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ãã©ã³ã¹ã®ä¸çå°éå¦æ ¡ã«ãããä¸ç»æ ¡ã¯ã大ããªæ¸å¿µææã¨ãªã£ã¦ãããä»åã®èª¿æ»ããã®ãããªèæ¯ããè¡ããããããããç¡ææ¬ å¸truancy ã«é¢é£ããåé¡ã§ã¯ãå¿ççãªåºæºãèæ ®ããããã¨ã¯ã»ã¨ãã©ãªããããã¯å³åº§ã«çµç¹ã®åå¿ãå¼ãèµ·ããå¾åããããããããç¡ææ¬ å¸truancyã¯ãåã«æ欲ã®æ¬ å¦ãåæçãªæ 度ã«ãããã®ã§ã¯ãªãå¯è½æ§ããããããã©ããããããã§ã¯ç¡ææ¬ å¸truancyã¯ãã¾ãã¾ãªç¨®é¡ã®ä¸å®ã¨é¢é£ããç»æ ¡æå¦ã¨ãã¦èãããã¦ãããKearney and Silverman (1993)ãå®ç¾©ããç»æ ¡æå¦school refusalã®ã«ãã´ãªã¼ã§ããæ£ã®å¼·åã¯ãããã§è¿°ã¹ãç 究ã§åºãè¦ããããã¨ãããããä¸ç¨®ã®ç¤¾ä¼çæã¾ããããèªãããèªèãããä¸å®ãé ãå¾åã«ãããã¨ãå確èªãããã å¿çå¦çåºæºã«åºã¥ãããæ·±ã差延ç 究ãå¿ è¦ã§ããã¨çµè«ã¥ãããããæã ã¯ãç¡ææ¬ å¸truancyããç§å¦çã«ã ãã§ãªããå¶åº¦çã«ããææ çãªæ¬¡å ãèæ ®ããªããã°ãªããªãããã»ã¹ã¨ãã¦èããå¿ è¦æ§ã強調ãããã®ã§ããã
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ç»æ ¡æå¦school refusalã«é¢ããç 究ã®å¤ãã¯ããã®ç¾è±¡ã«å å¨ããè¤éæ§ã®éè¦æ§ãè¦ãé ããããªæ¹æ³è«çæ¬ é¥ãå«ãã§ããï¼Atkinson et al.ã1985ï¼ã ãã®ãããªå°é£ãã¯ãç»æ ¡æå¦ã®è¤æ°ã®åå ï¼ããªãã¡ãç°å¢çãå人çãæåçå´é¢ï¼ããçãã¦ããé¨åããããKearney and Silverman (1993)ã¯ãé¨åçã«ç»æ ¡æå¦ã¨ãã¦å®ç¾©ããã観å¯ãããè¨åºçå´é¢ãä¼´ãåé¡ãææ¡ãã¦ããããã®åé¡ã¯ãä¸ç»æ ¡ï¼ä¸å½ãªæ¬ å¸ï¼ã«åºã¥ãç»æ ¡æå¦ã表ãã¨èãããã¦ããããæ欲ãé¢å¿ã®æ¬ å¦ãå¼ããããã¸ã®è¨åã¯çããã¦ããï¼Brandibas and Gaspard, 1997ï¼ã
Atkinson, L., Quarrington, B. and Cyr, J. J. (1985) âSchool Refusal, the Heterogeneity of a Conceptâ, American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 55(1): 83â101.
Kearney, C. A. and Silverman, W. K. (1993) âMeasuring the Function of School Refusal Behavior. The School Refusal Assessment Scaleâ, Journal of Clinical Child Psychology 22(1): 85â96.
Brandibas G. (1997) âModélisation de lâinfluence des facteurs environnementaux et psycho-affectifs dans le champ du refus de lâécole [Modelisation of Influence of Environmental and Psycho-Affective Factors in School Refusal]â,paper presented at the XVe Colloque du GROFRED, Strasbourg, France.
