Assessment 4

Comparative Analysis: Primary vs Secondary Sources

Name: Unlayao, Mark Joshua F. Ratings: _______________

Categories Primary Sources Secondary Source

Memoirs of a General by Revolt of the Masses by
Santiago Alvarez a.k.a Gen. Teodoro Agoncillo
Apoy

Author’s He was born on July 25, 1872 in Teodoro A. Agoncillo was born
Background Imus, Cavite. He is the son of in Lemery, Batangas, on
Mariano Alvarez, a Filipino November 9, 1912. He is a
general. He was a member of noted Filipino historian, poet,
the Katipunan secret society short story writer, editor, and
and later became General of the professor. He earned his
military under the Magdiwang Bachelor in Philosophy degree
side. He was called Kidlat ng in 1934 and Master of Arts in
Apoy (Lightning of Fire) because 1939 at the University of the
of his bravery and fearlessness Philippines. He was conferred
in the battle of Dalhican, Cavite. the degree of Doctor of Letters,
He was popularly acclaimed the “Honoris Causa,” by the Central
"Hero of the Battle of Philippines University in 1969
Dalahican" because of his Before his career as an
defense against the Spanish historian, he first worked as a
enemy. After the revolution, he technical assistant in the
went to the Colegio de San Juan Institute of National Language,
de Letran where he obtained a and started writing Tagalog
Bachelor of Arts, and then took poems and short stories until
up law at the Liceo de Manila. 1940s. Agoncillo’s career as a
Upon establishment of the historian started only in 1941
American civil government in when he published his historical
the Philippines, he is one of the work. Some of his distinguished
founders of the Nacionalista books are History of the Filipino
arty wherein he later became People, The Revolt of the
president. He died October 30, Masses: The Story of Bonifacio
1930, at age 58 in San Pablo and the Katipunan, Malolos:
City. The Crisis of the Republic, and
The Fateful Years: Japan’s
Adventure in the Philippines.
Because of his outstanding
works as a historian, he was
conferred as a National Scientist
in 1985. He died on January 14,
1985.
Objective of the The goal of Santiago Alvarez Despite the fact that Santiago
Author was to write a book for young Alvarez had already supplied a
people that would tell a new source of historical research on
story about the revolution and the revolution, Teodoro
might be used as a historical Agoncillo sought to include
account in the future. what transpired before and
after the Tejeros Convention to
connect the present with the
past.
Date written or He wrote the account when he The Seeds of Discontent was
published was 50 years old, in 1927. It was written in 1947 as the winning
serialized in 36 installments in submission in a nationwide
the Tagalog weekly Sampaguita Bonifacio biography
from July 24, 1927 to April 15, competition conducted in 1948.
1928. The memoirs were based This was published in 1956 by
on his Revolutionary War the University of the
notebooks and diaries provided Philippines' College of Liberal
to him by the Katipunan's initial Arts.
founders. The recollections
begin on March 14, 1896, when
he accompanied Emilio
Aguinaldo and Raymond Mata
to Manila for their Katipunan
initiation, and end with
Aguinaldo's and his comrades'
voluntary exile to Hong Kong.
Mention of *MARCH 25, 1897 – The *DECEMBER 1896 – Bonifacio
dates Assembly at Tejeros was accepted the invitation to visit
eventually convened, with the Cavite, together with his wife
two councils, Magdiwang and and two brothers, Ciriaco and
Magdalo, debating their own Procopio.
issues regarding the type of
government they had before *JANUARY 1897 - San Francisco
proceeding with the election of de Malabon's fiesta was
new officials for the Republic of interrupted by a succession of
the Philippines. rifle shots, which were
subsequently determined to be
* MARCH 27, 1897 – A meeting fired by the men of Captain
was called at the Tanza parish Mariano San Gabriel, a
home, and the Supremo's Magdiwang, resulting in a
decision to annul the election dispute between him and
was rejected. General Alvarez.

