builders, engineers, and architects
 HANGING GARDENS OF BABYLONS
 One of their major
contributions
 One of the seven wonders of
the ancient world

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BABYLONIAN
CIVILIZATION
HANGING GARDENS OF BABYLON

• It was said to be a structure made up of

layers upon layers of gardens that
contained several species of plants, trees,
and vines
• KING NEBUCHADNEZZAR II- Babylonian
King; built the gardens for his wife QUEEN
AMYTIS
• No physical evidence has been found to
prove the existence of the Hanging
Gardens of Babylon; exact location is
also unknown

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BABYLONIAN
CIVILIZATION
HANGING GARDENS OF BABYLON

• People have been debating about the

existence of the mythical place
• “it was a product of the creative
imagination of the great King. (no
archaeological evidence)
• Destroyed by war, erosion, or an
earthquake. (if it really existed)

• If the stories were true, the Hanging Gardens

of Babylon may be considered as the greatest
engineering and architectural achievements
of the world that is impossible to replicate

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EGYPTIAN
CIVILIZATION
 Located in North America
 Famous about engineering especially the
infrastructures established by the pharaohs
 Pharoahs- most powerful person in ancient
Egypt; political and religious leader
-Titles: ‘Lord of the two lands’ and ‘High Priest
of every temples’
-ruler of lower and upper Egypt; owned all the
lands, collected taxes, defended Egypt from
foreigners
-represented the gods on earth; performed
rituals and built temples
 Egyptians have contributed other practical
things that the world now considers as
essential

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EGYPTIAN
CIVILIZATION
PAPER OR PAPYRUS

• Earlier contribution
• They were able to make writing Clay tablet
easier for the world
• Clay tablet were used
• Safe-keeping and transporting were a
major problem Papyrus
• Clay tablets were very fragile, heavy,
and delicate to handle
• Bringing them to places was a major
challenge

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EGYPTIAN
CIVILIZATION
PAPER OR PAPYRUS

• Papyrus is a plant that grew abundantly along the

Nile River in Egypt
• They were able to process the plant in order to
produce thin sheets
• Papyrus was lighter and thinner than clay tablets;
less breakable
• This invention was a major accomplishment in
Egyptian record-keeping and communications Papyrus plant
• Documents would not take huge storages spaces
• Very light and can be carried and delivered by
birds to send letters

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EGYPTIAN
CIVILIZATION
INK

• Egyptians invented ink by combining soot

with different chemicals to produce inks
of different colours
• The ink must withstand the elements of
nature since it was used to record history,
culture, and codified laws
• It must also be tamper-proof so that
people could not simply tinker with those
written down by authorities

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EGYPTIAN
CIVILIZATION
HIEROGLYPHICS

• Egyptians system of writing; believed

to be provided by their gods
• Some say it was adapted from the
early writing system of Mesopotamia
as a result of trade between
civilizations
• This form of writing can still be seen
today and remains to be famous

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EGYPTIAN
CIVILIZATION
HIEROGLYPHICS

• Hieroglyphics was the language that

tells the modern world of the history
and culture of the ancient Egyptians
• Their records were well-preserved
since they were carved at the walls
of pyramids and other Egyptian
structures

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EGYPTIAN
CIVILIZATION
COSMETICS

• In ancient Egypt, cosmetics were used for both

health and aesthetics reasons
• KOHL is worn around the eyes to prevent and
even cure eye diseases
• Kohl was created by mixing soot or malachite
with mineral galena
• Egyptians also believed that a person wearing
make-up was protected form evil and that
beauty is a sign of holiness
• At present, cosmetics are used to improve and
highlight the facial features of a person and the
cosmetic industry is a booming multibillion
industry

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EGYPTIAN
CIVILIZATION
WIG

• Another cosmetic invention of ancient Egypt is

the wig
• During ancient Egyptian times, wigs were worn
for health and wellness rather than for aesthetic
purposes
• The wigs were used to protect the shaved heads
of the wealthy Egyptians from the harmful rays of
the sun
• At present, wigs are used to enhance the
appearance of people who are balding or
those who want to try new hair trend

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EGYPTIAN
CIVILIZATION
WATER CLOCK/CLEPSYDRA

• This device utilizes gravity that affects the

flow of water from one vessel to another
• The amount of water (or the height,
depending on the method used) remaining
in the device determines how much time
has elapsed since it is full----time is
measured!
• The water clock was widely used as a
timekeeping device during the ancient
times

