STS REVIEWER – SECTION 1-3 American scientist Carl Sagan quoted

PRELIMS in Tom Head’s (1994)  book

Science Science, Technology, and Society

System of knowledge of the natural Defined
world gained thru scientific method
‘philosophy of the natural world’ • traces its roots during the
Philosopher : what makes things the interwar period and into the start
same and what makes them different of the Cold War
• resulted from a recognition that
Technology many schools today do not
Tekhne = art/craft ; logia= really prepare students to
subject/interest respond critically, reflectively,
‘practical applications of what we know and proactively to the
about nature challenges of the contemporary
world, in this case S&T
Greeks = to understand nature
• a result of questions about its
Science Defined dynamic interaction with various
 Comes from the Latin word, aspects of society and was thus
‘scientia’ meaning ‘knowledge’ viewed as a socially embedded
 Refers to a systematic and enterprise 
methodical activity of building • seeks to bridge the gap between
and organizing knowledge about two traditionally exclusive
how the universe behaves cultures of humanities
through either observation or (interpretive) and natural
experimentation or both sciences (rational)

According to the famous American Lewis Wolpert’s (2005) The Medawar

science historian John Heilbron (2003, Lecture 1998 Is science dangerous?
p. vii),  “modern science is a
discovery as well as an invention.” “In contrast to technology, reliable
scientific knowledge is value-free and
 the application of scientific has no moral or ethical value” (p. 1254)
knowledge, laws, and principles
to produce services, materials,
tools, and machines aimed at PUBLIC UNDERSTANDING OF
solving real-world problems SCIENCE
 comes from the Greek root
word, technē, meaning ‘art, skill, 2018’s ten emerging ethical dilemmas
or cunning of hand’ and policy issues in S&T

1. Helix - A digital app store

Mark Zuckerberg’s definition of designed to help you read your
technology   genome.
2. The Robot Priest - BlessU-2
“What defines a technological tool — and Pepper are the first robot
one historical definition — is something priest and monk, respectively. 
that takes a human’s sense or ability 3. Emotion-Sensing Facial
and augments it and makes it more Recognition - Optimizing retail
powerful. So, for example, I wear experiences by assessing your
contact lenses or glasses; that is a reactions.
technology that enhances my human 4. Ransomware - Holding data
ability of vision and makes it better.” hostage until you pay up,
whether you're an individual or a
“We live in a society absolutely large corporation. 
dependent on science and technology 5. The Textalyzer - A new tool in
and yet have cleverly arranged things the battle against texting and
so that almost no one understands driving that tells cops if you were
science and technology. That’s a clear on your phone before an
prescription for disaster.” -popular accident.
6. Social Credit Systems - China ANCIENT TIMES : Security
will debut theirs in 2020, but do • Weapons and armor
we already live in a world where • Defense from other tribe
online reputation is king?  and nation
7. Google Clips - This little
camera will watch you all day ANCIENT/MODERN TIMES:
and capture your most Engineering and Architecture
picturesque moments. 
8. Sentencing Software - There • Style = technological advances
are already Americans being (signature of civilization)
sentenced with the help of a • Status symbol
mysterious algorithm. • Nation identity
9. The Rise of Robot
Friendship - Can we create a MODERN TIMES : Health
chat bot out of our loved ones' • Conservation of life
old texts and social media • Survival
posts?  • Illness and disease
10. The Citizen App - Live crime
reporting may lead to vigilante MODERN TIMES: Engineering and
justice.  Architecture

