一昨日ã€å¹´é‡‘ã®å®Œå…¨ç©ç«‹æ–¹å¼ã‚ˆã‚Šä¿®æ£è³¦èª²æ–¹å¼ãŒå¥½ã¾ã—ã„ã€ã¨ã„ã†è«–文を紹介ã—ãŸãŒã€ãã®è«–æ–‡ã¯äººå£ä¸€å®šã‚’仮定ã—ã¦ã„ãŸ*1。åŒè«–æ–‡ãŒæŽ²ç¤ºã•ã‚Œã¦ã„ãŸNEP DGEの論文リストを見るã¨ã€ã€Œå°‘å化ã®æž¢è»¸ã€ã®æ—¥æœ¬ã®â€œåŒç›Ÿå›½â€ã§ã‚るイタリアã¯ãƒ”サ大å¦ã®Luciano Fantiã¨ã„ã†ç ”究者ãŒã€é«˜é½¢åŒ–ãªã„ã—人å£æ¸›å°‘化ãŒé€²ã‚€ä¸ã§ã®è³¦èª²æ–¹å¼ã‚’æ“è·ã™ã‚‹è«–文を書ã„ã¦ã„ã‚‹ã®ã§ã€ä»¥ä¸‹ã«ãã®äºŒç·¨ã®è«–æ–‡ã®è¦æ—¨ã‚’紹介ã—ã¦ã¿ã‚‹ã€‚
「人口構成の変化に直面した場合の年金の完全積立方式と賦課方式(Fully-Funded and PAYG pension schemes facing with demographic changes)ã€
Motivated by the recent population aging process as well as the tendency towards the substitution of PAYG with Fully Funded pension systems, we analyze the different features of both funded and unfunded pensions under the pressure of population aging. While virtually all previous work in this literature has predicted a reduction in pension benefits as well as a greater relative immunization of FF systems in the face of population aging, this paper shows that the former prediction only holds for specific assumptions relating to technology (i.e. sufficiently low capital shares), while the latter prediction is more likely to be reverted (i.e. the current dramatic aging could be more harmful (less beneficial) for FF pension systems than for PAYG pension systems).
(拙訳)
è¿‘å¹´ã®äººå£ã®é«˜é½¢åŒ–プãƒã‚»ã‚¹ã€ãŠã‚ˆã³ã€å¹´é‡‘ã®è³¦èª²æ–¹å¼ã‚’完全ç©ç«‹æ–¹å¼ã§ç½®ãæ›ãˆã‚‹å‚¾å‘ã«è§¦ç™ºã•ã‚Œã€é«˜é½¢åŒ–ã¨ã„ã†åœ§åŠ›ã«æ›ã•ã‚ŒãŸç©ç«‹ãŠã‚ˆã³éžç©ç«‹æ–¹å¼ã®ç‰¹æ€§ã®å·®ç•°ã‚’分æžã—ãŸã€‚従æ¥ã®ç ”究ã¯äº‹å®Ÿä¸Šã™ã¹ã¦ã€é«˜é½¢åŒ–ã®ä¸‹ã§å¹´é‡‘給付ã¯æ¸›å°‘ã™ã‚‹ãŒã€å®Œå…¨ç©ç«‹æ–¹å¼ã¯ç›¸å¯¾çš„ã«é«˜é½¢åŒ–ã®å½±éŸ¿ã‚’å…れるã€ã¨äºˆæ¸¬ã—ã¦ã„る。ãã‚Œã«ã¤ã„ã¦æœ¬ç¨¿ã§ã¯ã€å‰è€…ã®äºˆæ¸¬ã¯æŠ€è¡“ã«é–¢ã™ã‚‹ç‰¹æ®Šãªå‰æ(ï¼è³‡æœ¬åˆ†é…率ãŒã‹ãªã‚Šä½Žã„)ã®ä¸‹ã§ã®ã¿æˆç«‹ã—ã€å¾Œè€…ã®äºˆæ¸¬ã¯é€†ã®å¯èƒ½æ€§ãŒé«˜ã„(ï¼ç¾åœ¨ã®åŠ‡çš„ãªé«˜é½¢åŒ–ã®é€²è¡Œã¯è³¦èª²æ–¹å¼ã‚ˆã‚Šã‚‚完全ç©ç«‹æ–¹å¼ã«ã¨ã£ã¦å®³ãŒå¤§ãã„(益ãŒå°‘ãªã„)å¯èƒ½æ€§ãŒé«˜ã„)ã€ã¨ã„ã†ã“ã¨ã‚’示ã—ã¦ã„る。
「賦課方式と出生率の低下:ある(喜ばしい)計算(PAYG pensions and fertility drop: some (pleasant) arithmetic)ã€
This paper explores whether the common belief that the currently observed fertility drop is a threat (or, conversely, the invoked fertility recovery is beneficial) for PAYG pensions is really always validated by the basic accounting of the PAYG pension budget. It is shown, through a simple arithmetic, that, rather surprisingly, in the long run a fertility drop may be beneficial, while, conversely, a fertility recovery may be harmful for pensions, under rather realistic conditions as regards both fertility changes and time costs of childrearing. Furthermore, this result also holds a fortiori in the short run.
