WHOã®è¨ºæåºæºã«ã²ã¼ã é害ãå ãã£ããã¨ã§ããã²ã¼ã ã®ããããã¯ç æ°ã ãã¨ãã誤解ãè延ãã¦ããã
ä¾ãã°ããã®NHKã®å ±éã§ããã
ã²ã¼ã ã®ãéã㯠âç æ°â
WHOï¼ä¸çä¿å¥æ©é¢ã¯2019å¹´ãå»çæ©é¢ã§ã®è¨ºæãæ²»çãå¿ è¦ã¨ãããããç æ°ãªã©ã®å½éçãªãªã¹ãã§ãããå½éç¾ç åé¡ãã«ããã²ã¼ã é害ããæ°ãã«å ãã¾ããã
ãã²ã¼ã ã®ãéã㯠âç æ°ãã¨ããè¦åºããåºã¦ãããç²¾ç¥é害ã¨ã¯ä½ãã¨ãããã¨ãã¾ã£ããç解ã§ãã¦ããªãã¨ããè¨ãããããªãã
ç²¾ç¥é害ã¯Mental Disorderã®è¨³
ç²¾ç¥é害ã¯Mental Disorderã®è¨³ã§ããã
ãé害ãã¨ç¿»è¨³ããè±èªãå¤ããããæ¥æ¬èªã ãã ã¨ç解ãã«ããã®ã§ãè±èªãä½µè¨ããã
- 身ä½é害ã¯Disability, Impairment
- ç æ°ã¯Sickness, Illness
ã§ã¯Disorderã¨ã¯ä½ãã
Orderã¨ã¯ç§©åºã®ããç¶æ
ã常æ
ã¨ããæå³ã§ãããå¾ã£ã¦ãDisorderã¯ç§©åºãæ¬ ãã¦ããç¶æ
ã常æ
ã¨ã¯ç°ãªãç¶æ
ã¨ãã£ãæå³ã§ããã
大ãã¤ç æ§é害(ãã¤ç )ãå ·ä½ä¾ã¨ãã¦ããããã
è½ã¡è¾¼ã¿
æ¥ã
ã®çæ´»ã§ã·ã§ãã¯ãªãã¨ãããã°äººã¯è½ã¡è¾¼ããããã¯æ¥µãã¦æ®éã®ãã¨ã§ãããç²¾ç¥é害ã¨ã¯ãããªãã
é·ãæ·±ãå
ã«æ»ããªãè½ã¡è¾¼ã¿
ãã ãè½ã¡è¾¼ã¿ããã¾ãã«æ·±ãé·ããé·ãç¶ããããããæ®éã®ç¶æ
ã«æ»ããªãã¨ãã£ãå ´åãç²¾ç¥ç¶æ
ã¨ãã¦ç§©åºãæ¬ ãã¦ãã¦ã常æ
ããé¸è±ãã¦ããã¨æããã
ç²¾ç¥é害ã®æ¡ä»¶ã¯çç¶çã«æéçã«ãé度ã§ãããã¨ããä¸ã¤ã®ç®å®ã¨ãªãã
ç²¾ç¥é害ã®ï¼è¦ä»¶
ãããããã ãçç¶çã«æéçã«é度ã§ããã ãã§ã¯ç²¾ç¥é害ã¨ã¯ãªããªãã ç²¾ç¥é害ã®è¨ºæåºæºã¯3ã¤ã®è¦ä»¶ãæ±ããããã®ã§ããããé ã«ã¿ã¦ãããã
çåç妥å½æ§
大ãã¤ç æ§é害ã®å ´å9ã¤ã®çåã該å½ããã
- æãã¤æ°å
- ã¢ã³ãããã¢(æ欲ã®ä½ä¸ã楽ããã¨ããæè¦ããªããªã)
- ä½éã»é£æ¬²ã®çæéã«ãããé度ã®å¤å
- ä¸ç ã»éç
- ç¦ç¥æ
- æç²å´
- 罪責æ
- 決æå°é£
- å¸æ»å¿µæ ®
ãã®9ã¤ã®ãã¡1ãæãã¤æ°åãã¨2ãã¢ã³ãããã¢ãã®ã©ã¡ããã該å½ãã5ã¤ã®çåã該å½ããå ´åã大ãã¤ç æ§é害ã®çããåºãã