• Protection from…….
Historical Antecedents of Science • Human attacks
and Technology • Natural disaster
• Caters specific need
Ancient Period • Style = technological advances
(signature of civilization)
• The rise of ancient civilizations • Status symbol
paved the way for advances in • Nation identity
S&T. The advances in S&T
during the ancient period Ancient Period: Ancient Wheel
allowed civilizations to flourish Sumerian Wheel 
by finding better ways of living, Potter’s Wheel 
communication, transportation,
and self-organization. Ancient Period: Paper
• The Edwin Smith
ANCIENT TIMES : Transportation Rush plant
and Navigation
Ancient Period: Shadoof
• Going to places…. Shadoof
• Discovering new lands
• Searching for resources Ancient Period: Antikythera Mechanism
• Trade A fragment of the Antikythera
• Allows travelling to unfamiliar mechanism 
places and going back home
Ancient Period: Aeolipile
ANCIENT TIMES : Communication An illustration of Hero’s engine
and Record Keeping
CIVILIZATION
• Avoid conflict Stage of human social and cultural
• Record of development and organization that is
• Places they have been considered most advanced.
• Document trades that
have been made Increasing population
• Recording history and
culture
MESOPOTAMIA
ANCIENT TIMES : Mass Production -”the land between two rivers”, the
Tigris and Euphrates.
• Increase food supply without -gave birth to many of the world’s first
travelling longer distance and great cities such as Sumerian and
working harder to obtain them Babylonian civilizations.

2
• Each city was ruled by a
Tigris found in SW Asia, rising in E different god
Turkey and flowing SE through • Kings and priests were
Baghdad to Euphrates in SE Iraq, interpreters
forming the delta of the Shatt-al-Arab
flowing to Persian Gulf. SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION :
Cuneiform
-Euphrates found in SW Asia, flowing • 1st writing system
from E Turkey through Syria and Iraq, • Word picture with triangular
joining Tigris to form the Shatt-al-Arab symbols
near the Pesian Gulf. • Allows Sumerians to record
historical accounts
SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION
Uruk City
Sumer
-was the southernmost region of • 1st true city
ancient Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq • Construction, engineering and
and Kuwait) which is generally architectural feat
considered the cradle of civilization. • Mud + reed =bricks
-its name came from Akkadian, the • Anu antum Temple
language of the north of Mesopotamia
-“land of the civilized kings”. Ziggurat of Ur

• Known for high degree of • Only priest are allowed to enter

cooperation • Remarkable architecture and
• Desire to develop things with technology to build it.
connection to science and • Temples dedicated to the god
technology of the city
• Made of layers of mud bricks in
• 3500-2000 BCE the shape of a pyramid
• irrigated fields and produced 3 • On platforms due to constant
main crops flooding
• barley, dates and sesame • Temple on top was god’s home
• built canals, dikes, dams and • Beautifully decorated
drainage systems • Room for offerings of food and
• developed cuneiform writing goods
• Stack of 1-7 platforms
• invented the wheel decreasing in size from bottom
• Abundance of food = increase of to top
population
• First city = City of Ur An = First Sumerian lord of the
• Developed a trade system with heaven……god of heavens (sky god)
bartering anutu
• mainly barley but also
wool and cloth for stone, Enlil = Second Sumerian King of the
metals, timber, copper, gods. god of wind and storm (god of
pearls and ivory air)
Individuals could only rent
land from priests Enki = Sumerian creator of man. god of
• controlled land on behalf wisdom, magic and incantations
of gods Innana = Sumerian god of sexuality,
• most of profits of trade passion, love and war (the Descent of
went to temple  Innana, The Haluppu Tree and Innana
and the god of wisdom.)
• Known for high degree of
cooperation Utu= a sun god and god of justice. twin
• Desire to develop things with brother of Inanna.
connection to science and
technology Ninhursag, who was worshipped as a
• Kingship created by gods Mother Goddess. fertility, nature and
• Gods lived on the distant life on earth.
mountaintops