*MARCH 22, 1897 — Magdalo

and the Spaniards fought, and
the assembly at Tejeros was
called, which also happened to
be Aguinaldo's birthday.
*APRIL 1897 – The village of
Malabon, where Bonifacio
stayed, is taken by the
Spaniards.
Key •Andres Bonifacio - Leader of •Andres Bonifacio - Supreme
Personalities the Katipunan- Magdiwang Head of the Katipunan
president elected as the •Artemio Ricarte - Magdalo's
Secretary of the Interior military commander brigadier-
•Emilio Aguinaldo - Elected as general
President of the Katipunan. •Mariano Alvarez -Magdiwang's
•Baldomero Aguinaldo - chosen President
Magdalo President •Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo -
•Mariano Trias - Elected as Vice Leading theMagdalo Soldiers,
President faced the Spaniards inSalitran
•General Vibora - Elected as •Candido Tirona - Magdiwang's
Captain General minister of war
•Emiliano de Dios - Elected as •Edilberto Evangelista
Secretary of War Magdalo's elected Lieutenant
•Daniel Tirona - He went against General
the result of the votings when •Baldomero Aguinaldo - Made
Andres Bonifacio was elected as the proposal to establish a
Secretary of the Interior revolutionary government
•Ariston Villanueva - Previous •Daniel Tirona - Magdalo man
Secretary of war •Esteban San Juan - Invited
•Apoy - Previous Captain Bonifacio to attend the
General- He was insulted by demonstration of the
Antonio Montenegro’s remark Magdiwang rebels in Noveleta
about the revolution and made •Ariston Villanueva -
an order toarrest him Magdiwang's Minister of War
•Antonio Montenegro - He was who stood up and said
arrestedby General Apoy that if new government was to
because he compared the be established, Andres
revolution to a pack of Bonifacio who had organized
bandits or of wild, mindless and planned the entire
animals if they did not agree on revolutionary movement, must
the kind of revolutionary of right occupy presidency
government they were to have. without any election
•Trining & Josephine - Pleaded •Santiago Alvarez - Magdalo's
with Apoy not to arrest commander in chief
Montenegro but to let him stay •Pascual Alvarez - Magdalo's
at the estate house executive secretary
•Jacinto Lumbreras - Previous •Luciano San Miguel -
Chairman of the Katipunan Magdiwang representative
•Fr. Cenon Villanueva -Officated •Mariano Trias - Magdalo's
the oath taken by the newly minister of grace and justice
elected officers •Severino de las Alas -
•Severino de las Alas and Daniel Magdiwang representative
Tirona- Witness of the oath let him stay at the estate house
taking •Jacinto Lumbreras - Previous
Chairman of the Katipunan
•Fr. Cenon Villanueva -Officated
the oath taken by the newly
elected officers
•Severino de las Alas and Daniel
Tirona- Witness of the oath
taking
•Santos Nocon - Magdiwang
representative
•Cayetano Topacio -
Magdiwang's
minister of finance
•Antonio Montenegro -
Magdiwang representative
•Jacinto Lumbrera - Acting
president of magdiwang in the
meeting