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ããã§ã Kearney and Silvermanã¯ããã¾ãã¾ãªã¿ã¤ãã®ç»æ ¡æå¦ããã®æ©è½æ§ã«ãã£ã¦åé¡ãã¦ããããããã®æ¬¡å ã¯æ¬¡ã®ããã«å®ç¾©ãããã(a) å¦å®çãªææ ãå¼ãèµ·ããåºæ¿ãå¦æ ¡ç°å¢ã«é¢é£ããç¶æ³ã®åé¿ (b) å«æªçã社ä¼çãè©ä¾¡çãªç¶æ³ããã®éé¿ (c) 注æãå¼ãè¡å (d) ç©æ¥µçãªå ·ä½çãªå¼·å positive tangible reinforcementãæåã®2ã¤ã®æ¡ä»¶ã¯è² ã®å¼·åã«ãã£ã¦ãå¾ã®2ã¤ã®æ¡ä»¶ã¯æ£ã®å¼·åã«ãã£ã¦ç¹å¾´ã¥ãããããä¸æ¹ãLast and Straussï¼1990ï¼ã¯ãç»æ ¡æå¦school refusal ãã家åºã®ä¹±ãã仲éã¨ã®ä¸é©åãªé¢ä¿ãä½ãå¦æ¥æ績ã«å¯¾å¿ããæ ç·é害ã¨çµã³ã¤ãã¦ããã é·æçã«ã¯ãç»æ ¡æå¦ã¯ãç²¾ç¥å»å¦çãªçµæï¼ä¾ï¼ç´ è¡çãææçï¼ã社ä¼çµæ¸çãªçµæï¼ä¾ï¼å¤±æ¥ï¼ã社ä¼çãªçµæï¼ä¾ï¼æºè¶³ãªç¤¾ä¼çé¢ä¿ã®æ¬ å¦ï¼ãããããå¯è½æ§ãããã
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æè¿ã§ã¯ãLast et al. (1987)ããä¸å®ã¯å°±å¦æå¦ã¨ç³»çµ±çã«ç¸é¢ãã¦ããªããã¨ã観å¯ãã¦ãããããã«ãä¸å®ã«åºã¥ãç»æ ¡æå¦school refusalã®ãã¹ã¦ã®ã±ã¼ã¹ãç¹å®ã®åé¡ã®ç¹å¾´ã§ã¯ãªãããã¹ã¦ã®ä¸å®ã®å°é£ãç»æ ¡æå¦school refusalã«é¢é£ãã¦ããããã§ããªããåæ§ã«ãæå¦ã®ç¨®é¡ã«ãã£ã¦ã¯ãåé¢ä¸å®ãªã©ãç°ãªãã¿ã¤ãã®ä¸å®ãä¼´ããã®ããããå¦æ ¡ææçã¯ãå¦æ ¡ã¨ãã®ç°å¢ã¨ããéç¾å®çãªå´é¢ã«ç¦ç¹ãå½ã¦ã¦ããããã«æããããå¦æ ¡æå¦ã¯ã対象è ã¨å¦æ ¡ã¨ã®é¢ä¿ãããã³åé¢ä¸å®ãªã©ã®ä¸å®ã®ç¨®é¡ã®å®ç¾ã«ãããå¤ãåå¨ãã(Last and Strauss, 1990)
- Last, C. G., Francis, G., Hersen, M., Kazdin, A. E. and Strauss, C. C. (1987) âSeparation Anxiety and School Phobia. A Comparison Using DSM-IIICriteriaâ, American Journal of Psychiatry 144: 653â57.
- Last, C. G. and Strauss, C. (1990) âSchool Refusal in Anxiety-Disordered Children and Adolescentsâ, Journal of American Academy Child Adolescent Psychiatry 29(1): 31â35.