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Nanna, the god of the moon and of is, until its foundations were
wisdom. This god is sometimes unearthed and its riches
considered to be the father of Inanna. substantiated during the 19th
His importance lies in the role he century.
played during the act of creation. • The ground is very fertile and
produces wild barley, chickpea,
SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION : and sesame. The marshlands
Ziggurat of Ur produce an edible root that is
• Mud + reed =bricks equal in nutrition to barley.
• Anu antum Temple • The land is also rich with dates,
apples, and other fruit as well as
Dikes and Irrigation fish and birds
• One of the most beneficial • Archaeologists stood in awe as
engineering work. their discoveries revealed that
• Irrigation and dikes= year long certain stories in the Bible were
farming was achieved and food an actual situation that had
production increase and can be happened in time.
constantly regulated
Hanging Garden of Babylon
Boat and Sailboat and Wheel (600 BC)
Used for field work and food production
• transfer large quantities of King Nebuchadnezzar II and Queen
product Amytis
• Covers greater distance Ascending tiered garden
• Exploration requires larger
space to accommodate more EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
goods. • 3150 BC (North Africa)
• Sailboats • Nile River
• Transportation • Has a lot of engineering feats
• Trading • Has a number of contribution
Wheel was not yet invented that contribute in the
development of the modern
Plow world.
• Farm technology
• Enables to dig soil faster ... Papyrus
• Less effort to make writing easier
• Land cultivation faster Light and thinner than clay (storage
and mobility)
BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION Major breakthrough in record keeping
• Kingdom of Mesopotamia from (less breakable and uses small space)
the 18th to 6th BC. (prevents data loss) and
• A small Akkadian town dating communication (can be carried by
from the period of the Akkadian birds)
Empire 2300 BC.
• Akkadian is an extinct East Ink
Semitic language that was Soot + chemicals = different color of ink
spoken in anciant Mesopotamia Ink should withstand element
w/c was replaced by Akkadian- Tamper proof
influenced Old Aramaic by 18th
century. Hieroglyphics
• The city of Babylon was the One of the most recognized system of
capital of the ancient land of writing.
Babylonia in southern Egyptians believed that it was given to
Mesopotamia. them by the gods.
• situated on the Euphrates River Allows modern times to know about the
about 50 miles south of modern ancient Egyptians way of life.
Baghdad
• The tremendous wealth and Cosmetics and Wigs
power of this city, along with its
monumental size and Water Clock/ Clepsydra
appearance, were certainly The waterclocks or clepsydras are a
considered a Biblical myth, that type of mechanism for measuring time

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by the regulated flow of liquid to or from buildings while preserving and
a graduated container, thus two maintaining the elaborate designs
different types of clocks according to
the direction of flow. Numerals
In the year 1530 B.C. a vessel was Address the need for standard counting
built for King Amenhotep I in Egypt with method to meet their increasing
water clock features.n In the Temple of communication and trade concern.
Amun at Karnak found a water clock Some enthusiast still used this counting
dating from the fourteenth century BC system for its aesthetic and historical
value.
GREEK CIVILIZATION
Alarm Clock and Watermill ANCIENT CHINESE
Invented by Plato 4th Century BC CIVILIZATION
The oldest civilization in Asia (The
Middle Kingdom
ANCIENT ROMAN CIVILIZATION Far east asia
Strongest political and social entity in Important because of the sik trade
the west
Cradle of politics and governance Silk
Model in legislation and codified laws • Produced by silkworms
• Used to make paper and
Newspaper clothing
• Gazettes • Opened China to the outside
• 1st newspaper world
(Announcement) • Cultural, economic and
• Metal and stone tablets scientific exchanges
• In display at public places • Bridged gap between the west
• With the invention of paper…. and the middle kingdom
• Provides easy access to
government information Tea Production
Tea = beverage produced from pouring
Indoor plumbing, aqueducts, fast- hot boiling water over crushed or
drying cement, calendars, days of the shredded dried tea leaves.
week, months of the year, public toilets, Ist tea was drunked by an Emperor
locks and keys, magnifying glass, China is known for tea exportation, and
advances in medicine, law, religion, has since became the most popular
government, and warfare beverage in the world.