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本稿ã§ã¯ã€ç¾åœ¨è¦³æ¸¬ã•ã‚Œã¦ã„る出生率ã®ä½Žä¸‹ã¯è³¦èª²æ–¹å¼ã«ã¨ã£ã¦è„…å¨ã§ã‚る(逆ã«ã€å‡ºç”ŸçŽ‡ã‚’上昇ã•ã›ã‚‹ã“ã¨ã¯è³¦èª²æ–¹å¼ã«ã¨ã£ã¦æœ›ã¾ã—ã„)ã¨ã„ã†ä¸€èˆ¬é€šå¿µãŒã€è³¦èª²æ–¹å¼ã®å¹´é‡‘財政ã®åŸºæœ¬ä¼šè¨ˆã«ã‚ˆã£ã¦æœ¬å½“ã«å¸¸ã«è£ä»˜ã‘られるã®ã‹ã€ã¨ã„ã†ç‚¹ã‚’検討ã—ãŸã€‚æ„外ã«ã‚‚ã€å˜ç´”ãªè¨ˆç®—ã«ã‚ˆã‚Šã€å‡ºç”ŸçŽ‡ã®å¤‰åŒ–ã¨å育ã¦ã®æ™‚間的コストã«é–¢ã™ã‚‹ç¾å®Ÿçš„ãªä»®å®šã®ä¸‹ã§ã€é•·æœŸçš„ã«å¹´é‡‘ã«ã¨ã£ã¦å‡ºç”ŸçŽ‡ã®ä½Žä¸‹ãŒæœ›ã¾ã—ãã€é€†ã«å‡ºç”ŸçŽ‡ã®å›žå¾©ãŒæœ›ã¾ã—ããªã„å¯èƒ½æ€§ãŒç¤ºã•ã‚ŒãŸã€‚ã¾ãŸã“ã®çµæžœã¯ã€çŸæœŸçš„ã«ã¯ã•ã‚‰ã«å¼·å›ºã«æˆç«‹ã—ãŸã€‚
ã¾ãŸã€æ¬¡ã®è«–æ–‡ã§ã¯ã€å¹´é‡‘ç¶æŒã®ãŸã‚ã«å®šå¹´ã‚’引ã上ã’ã‚‹ã“ã¨ã«å¦å®šçš„ãªçµæžœã‚’示ã—ã¦ã„る。
「経済成長、年金の賦課方式、および定年(Growth, PAYG pension systems crisis and mandatory age of retirement)ã€
Since in many countries - plagued by low fertility - significant increases of the mandatory retirement age have been recently introduced with the declared objective to sustain PAYG pension budgets, then in this paper we investigate whether and how such boosts are effective. It is shown - in the basic two-period overlapping generations model of endogenous growth, which is maybe the toy-model most used for pension policy analyses - that the postponement of the retirement age is always harmful for growth and even for pension payments. Therefore this result suggests that the effects of boosts of mandatory retirement ages for sustaining PAYG pension budgets may not be warranted.
(拙訳)
å°‘å化ã«æ‚©ã‚€å¤šãã®å›½ã§ã€å®šå¹´ã‚’大幅ã«å»¶é•·ã™ã‚‹å‹•ããŒæœ€è¿‘見られãŸã€‚ãã†ã—ãŸå‹•ãã§ã¯ã€è³¦èª²æ–¹å¼ã®å¹´é‡‘財政を支ãˆã‚‹ã“ã¨ãŒç›®çš„ã¨ã—ã¦è¬³ã‚ã‚Œã¦ã„る。本稿ã§ã¯ã€ãã†ã—ãŸå®šå¹´å»¶é•·ãŒåŠ¹æžœãŒã‚ã‚‹ã‹ã©ã†ã‹ã€ã‚ã‚‹ã¨ã™ã‚Œã°ã©ã®ã‚ˆã†ã«åŠ¹æžœã‚’発æ®ã™ã‚‹ã‹ã€ã‚’調ã¹ãŸã€‚年金分æžã§ã¯ãŠãらã最も良ã使ã‚れる簡易モデルã§ã‚る基本的ãª2期間ã®å†…生的æˆé•·ã®ä¸–代é‡è¤‡ãƒ¢ãƒ‡ãƒ«ã‚’用ã„ã€å®šå¹´ã®å…ˆé€ã‚Šã¯å¸¸ã«ã€çµŒæ¸ˆæˆé•·ã®ã¿ãªã‚‰ãšå¹´é‡‘支給ã«ã‚‚悪影響をåŠã¼ã™ã€ã¨ã„ã†ã“ã¨ã‚’示ã—ãŸã€‚ã“ã®çµæžœã¯ã€è³¦èª²æ–¹å¼ã®å¹´é‡‘ã®è²¡æ”¿ç¶æŒã®ãŸã‚ã«å®šå¹´ã‚’延長ã™ã‚‹ã“ã¨ã®çµæžœã¯ä¿è¨¼ã•ã‚Œãªã„ã€ã¨ã„ã†ã“ã¨ã‚’示唆ã—ã¦ã„る。
*1:本文ä¸ã«ä»¥ä¸‹ã®è¨˜è¿°ãŒã‚る。
We normalize each ability group to 1, so that the size of a generation is 3, and total population is 12, and constant...
Assuming demography and population to be constant may seem strange given that ageing is a crucial factor behind pension reform in many countries. Note however that this assumption is not uncommon (see also Jaag et al., 2010; Fisher and Keuschnigg, 2010; Buyse et al., 2011). Moreover, and most importantly, it need not be a limitation to disentangle behavioral effects from different routes of pension reform.