対象
æã ã¯ãå¥ã®ç 究ã®ããã«ãé«æ ¡ãã6ã¤ã®ã¯ã©ã¹ã¬ãã«ã®443人ã®çå¾ã¨åºä¼ã£ãããã®ä¸ãããKearney and Silverman (1993)ãå®ç¾©ããé¾å¤ãããªãã¡21æ¥éã®æ£å½ã§ãªãæ¬ å¸ãåºæºã«ãã¦45人ãé¸ãã ããã®45人ã®ãµã³ãã«ã¯ãã»ã¼å ¨å¡ã14æ³ãã21æ³ã®ç·åçå¾ï¼n = 44ï¼ã§ããï¼M = 17.96, SD = 1.90ï¼ããã¾ãã¾ãªç¤¾ä¼çèæ¯ãæã¤ããå´åè éç´ã®å®¶åºï¼26.7ï¼ ï¼ã失æ¥è ã®å®¶åºï¼17.8ï¼ ï¼ã®å²åãææã«å¤ãã
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ä¸å®ã«å½±é¿ãä¸ããçä½ãªãºã ãèæ ®ãï¼Jeunier, 1996; Sarmany, 1994ï¼ãåã»ãã·ã§ã³ã¯æ¯æ¥åãæå»ã«å®æ½ãããã å¦æ ¡æå¦ã¯SRASï¼School Refusal Assessment Scale; Kearney and Silverman.ï¼ã«ããè©ä¾¡ããã 1993ï¼ãç¶æ ç¹æ§ä¸å®ã¯STAI-Yï¼State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; Spielberger, 1986ï¼ãåé¢ä¸å®ã¯SASIï¼Separation Anxiety Symptom Inventory; Silove et al, 1993ï¼ã§ãã£ãã SRASï¼School Refusal Assessment Scaleï¼ã¯ãä¸è¨ã®æ©è½æ§ã®å´é¢ããç»æ ¡æå¦ãåé¡ããã®ã«å¯ä¸ããã ä¾ãã°ããå¦æ ¡ã§ä»ã®åä¾ã¨è©±ãã®ãè¦æã§ãããã¨ããé ç®ã¯ã社ä¼çã»è©ä¾¡çãªå«æªçç¶æ³ããã®éé¿ãè©ä¾¡ããã®ã«å¯ä¸ãã¦ããããã®å°ºåº¦ã¯ãä¸ç»æ ¡ãããã«é¢é£ããé害ãæã¤åä¾ãéå°å¹´ã«å¯¾ãã¦ä½¿ç¨ããã¾ããèè ãã¯ããã®å°ºåº¦ã«ãã£ã¦æ¸¬å®ããã主è¦ãªæ©è½ç¶æ ããããã¨ã示åãã¦ãããããã®ä¸»è¦ãªã«ãã´ãªã¼ã主張ãã¦ä»ãæé¤ãããã¨ã¯ãã¦ããªãã SASIï¼Separation Anxiety Symptom Inventoryï¼ã¯ï¼ä»¥ä¸ã®é ç®ããæ§æãããã15 é ç®ã§ãSilove ãï¼1993ï¼ã«ããä½æãããã ãããã®çç¶ã®ä½ç½®ã¥ããè¶ ãã¦ãä¸å®ã¹ã³ã¢ãç®åºãããã¨ãèè ã®ç®çã§ãããããµã³ããªã³ã°ãå åã¯ç¤ºããã¦ããªããããã§ããã®å°ºåº¦ã¯ãå ¨çå¾143åã対象ã¨ããè¨è¿°ççµ±è¨è§£æã«ãã£ã¦æ½åºããã次å ãã使ç¨ãããã¨ã«ãããä¾ãã°ããå¦æ ¡ã«è¡ããããªãã£ããããèªåã家æã¸ã®æ´åã®æªå¤¢ãè¦ãããªã©ã®é ç®ãããã STAI-Yï¼State-Trait Anxiety Inventory - Form Y; (Bruchon- Schweitzer and Paulhan, 1993; Spielberger and Smith, 1966)ï¼ã¯ãå ã«è¿°ã¹ãç¶æ -ç¹æ§ä¸å®ã測å®ãããã®ã§ããããã®å°ºåº¦ãé¸æããã®ã¯ãããç´æ¥çã«ç¶æ³ã«é¢é£ãã被é¨è ã®éè¦ãªç¹æ§ãåºå¥ãããã¨ãã§ããããã§ãããè½ã¡çãã¦ããããå®å¿ãã¦ãããã¯ç¶æ ä¸å®ä¸ä½å°ºåº¦ã®20é ç®ã®ãã¡ã®2é ç®ã§ããã 失æããã¨æããããèªä¿¡ããªããããèªåã¯å°éãªäººéã ããã¯ãç¹æ§ä¸å®ä¸ä½å°ºåº¦ã®20é ç®ã®ãã¡3é ç®ã§ããã
School Refusal Assessment Scale
- Kearney, C. A. and Silverman, W. K. (1993) âMeasuring the Function of School Refusal Behavior. The School Refusal Assessment Scaleâ, Journal of Clinical Child Psychology 22(1): 85â96.
STAI-Yï¼State-Trait Anxiety Inventoryï¼
- Spielberger, C. D. and Smith, L. H. (1966) âAnxiety (Drive), Stress, and Serial- Position Effects in Serial-Verbal Learningâ, Journal of Experimental Psychology 72: 589â95.
Separation Anxiety Symptom Inventory
- Silove, D., Manicavasagar, V., OâConnell, D. , Blaszczynski, A., Wagner, R. and Henry, J. (1993) âThe Development of the Separation Anxiety Symptom Inventory (SASI)â, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 27: 477â88.
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