Newspaper, Hard bound Book or Great Wall of China

Codex Once considered to be the only man
• Paper allows documentation to made structure visible from space.
be much easier Largest and most extensive structure
• Do not easily break built in China.
• Lightweight To keep ivaders at bay
• Needs less space Stone bricks, wood, earth, mud
• Record keeping for Pride of the nation and crowning glory
• Historical events
• Dissemination of newly Gunpowder
legislated laws Created by alchemist to achieve
• Julius Caesar staked papyrus immortality
and forms the pages of the produce heat and gas in an instant….
book. Preffered long range weapon.
• Covers = wax and later animal
skin Medieval Ages

Architecture Middle Ages

One of the most visual contributions of • Major advances in scientific and
the ancient roman empire technological development,
Continuation of the Greek architecture including a steady increase of
Able to adapt new building new inventions, introduction of
technologies on architectural designs innovations in traditional
to produce sturdier and stronger production, and emergence of

5
scientific thinking and method, Telescope
had taken place. Many medieval One of Galileo’s first telescopes
universities at the time stirred
scientific thinking and provided Jacquard Loom
infrastructure for scientific
communities to flourish. Some of Engine-Powered Airplane
humanity’s most important, The flight of the Flying Machine of
present-day technologies could Orville and Wilbur Wright
be traced back to historical
antecedents in the Middle Ages. Television
Baird’s television 

Characterized by massive invasions Pasteurization

and migrations 1 : partial sterilization of a substance
esp. a liquid (such as milk) at a
temperature and for a period of
MEDIEVAL AGES : INVENTIONS exposure that destroys microorganisms
without major chemical alteration of the
Middle Ages: Heavy Plough substance.
“The heavy plough turned European Characterized by massive invasions and
agriculture and economy on its head. migrations
Suddenly the fields with the heavy,
fatty and moist clay soils became those Time and temperature:
that gave the greatest yields.” -62.78oC for 30 min or
-University of Southern Denmark -71.66oC for 15 sec
professor Thomas Bernebeck
Andersen FUNCTION OF PASTEURIZATION ž
1-Reception Visual Inspection Lab.
Gunpowder Testing
Chinese using gunpowder in weapons 2-Hygienic environment and handling
ž
Paper Money 3-Raw milk storage proper temperature
The Chinese are credited for the and storage condition
invention of paper money ž4- Proper holding time to maintain
regeneration of microorganisms ž
Mechanical Clock
A medieval mechanical clock found in 5-Pasteurized milk can be stored to
Prague, Czech Republic avoid cross contamination

Spinning Wheel Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

a French biologist, microbiologist and
Modern Times chemist.
Discoveries: principles of vaccination,
Modern Age microbial fermentation and
pasteurization
• As world population steadily Breakthroughs: saved lives upon
increased, people of the modern knowing the causes and prevention of
age realized the utmost diseases.
importance of increasing the
efficiency of transportation, Louis Pasteur’s pasteurization
communication, and production. experiment illustrates the fact that the
Industrialization took place, but spoilage of liquid was caused by
greater risks in human health, particles in the air rather than the air
food safety, and environment itself. These experiments were
rose, which had to be important pieces of evidence supporting
simultaneously addressed as the idea of the
scientific and technological germ theory of disease.
progress unfolded at an
unimaginable speed. Germ theory of disease
The theory is the currently accepted
Compound Microscope scientific theory of disease. It states that
Jansen’s compound microscope many diseases are caused by

6
microorganisms. These small i.e. meat that has undergone:
organisms, too small to see without salting, curing, fermenting, and
magnification, invade humans, animals, smoking, as
and other living hosts. "carcinogenic to humans”,
leading to many kinds of cancers
The four (4) postulates were formulated nowadays.
by Robert Koch and Friedrich Loeffler in Note: Maintaining or creating nutritional
1884, based on earlier concepts value, texture and flavor should be what
described by Jakob Henle, and refined is important
and published by Koch in 1890. in the aspect of food preservation.