Thematic The assembly's chairmanship When Bonifacio and his

motivation of was assumed by the KKK's company arrived, tensions were
authors (why President-Supremo, who high because their concerns
the Tejeros presided. He went on to say were at odds. The convention
meeting that the audience should was properly started at Tejeros
failed?) appreciate whatever the at two o'clock in the afternoon
outcome is. When it came to on March 22, 1897. Mr. Jacinto
the election itself, he reiterated Lumberas assumed the chair
that the nominee who received and welcomed everyone to the
the most votes, regardless of his meeting. The conference
or her status in life or proceeds until Bonifacio, as
educational ability, would be President of the Supreme
the winner of a particular job. Council of Katipunan, assumes
Despite this, he was unable to the role of presiding officer. He
obtain the presidency after stated that the winner of any
Aguinaldo took over. The election seat, regardless of his
Supremo was chosen as or her life condition, will be
Secretary of the Interior, announced. He was chosen
although Daniel Tirona believes Director of the Interior while
that the role should go to Jose the election was taking place.
del Rosario, a well-educated Mr. Daniel Tirona went on to
lawyer. As a result, Bonifacio say that the role should be
took offense and pulled out his handed to a lawyer, pointing to
weapon, aiming it towards Mr. Jose del Rosario. Bonifacio
Tirona. After then, the latter slid became scarlet with rage after
away and became lost in the being insulted. Everyone should
crowd. All matters approved in respect his appointment to such
the meeting were declared null a position because they
and void by Bonifacio. consented to the terms. He
insisted that Tirona make
amends for his disparaging
remarks, so Tirona tried to
blend in with the crowd. In a fit
of rage, Bonifacio drew his
pistol and pointed it at Tirona,
but Ricarte grabbed his hand.
Bonifacio remarked that as
chairman of the assembly and
President of the Supreme
Council of Katipunan, he annuls
everything that has been agreed
and resolved, and then he and
his men exited the hall.
Sequencing of 1. Secretary Jacinto Lumbreras 1. The Katipunan demanded
events presided over the Tejeros that their areas be reorganized
assembly, which was held on under each Katipunan faction.
March 25, 1897. The Magdiwang and the
2. The agenda was announced, Magdalo, on the other hand,
with the goal of discussing how had been quietly feuding over
to secure the Magdiwang- Cavite, with each party wishing
controlled areas. This was to be dominated by the other.
quickly disputed by Severino de 2. Andres Bonifacio, Supremo of
las Alas, who dictated that the the Philippines, was invited to
agenda be changed. visit the Katipunan in Cavite.
The most pressing issue that Bonifacio chose to come after
needs to be addressed is the receiving three invitations.
Katipunan's structure of 3. When Bonifacio arrived in
government. Imus, he was greeted warmly by
3. There was a discussion about numerous members of the
changing the Katipunan's form Magdalo faction. When
of government. if it had been Bonifacio saw Vicente
formed or not Fernandez, he became enraged
4. The convention's formality and ordered his arrest. The
was broken by a feud between Magdalo, on the other hand,
General Apoy and Antonio refused to let Fernandez be
Montenegro. arrested. Recognizing that he
5. The conflict was quickly had no power over the people
overcome, and the meeting's of Magdalo, Bonifacio wrote
chairmanship was handed over Mariano Alvarez a letter in
to Supremo Andres Bonifacio. which he explained what had
6. Bonifacio moved on to the happened during the
election of officials, encounter.
emphasizing that the individual 4. Bonifacio was invited to
who receives the greatest Noveleta by the Magdiwang. As
number of votes must be he entered the cities, the
acknowledged and respected as people greeted him warmly
the winner, regardless of his with a parade.
personal circumstances. 5. The Katipunan was defeated
7. After Andres Bonifacio was by Polavieja due to a dispute
elected Secretary of the between the two factions,
Interior, a rivalry developed which prompted a convention
between him and Daniel Tirona. at Imus. This assembly,
Tirona embarrassed Bonifacio however, produced no results
by going against the earlier because no agreement was
agreement on majority votes. reached on the type of
8. On the first day of the Tejeros administration that should be
Convention, Bonifacio established in the country or
proclaimed the meeting's whether a new election is truly
results null and void, effectively required.
ending it. 6. On March 22, 1897, the
9. Baldomero Aguinaldo Magdiwang asked for another
persuaded Magdiwang congress at Tejeros, which was
members to rejoin the canceled held. The meeting was chaired
meeting in order to revalidate by Jacinto Lumbreras, who
the election results and make began by discussing the
atonement. creation of defense tactics to
10. The following day, none of preserve Cavite.
the Magdalo members showed 7. Severino de las Alas stated
up for the meeting. They held that the Katipunan must first
their own meeting, when the agree on the form of
officials chosen at the Tejeros government that must be
Convention were sworn in imposed before moving on to
solemnly without the presence the other agenda items.
of those elected from the 8. There was discussion about
Magdiwang. whether or not the Katipunan's
established form of government
should be changed. Lumbreras
called a break in the meeting
because he felt the situation
was getting out of hand without
producing any results.
9. After an hour, the assembly
resumed, with Lumbreras
handing up the chairmanship to
Andres Bonifacio.
Synthesis:

Compare primary and secondary sources of historical records using the

two articles. Which do you think provides a more accurate and detailed information on

the story? State and justify your claim. Use an extra sheet of paper if needed.

• Alvarez's account was insufficiently detailed to fully comprehend what occurred both before
and after the incident. It simply gave a cursory explanation of the scenario, as opposed to
the second reading, which goes into considerably greater detail about the events. Alvarez's
story concentrates on the election that took place and how the officers fought Bonifacio's
decision to declare the election null and void. He believes Bonifacio's death when he was
writing the letter to his uncle in law was unjust. Mr. Agoncillo's report was highly detailed,
and he explained how the election was declared invalid and then discarded. The important
events in Agoncillo's report focused on the conflicts they faced and the election's
conclusion.

A heroic act is an extraordinary feat done during extraordinary times that inspired others. What
qualities should we develop as Filipinos in order to get rid of animosities and rivalries descriptive of

the bad side of politics.

• I believed that the qualities Filipinos should have is being altruistic or not being greedy,
having or showing an intense and selfish desire for something, especially wealth or power. If
we become unselfish, concern for other people, doing things simply out of a desire to help,
not because you feel obligated to out of duty, loyalty, or religious reasons. It involves acting
out of concern for the well-being of other people. Especially on person who is in power