ç²¾ç¥é害ã¨ããã¨ããã®çåã®é¨åã ãã¯ãã¼ãºã¢ãããããå¾åã«ãããããã¨ï¼ã¤ã®è¦ä»¶ãã¯ãªã¢ããå¿ è¦ãããã
社ä¼çæ©è½ã®ä½ä¸ããã³ãè¨åºçè¦ç
社ä¼çæ´»ãéãã¦ããªããã¨ããããã¯ãç²¾ç¥çèä½çã«è¦çããããã¨ãè¦ä»¶ã®ä¸ã¤ã¨ãªãã§ããã
- 社ä¼çè·æ¥çæ©è½ éå¦ãéå¤ãªã©ã®ç¤¾ä¼çæ´»ãéããªããªã©ã
- è¨åºçãªè¦ç ç²¾ç¥çã«è¾ããèä½çã«è¦çãããã
ä¾ãã°ãå°±å´ããã¦ããããä½æã¯ãã¹ã¦ã²ã¼ã ããã¦ããã¨ãã£ããã¿ã¼ã³ãã²ã¼ã ã®ããéãã®ããã«è¦ãã¦ããç²¾ç¥é害ã«ã¯ããããªãã ãªããªãã社ä¼çæ´»ã«è´å½çãªåé¡ãèµ·ããã¦ããªãããã ã
é¤å¤è¨ºæ
ä»ã®ç²¾ç¥é害ããã®ä»ç¾æ£ã«ãã£ã¦å¼ãèµ·ãããããã¨ãé¤å¤ããã®ãï¼ã¤ç®ã®è¦ä»¶ã§ããã
ä¾ãã°ãã²ããããç¶æ ã«ãªã£ã¦ãæéãããã®ã§ã²ã¼ã ããã¦ãããå¨ãããã¿ãã¨ãã²ã¼ã ã®ãéãã§ãããã社ä¼çæ´»ãéã£ã¦ããªãã®ã§ãã²ã¼ã é害ã®ããã«è¦ããããåå ã¯ã²ããããã§ãããããã²ã¼ã é害ã§ã¯ãªãã
éã«ãã²ã¼ã ã«ã¯ã¾ã£ããã¨ã§ãæ¥å¸¸çæ´»ãã¾ã¾ãªããªããªããå¦æ ¡ã«ãè¡ããªããªã£ãã¨ããå ´åããã²ã¼ã é害ã¨ãªãã
ç²¾ç¥é害ã®å®ç¾©
ã¢ã¡ãªã«ç²¾ç¥å»å¦ä¼ã®è¨ºæåºæºã§ããDSM-5ã®ç²¾ç¥é害ã®å®ç¾©ãã¿ã¦ã¿ããã
ç²¾ç¥é害ã¨ã¯ãç²¾ç¥æ©è½ã®åºç¤ã¨ãªãå¿çå¦çãçç©å¦çãã¾ãã¯çºééç¨ã®æ©è½é害ã«ãã£ã¦ãããããããå人ã®èªç¥ãæ åå¶å¾¡ãã¾ãã¯è¡åã«ãããè¨åºçã«æå³ã®ããé害ã«ãã£ã¦ç¹å¾´ã¥ããããçå群ã§ãã(p.20)ã
ç²¾ç¥é害ã¨ã¯ãçå群ãã§ããã¨æ確ã«æ¸ããã¦ããã
çå群ã¨ã¯åå ä¸æãªããå ±éã®çåãæã¤åä½ã§ãããç æ°ã¨çå群ã®å¢ã¯ææ§ã ã¨è¨ãããããåå ãããã£ã¦ãããå¦ãã§ç°¡åã«ä¸¡è ã¯åºå¥ã§ããã
ä¾ãã°ã以åã®è¨ºæåºæºã§ããDSM-IVã«æ²è¼ããã¦ãããã¬ããé害(çå群)ã¨ãããã®ããããã診æçå®å¾ã«ãMECP2éºä¼åã®çªç¶å¤ç°ã«ãã£ã¦èµ·ããã¨ããåå ãæ確ã«ãªã£ããããç¾å¨ã¯ç²¾ç¥é害ããé¤å¤ãããããããç æ°ã»ç¾æ£ã¨ãªã£ãã