HACCP PETROLEUM REFINERY

Hazard Analysis and Critical Control The primary uses of crude oil to this
Point point have been in the production of
Identifies specific hazards and fuel. A single barrel of crude oil can
preventive measures. produces the following components,
Establishments must have an outline which are listed by percent of the barrel
how to establish, implement and they constitute.
maintain HACCP system. • 42% Gasoline (4-12 C atoms)
• 22% Diesel (8-21 C atoms)
Pascalization, bridgmanization, high • 9% Jet Fuel
pressure processing (HPP) or • 5% Fuel Oil
high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) • 4% Liquefied Petroleum Gases
A method of preserving and sterilizing • 18% Other products
food, in which a product is processed
under very high pressure, leading to the Processes of petroleum refining
inactivation of certain microorganisms
and enzymes in the food. 1-Separation refers to the process of
HPP has a limited effect on covalent distillation.
bonds within the food product, thus Crude oil is heated in a furnace so that
maintaining both the sensory and hydrocarbons can be separated via their
nutritional aspects of the product. boiling point.
Inside large towers, heated petroleum
Pascalization, bridgmanization, high vapors are separated into fractions
pressure processing (HPP) or according to weight and boiling point.
high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) The lightest fractions, which include
The technique was named after Blaise gasoline, rise to the top of the tower
Pascal, a French scientist of the 17th before they condense back to liquids.
century whose work included detailing The heaviest fractions will settle at the
the effects of pressure on fluids. bottom because they condense early.
During pascalization, more than 50,000
pounds per square inch (340 MPa, 3.4 2-Conversion is simply the process of
kbar) for 15 mins, leading to inactivation changing on kind of hydrocarbon into
of yeast, mold, and bacteria. another.
Pascalization is also known as Of the, the desired product is gasoline.
bridgmanization, Cracking is the process of taking
named for physicist Percy Williams heavier, less valuable fractions of crude
Bridgman. and converting them into lighter
products.
Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) a non- Cracking uses heat and pressure to
thermal pasteurization break heavier elements into lighter
Methods that are currently commercially ones. Alkylation is another common
utilized. process, which is basically the opposite
Thus, slowing the oxidation of fats that of cracking. In alkylation, small gaseous
cause rancidity. byproducts are combined to form larger
Some methods of food preservation are hydrocarbons.
known to create carcinogens.
3- Treatment is the final process of
In 2015, the International Agency for refining, and includes combining
Research on Cancer of the World processed products to create various
Health Organization classified octane levels, vapor pressure
processed meat,