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GREEK CIVILIZATION
 Greece is an archipelago in the
western philosophy
 In-depth works on philosophy and
mathematics as one of the major
achievement
 Coliseums and the Olympics
 The Greek civilization has
contributed much to the world
especially in the fields of science
and technology

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GREEK CIVILIZATION

ALARM CLOCK

• The most utilized gadget today that was

invented by ancient Greeks
• The alarm clock during that time do not
resemble the present-day alarm clock but
the purpose was just the same– to tell an
individual when to stop or when to start
• The ancient Greek’s alarm clock used large
complicated mechanisms to time the
alarm
• Water or sometimes small stones or sand
• The water dropped into drums which sounded the
alarm

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GREEK CIVILIZATION

ALARM CLOCK

• PLATO was believed to have utilized an

alarm clock to signal the start of his lecture
• Used four water vessels lined up vertically
• The upper vessel supplied the water which
dropped to the vessel below it, which was
set to e filled in a given time
• After it was full, water was siphoned off at a
faster rate into the third vessel which would
caused the expulsion of contained air,
creating a whistling noise
• Afterwards, this vessel should empty towards
the bottom vessel for storage and reuse

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GREEK CIVILIZATION
Mills powdered
by farm animals

WATER MILL

• They were commonly used in agricultural

processes like milling grains (a necessary form of
food processing during that time)
• Mass production of rice, cereals, flours, and the
like became common
• Watermills were considered better than mills
powdered by farm animals because they
required less effort and time to operate
• Farmers do not have to raise animals
• They only required access to rivers or flowing
water where a mechanism of a large wheel with
small “buckets” of water attached to it could be
installed

Watermills
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ROMAN CIVILIZATION
 The Roman Empire was perceived to
be the strongest political entity in the
west
 It was considered to be the cradle of
politics and governance during that
period
 Because the Roman Empire was so
large, other civilizations looked up to
it as their model in terms of legislation
and codified law
 A lot of discoveries and inventions still
relevant today can be attributed to
the Roman Empire

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ROMAN CIVILIZATION

NEWSPAPER

• GAZETTES- first news paper; contained

announcements of the Roman Empire to the
people; engraved in metal or stone tablets and
then publicly displayed
• When paper was invented, it became easier for
the Romans to “publish” matters
• minutes of the proceedings of the Roman senate
were done in shorthand,
• these documents were edited and published on
the same day
• This way, the Romans enjoyed easy access to
government information the same way we
benefit from the present-day newspaper

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ROMAN CIVILIZATION

BOUND BOOKS OR CODEX

• Paper invention made the civilization easier to

write down everything that happened in their
time
• Record-keeping was much easier since paper
did not easily break, was lightweight, and did
not occupy much space
• Civilizations became fond of record-keeping,
especially documenting historical events and
newly legislated laws
• Literature also changed from clay tablets to
parchment of paper

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ROMAN CIVILIZATION
Julius Caesar

BOUND BOOKS OR CODEX

• JULUIS CAESAR- a populist Roman dictator,

played a critical role in the events that led to
the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise
of the Roman Empire
• Started the tradition of stacking up papyrus to form
pages of a book
• Later on, they were able to provide covers to
protect the papyrus
• Earlier covers were made of wax but were later
on replaced by animal skin which proved to be
stronger and longer-lasting
• Roman Empire produce the first books or codex

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ROMAN CIVILIZATION

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

• One of the most visual contributions of the

ancient Roman Empire
• Considered a continuation of Greek
architecture, hence, the resemblance
• Regarded as pioneering
• Romans were able to adapt new building
and engineering technology on
architectural designs established in the past
• They were able to preserve great and
elaborate architectural design because
they could produce sturdier and stronger
infrastructures

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ROMAN CIVILIZATION

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

• The Romans creatively redesign old

St. John de Baptist Cathedral St. Peter’s Basilica
architectural patterns to adapt to the
new trends at that time
• Fully supported and funded by the
Roman government so they were able
to implement major projects
• The quality of these majestic Roman
structures can be seen by the way they
withstood time and harsh elements

Aqueducts Coliseums

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ROMAN CIVILIZATION

ROMAN NUMERALS

• Established because the old number systems

could not keep up with high calculation
requirements due to increases rate of
communication and trade among nations
• The Roman Empire was expanding and had to
deal with many nations to maintain its power so
they devised their own number system to
address the need for a standard counting
method
• No longer widely used today due to its inherent
limitations
• Quite a number of enthusiasts would still use it
over Hindu-Arabic system and others, due to its
aesthetic and historical value