ç æ°ã¨çå群ã¯å¥åã®æ¦å¿µã§ããåºå¥ãã¦ä½¿ããã¨ãå¿ é ã§ããã
診æã®ï¼è¦ä»¶ãç æ°ã¨çå群ã®éããæ確ã«ç解ãã¦æ¸ãããè¨äºã¯NHKã«éããæ¸ããã¦ããªãããã«æããåæããè¨è ãã²ã¼ã ã»ãããæ¡ä¾ãéããã¨ãã¦ããè°å¡ãã¡ããç²¾ç¥é害ã®æ¦å¿µãç解ã§ãã¦ããã®ã ãããã
ç²¾ç¥é害ã®è¨ºæåºæºã«ã妥å½æ§ã®ã¬ãã«ãç°ãªã
ç²¾ç¥é害ã®è¨ºæåºæºã«æ²è¼ããã¦ãããã®ã§ãã妥å½æ§ãé«ããã®ãã¨ã妥å½æ§ãé«ããªããã®ãã«åããããã¨ãçæãã¹ãã§ããã
ç²¾ç¥é害ã®è¨ºæåºæºã«æ²è¼ããã¦ããã°ãç æ°ãã ã¨å®ç´ã«æãã¦ãã人ãå¤ãããããã«æããã
ç²¾ç¥é害ã®è¨ºæã®å¦¥å½æ§ã¯1960年代ããè¡ããã¦ããããä¸ã¤ã®ãã¤ã«ã¹ãã¼ã³ã«ãªãã®ãEli Robinsã¨Samuel Guzeã1970å¹´ã«æ¸ããè«æã§ãã(以ä¸ãRobins-Guzeåºæºã¨å¼ã¶)ã
ãããç¾å¨ã®ã¢ã¡ãªã«ç²¾ç¥å»å¦ä¼ã®è¨ºæåºæºã§ããDSMããWHOã®è¨ºæåºæºã§ããICDã®æ ¹æ¬ã«ãã*1ã
1. çå(è¨åºçè¨è¿°)
è¨åºçã«çç¶ã¨å å(ï¼çå)ãä¸è´ãã¦ãããã¨ã§ããã大ãã¤ç æ§é害(ãã¤ç )ã®å ´åãå ã»ã©æããï¼ã¤ã®çåã該å½ããã
2. è¨åºæ¤æ»
ããã¤ãã®ç²¾ç¥é害ã§ã¯çç©å¦çãªãã¼ã«ã¼ã¯åå¨ãã¦ããã大å¤æ°ã®ç²¾ç¥é害ã§ã¯çç©å¦çãã¼ã«ã¼ã¯åå¨ããªãã
3. é¤å¤è¨ºæ
é¤å¤è¨ºæã¯ããã»ã©ãè¿°ã¹ãããã«è¨ºæã«ç¾å¨å«ã¾ãã¦ããã
4. çµé(追跡調æ»ã®çµæ)
åæ§ã®çµéã辿ããã¨ãç²¾ç¥é害ã»èº«ä½ç¾æ£ã¨ããæåã¯åããããªå½¢ã§ãã£ã¦ããæéã¨å ±ã«ç°ãªã£ãç¶æ ã«ãªããã¨ã¯ãããããçµéãéãã°ãå¥ã®ãã®ã§ããå¯è½æ§ãããã
å®è¨åºã§ã¯ã診ææã®ç¶æ ã§è¨ºæãè¡ããé©å®è¨ºæãè¡ããã¨ã«ãªã£ã¦ãããç°ãªãçµéã辿ãããã§ããã°ãå¥ã®è¨ºæåã«ãªãã
診æå¤æ´ã§ãããããããä¾ã¯ãæåã¯æãã¤æç¶æ ã§å¤§ãã¤ç æ§é害ã«ããè¦ããªãã£ãããèºç¶æ ãå¾ã ç¾ããã®ã§ã診æããå極æ§é害(èºãã¤ç )ã«å¤ãã£ããã¨ããã®ã
5. 家ææ´
ç²¾ç¥é害ã¯èº«ä½ç¾æ£ã¨åããéºä¼ãéè¦ãªå½¹å²ãæãããä¾ãã°ãå極æ§é害ã®å ´åã両親å å¼å§å¦¹ãå極æ§é害ã®å ´åã«ã¯25åãçµ±å失調çã®å ´åã«ã¯19åãªã¹ã¯ãé«ã¾ãã