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properties, and special properties for Amphibious Salamander
products used in extreme environments. Atoy Llave
One common example of treatment is with
the removal of sulfur from diesel fuel, H2O Tech-Lamberto Armada
which is necessary for it to meet clean First Filipino made -“The Salamander”-
air guidelines. is an amphibious tricycle that can run
Treatment is highly technical and is the both land and on water.
most time consuming step of refining.
SALt Lamp
Graphophone The anode must be replaced
a sound recording device approximately every six months and the
saline water daily; sea water is usable.
CALCULATOR The SALt lamp was invented and is
• In 1642, the Renaissance saw marketed by Engr. Aisa Mijeno, a
the invention of the mechanical Filipino inventor and entrepreneur (from
calculator (by Wilhelm Schickard DLS-Lipa).
and several decades later Blaise
Pascal), a device that was at Improvised INCUBATOR – made from
times somewhat over-promoted bamboo and bottles with hot water for a
as being able to perform all four regulated temperature.
arithmetic operations with
minimal human intervention. Dr. Fe Del Mundo is credited with
• Pascal's Calculator could add studies that lead to the invention of an
and subtract two numbers directly improved incubator and a jaundice-
and multiply and divide by relieving device. She has dedicated her
repetition. life to the cause of pediatrics in the
Philippines. Her pioneering work in
Philippine Inventions pediatrics in the Philippines in an active
• The Philippines boasts of its own medical practice that spanned 8
history and tradition of scientific decades.
and technological innovation.
Filipino scientists have long been DOST-ITDI OL (OvicidalLarvicidal)
known for their ingenuity. As with Trap
all other inventions, necessity has
always been the mother of Latest development replaced the can
Philippine inventions. Most with black plastic cans of the same size.
Filipino inventions appealed to The organic active solution (pellets are
the unique social and cultural dissolved in tap water) is introduced into
context of the archipelagic nation. this can and by capillary action moistens
Even during the ancient period, the board, making it ideal for the Female
our Filipino ancestors developed Aedes aegypti Mosquito (FAM), the
scientific and technological dengue carrying mosquito to lay its eggs
innovations focused on on.
navigation, traditional
shipbuilding, textiles, food E-jeepney
processing, indigenous arts and (Rommel Juan, president of PhUV)
techniques, and even cultural MD Juan Enterprises, Yazaki-Torres,
inventions. Glasteck, VSO, Autofir, Nito Seiki, and
Manly Plastics.
Erythromycin
Abelardo Aguilar and his Erythromycin Intellectual Revolutions
The replacement of a paradigm is
Mole Remover known as a scientific revolution.
Rolando dela Cruz’s commercial Powerful theories that guide extensive
product – a mole remover formula made research are called paradigms.
of cashew nut extracts 
Copernican Revolution
Banana Ketsup The Copernican Revolution was the
Orosa’s formula for Banana Ketsup is paradigm shift from the Ptolemaic model
brownish-yellow in color. of the heavens, which described the
cosmos as having Earth stationary at
the center of the universe, to the

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heliocentric model with the Sun at the Ex. Formation of
center of the Solar System. civilization but can also lead to….
• Repression: when an instinct is
Nicolaus Copernicus was a not sublimated but frustrated.
Renaissance-era mathematician and The instinct does not go away but
astronomer who formulated a model of takes the form of a neurotic
the universe that placed the Sun rather symptom. Because not all things
than the Earth at the center of the in a community brings positive
universe. results.
Born: 19 February 1473, Toruń, Poland
Died: 21 May 1543, Frombork, Poland Freud: the Psyche
Known for: Heliocentrism, Quantity • Id: the raw instincts
theory of money, Gresham's law • Ego: the manager of the id that
sublimates the instincts
Darwinian Revolution • Superego: the “conscience” that
In Galapagos Islands (Ecuador), manages the ego according to
Charles Darwin discovered several social standards and morality
species of finches that varied from
island to island, which helped him to Civilization and its Discontents (1930)
develop his theory of natural selection. • Causes of suffering
• During Sept-Oct, 1835 • Body
• External world
Endosymbiotic theory: Evolution of • Relations with others
cells
Symbiogenesis Freud: methods to avoid suffering:
• Voluntary isolation
Cladogram • Human community
• Intoxication
Humans did not evolve from chimps, • Displacements of libido
gorillas, or orangutans. However, (sublimation)
according to Darwinian evolution, • Delusion: alternative reality
humans are related to modern apes in • Mass delusion=religion
that we shared a common ancestor.

Artists’ impressions of Homo erectus

have most often depicted some really
primitive, subhuman ‘ape-man’.

Since Charles Darwin first proposed the

basis for such ideas in the 19th century
when he wrote On the Origin of Species
by Means of Natural Selection (1859), or
the Preservation of Favored Races in
the Struggle for Life, molecules-to-man
evolution has increasingly been taught
as fact. Later, he fleshed out the idea of
human evolution from a common
ancestor with apes in The Descent of
Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex.

Freudian Revolution
1856-1939
A determinist
People determined by their instincts
Life instinct: sex (libido)
Death instinct: aggression, and
self-destruction

Sublimation vs. Repression

• Sublimation: positive redirection/
modification of instincts