44
CHINESE CIVILIZATION
 Considered to be the oldest
civilization in Asia
 Also known as the middle kingdom
 Located on the far east of Asia
 Famous because of its silk trade
 No greater amount was written
about ancient China due to its
distance from the other civilizations

45
CHINESE CIVILIZATION

SILK

• One of the things that connected Far East China to Silk worm
the world
• Produced by silk worms
• The Chinese were the ones who developed the
technology to harvest the silk and process it to
produce paper and clothing
• Silk production resulted in the creation of a product for
trade
• Silk Trade
• Opened China to the outside world
• Making way for cultural, economic, and scientific
exchanges
• It bridged the gap between the western world
and the middle kingdom

46
CHINESE CIVILIZATION

TEA PRODUCTION

• Developed when an unknown Chinese

inventor created a machine that was able
to shred tea leaves into strips
• This machine was done using a wheel-
based mechanism with a sharp edges
attached to a wooden ceramic pot
• Chinese were able to increase their
production of tea and trade with other
nations
• It was believed that the first tea was drunk
by a Chinese emperor

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CHINESE CIVILIZATION

GREAT WALL OF CHINA

• The only man-made structure that could be seen from

outer space
• The largest and most extensive infrastructure that the
nation built; it was constructed to keep out foreign
invaders and control the borders of China
• Made with stone, brick, wood, earth, and other
materials; structure was so massive and strong– divided
China from the rest of the world
• The wall’s construction put the nation among the
powerful civilizations during the ancient times
• Today, some sections already in ruins, the Great Wall still
continues to be a world attraction due to its historical
significance and architectural grandeur

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CHINESE CIVILIZATION

GUNPOWDER

• One of the most interesting inventions of China

• Originally, it was developed by Chinese alchemists who
aimed to achieve immortality
• They mixed charcoal, sulphur, and potassium nitrate, but
instead of creating an elixir of life, they accidentally
invented a black powder that could generate large
amount of heat and gas in an instant
• Instead of prolonging life, gunpowder is widely used to
propel bullets from guns and cannons which cause
countless deaths
• Gunpowder-propelled weapons are preferred by raiders who
plan to attack a distance
• Used to dissipate any attempts of invasion
• Gunpowder is also used in fireworks
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MEDIEVAL/MIDDLE AGES

50
MEDIEVAL/MIDDLE
AGES
The start of the middle ages was marred by:
 Massive invasions and migrations
 Wars were prevalent
 Great technology
 Fields of weaponry
 Navigation
 Mass food and farm production
 Health
 Population decline
 Trade and commerce among nation increased
 The age of exploration
 Most innovative minds arises

51
MEDIEVAL/MIDDLE
AGES
PRINTING PRESS

• JOHANN GUTENBERG- invented the printing press;

a more reliable way of printing using a cast type
• Evolved to be the mechanical printing press used
all over the world
• Invented to address the need for publishing
books
• Made works accessible to individuals who could
not even write

52
MEDIEVAL/MIDDLE
AGES
MICROSCOPE

• Growing populations caused massive migration

and urbanization
• More and more people transferred to polluted
and populated urban areas
• People getting sick and needing medical
attention
• Experts must understand the sickness through an
investigation in order to develop the proper
medicine of illnesses
• They needed a device that could magnify things
invisible to the naked eye

53
MEDIEVAL/MIDDLE
AGES
Zacharias
Janssen
MICROSCOPE

• ZACHARIAS JANSSEN- developed the first

compound microscope
• With this device, people were able to observe
organisms that were normally unseen by the
naked eye
• The microscope was key in discovering new
means in preventing and curing various illnesses

54
MEDIEVAL/MIDDLE
AGES Early telescope

TELESCOPE

• An optical instrument that helps in the

observation of remote objects
• The need for nautical inventions was high--- the
age of exploration
• Ship captains needed to see far and wide for
them to navigate or to avoid dangers at sea
• Together with telescope, the invention of Early oars
compass, oars, and rudders made sea travelling
easier and safer
Early
rudders
Early compass
55
MEDIEVAL/MIDDLE
AGES
WAR WEAPONS

• All sides must develop weaponries not only as

offensive tools but also as defensive instruments
• Open-area battles
• Cross bows and long bows to attack the
enemies at long ranges
• Close-range hand-to-hand combat
• Iron body armours to protect the themselves–
too heavy
• Chainmail- a type of armour consisting of small
metal rings linked together in a pattern to form a
mesh
Iron body armours