ç²¾ç¥é害ã®è¨ºæåºæºã«æ²è¼ããã¦ãã診æã®ãã¹ã¦ããããã®åºæºããã¹ã¦æºããã¦ããããã§ã¯ãªãã
Robins-Guzeåºæºãæºããã¦ããã°ãç æ°ãã¨ãã£ã表ç¾ããã¦ãããã»ã©ç®ããããç«ã¦ãåé¡ã§ã¯ãªããããããªããåå ãå¤æãã¦ããªãã®ã§ãå³å¯ã«ã¯ç æ°ã§ã¯ãªããããããåå 以å¤ã®é¨åã«é¢ãã¦ããªãå¼·åºãªã¨ããã³ã¹ãããã®ã§ããã°ãå°æ¥çã«åå ãçºè¦ãããå¯è½æ§ãæ¯è¼çé«ãã¨å¤æã§ããããã ã
ããããRobins-Guzeåºæºãã»ã¨ãã©æºããã¦ããªããã®ã«é¢ãã¦ã¯ããã£ããã¨ãç æ°ã§ã¯ãªããã¨ããå¿ è¦ãããã ããã
ã²ã¼ã é害ã¯Robinsã¨Guzeåºæºãã©ã®ç¨åº¦æºããã¦ããã
Robinsã¨Guzeåºæºã¨ã²ã¼ã é害ãç §ããåããã¦ã¿ããã
1. çå(è¨åºçè¨è¿°)
æºããã¦ããã
2. è¨åºæ¤æ»
ãªãã
3. é¤å¤è¨ºæ
æºããã¦ããã
4. çµé
ä¸æã
5. 家ææ´
ä¸æã
ãã®ããã«æºããã¦ããé
ç®ã¯ï¼ã¨ï¼ã ãã§ããã
ããããçµ±å失調çãå極æ§é害ã«ãªãã¨ãï¼ä»¥å¤ã¯æºããã¦ããã®ã§ãç
æ°ã¨ãã£ã表ç¾ãããã¦ãã¦ãéåæãæã¤ã»ã©ã§ã¯ãªã*2ããã²ã¼ã é害ãçµ±å失調çã¨åããããªãã®ã¨ã¯å°åºè¨ãé£ãã
å ±éã®ã©ããåé¡ã
ç²¾ç¥é害ã¯ç æ°ã§ã¯ãªã
ç²¾ç¥é害ã¨ç æ°ã¨ããæ¦å¿µã¯ã¾ã£ããå¥ã®ãã®ã§ããã
ãã ãæ¦å¿µã¨ãã¦ç°ãªãã ãã§ãªããã²ã¼ã é害ã¯å®æ ã¨ãã¦ç æ°ã¨ã¯ç¨é ãã
ç æ°ã§ã¯ãªããã®ãç æ°ã ã¨å¹è´ãããã¨ã¯å®³æªã§ãããªããé¤å¤è¨ºæã«é¢å¿ããªã
ã²ã¼ã é害ã«ãã£ã¦èµ·ãã£ãä¸èª¿ã§ãããå¦ãã¨ããè¨åããªããç²¾ç¥å»å¦ã®ç 究ã®æèã«ç¡é¢å¿
ã¾ããã²ã¼ã é害ã¯ADHDãæãã¤ã社交ä¸å®ãªã©ãä»ã®ç²¾ç¥é害ãåºç¤ã¨ãã¦èµ·ãããã¨ãæããã«ãªã£ã¦ãã(åç §)ãç²¾ç¥å»å¦ã®ã²ã¼ã é害ã®ç 究ã¯ããããã®ç²¾ç¥é害ã¨ã®ã¤ãªããã§ã²ã¼ã é害ãæãã¦ããããã¡ãã£ã¢ã¯ã²ã¼ã é害ãä»ã®ç²¾ç¥é害ã¨ã®é¢ä¿ãã¦çãããã¨ã«ç¡é¢å¿ã§ããã
ã²ã¼ã ã ãã«ç¦ç¹ãå½ã¦ãã¨ãã²ã¼ã ãããã¨ã²ã¨ãã§ã«ã²ã¼ã é害ãèµ·ãããããªå°è±¡ãä¸ãããã¨ã«ã¤ãªããã