Chainmail 56
MODERN TIMES

57
MODERN TIMES
The booming world population during 19th century onwards
demanded that more goods be produced at a faster rate

 Efficient means of transportation

 Machines that required animals to operate must be
upgraded
 Faster and easier means to communicate and compute
 DEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRUES
 Massive industrialization
 Food and medicine posed a bigger challenge

58
MODERN TIMES

PASTEURIZATION

• The process of heating dairy products to kill

the harmful bacteria
• LOUIS PASTEUR- French biologist,
microbiologist, chemist
• Developed due to the problem of food
preservation and safety
• Dairy products
• Through this process, milk could be stored and
consumed for a longer period
• It also prevents illnesses caused by harmful
bacteria

59
MODERN TIMES

PETROLEUM REFINERY

• Invented due to the demand of better means of

powering homes and transportation
• SAMUEL M. KIER- invented kerosene by refining
petroleum
• Kerosene was later referred to as “illuminating oil”
because it was used at first to provide lighting to homes
• It was later on applied for heating purposes
• The development of kerosene established the
petroleum refinery industry
• Nowadays, petroleum is widely used in powering
automobiles, factories, and power plants

60
MODERN TIMES

TELEPHONE

• The more people got connected by trade and

exploration, the more they needed a way to
easily maintain these connections
• Governments likewise needed some kind of
communication system that allows them to
administer their states well
• Important day-to-day decisions must be
discussed and addressed at the fastest time
possible
• ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL- invented the
telephone; one of the most important inventions
at that time

61
MODERN TIMES

CALCULATOR

• Although an earlier version of the calculator

had already been developed,
circumstances in the modern times required
a faster way to compute more complicated
equations
• Computing devices must also be easy to
carry
• The creation of modern calculators did not
only pave the way for easier arithmetic
calculations, but also resulted in the
development of more complex processing
machines like the computer
62
PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS

 A developing country
 The Philippines is known to be
one of the most vulnerable
countries in terms of natural
disasters
 Many of the discoveries and
inventions made by Filipinos
were built from indigenous
materials or created to adapt
to the harsh tropical
environment

63
PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS

SALAMANDER AMPHIBIOUS TRICYCLE

• An amphibious tricycle that can cross

not only flooded streets but also rivers
and lakes
• Can also travel from island to island
• Invented due to flooding, a common
occurrence in many areas in the country
• VICTOR LLAVE & H2O TECHNOLOGIES-
invented the Salamander

64
PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS

SALT LAMP

• AISA MIJENO- a young Filipino Scientist

who invented the lamp
• SALt- Sustainable Alternative Lighting
• An environment-friendly light source that
runs on saltwater
• The SALt lamp is safer as it poses no risk of
fire and emits no toxic gases
• People living from far-flung barrios can
also benefited with the lamp by making
their own salt water
• Mixing two tablespoons of salt
water and a glass of tap water
65
PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS

MEDICAL INCUBATOR

• Invented due to the high mortality rate of

newborn babies in the Philippines; lack of
available incubators
• DR. FE DEL MUNDO- a Filipino paediatrician and
the first Asian woman admitted into Harvard
Medical School, devised the medical incubator
• Made from indigenous and cheap materials
which do not require electricity
• She place a native laundry basket inside a
bigger one
• Hot water bottles were inserted between the
baskets to provide warmth and makeshift hood
to allow oxygen circulation

66
PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS

MOSQUITO OVICIDAL/LARVICIDAL TRAP SYSTEM

• Dengue, a mosquito-borne viral illness is endemic

in the Philippines
• Transmitted by Aedes aegypti
• Evolution of insecticide resistant
• Invented by Department of Science and
Technology-Industrial Technology Development
Institute (DOST-ITDI)
• OL TRAP- made by natural ingredients that are
lethal to mosquitos but safe for humans and the
environment

67
PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS Common
jeepney

E-JEEPNEY

• JEEPNEY- major transportation innovation in the

Philippines
• Built using the jeeps left by the Americans after
World War II
• The chassis and the body of the military jeeps
were extended to accommodate more
passengers
• The primary mode of transportation of most E-Jeepney
Filipinos
• Diesel-powered; produces large quantity of
smoke; major contributor of noise pollution
• ELECTRIC JEEPNEY (e-JEEPNEY)- utilizes electricity
instead of the more expensive diesel;
environmental friendly since it does not emit noise
and smoke
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