ã²ã¼ã é害ã«ãèæ¯ã¨ãªãç²¾ç¥é害ããããå½ç¶ãªããããããã®ç²¾ç¥é害ã®æç¡ã«ãã£ã¦å人ã®éã§ã²ã¼ã é害ã®ãªã¹ã¯ãç°ãªããã¨ã念é ã«ç½®ãã¹ãã§ããã社ä¼ãå¦æ ¡ã家æã®è¦å ã«ç¡é¢å¿
ä¸ç»æ ¡ãçµé¨ããåã©ãã«ãããä¾åãèµ·ããããã(éã§ã¯ãªã)ã両親ã®é¢ä¿ãæªã家åºã§ãããä¾åãèµ·ããããããããã被害ãçµé¨ããã¨ãããä¾åãèµ·ãããããã家åºæè²ããã£ããã¨ãã£ã¦ããã¨ãããä¾åã«ãªãã«ãããã¨ãã£ã社ä¼çè¦å ãæããã¨ãªã£ã¦ããã
ãããä¾åã®ãã¼ã¿ã§ããããããã®ã¾ã¾ã²ã¼ã é害ã«ãã¦ã¯ã¾ããã¯ããããªãããã²ã¼ã é害ã§ãã社ä¼ãå¦æ ¡ã®ç°å¢ãä½é¨ã«ãã¤ã¦ãªã¹ã¯ãç°ãªããã¨ã念é ã«ç½®ãã¹ãã§ããã
ãããä¾åãåé¡ã«ããåã«ãä¸ç»æ ¡å¯¾çãããã対çãããã¹ãã§ãããçµæã¨ãã¦èµ·ãããã¨ã®å¤ãã²ã¼ã ä¾åã«å¯¾çãããããããããããã®åé¡ã§ããä¸ç»æ ¡ããããã¨ãã£ãæ¢åã®ç¤¾ä¼åé¡ã«åãçµãæ¹ãæ£ããéã§ããã
ã²ã¼ã ã®åãç· ã¾ãã«æ°ãåãããã¨ãä¸ç»æ ¡ããããã¨ãã£ãåé¡ã«ç®ãå±ããªããªããåã©ããã¡ã¸ã®æªå½±é¿ãå¼ãèµ·ããå¯è½æ§ãããã
æç®
- Robins E, Guze SB. (1970): Establishment of diagnostic validity in psychiatric illness: its application to schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 126: 107-111.
*1:ãã¹ã¦ã®ç²¾ç¥é害ãRobins-Guzeåºæºãæºãããªãã£ããããDSM-IIIã®ç·¨çºè ã§ããããã¼ãã»ã¹ãããã¡ã¼ã¯Longitudinal Evaluation of All Data/LEADåºæºã¨è¨ããæ¹æ³è«ãå°å ¥ããç¾å¨ã®ç²¾ç¥é害ã®è¨ºæåºæºã¯LEADåºæºãæºããããã®ãæ¡ç¨ããã¨ããå½¢ã«ãã¦ãããRobins-Guzeã®åºæºã¯å¤çãªå®¢è¦³çãªåºæºã§ãã£ãããLEADåºæºã¯å¤çãªå¦¥å½æ§ã§ã¯ãªããå°é家ãç²¾ç¥é害ã«é¢ãã¦ã®æ å ±ãã§ããéãéããæéãããã¦ç¸¦æçã«è©ä¾¡ãããã¨ãããã®ã§ããã
*2:ãããã®ç²¾ç¥é害ãå°æ¥çã«å¥ã®åé¡ããããã¨æ¨æ¸¬ã¯ããã¦ããã