Chapter 12 JK

Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology

Seventh Edition
Elaine N. Marieb

Chapter 12
The Lymphatic System

Slides 12.1 – 12.22
Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
WHERE IS THIS SYSTEM PLACED?
• Circulatory system?
• Immune system?
• Independent from both?
The Lymphatic System
 Consists of two semi-independent parts

 Lymphatic vessels
 Lymphoid tissues and organs
 Lymphatic system functions
 Transport fluids back to the blood from cells
 Play essential roles in body defense and
resistance to disease
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 12.1
Lymphatic Characteristics
 Lymph – excess tissue fluid carried by lymphatic
vessels
 Properties of lymphatic vessels
 One way system toward the heart
 Closed system
 No pump – heart does not serve this system
 Lymph moves toward the heart
 Milking action of skeletal muscle – movement is
so important
 Rhythmic contraction of smooth muscle in vessel
walls Slide 12.2
Lymphatic Vessels
 Lymph Capillaries
 Walls overlap to form flap-like minivalves
 Fluid leaks into lymph capillaries
 Capillaries are anchored to connective
tissue by filaments
 Higher pressure on the inside closes
minivalves
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 12.3a
Lymphatic Vessels
 Lymphatic
collecting vessels
 Collects lymph
from lymph
capillaries
 Carries lymph to
and away from
lymph nodes
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 12.2 Slide 12.4a
Lymphatic Vessels
 Lymphatic
collecting vessels
(continued)
 Returns fluid to
circulatory veins
near the heart
 Right lymphatic
duct
 Thoracic duct
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 12.2 Slide 12.4b
LYMPH
 Materials returned to the blood

 Water
 White blood cells
 Proteins
LYMPH
Harmful materials that enter lymph

vessels
 Bacteria
 Viruses
 Cancer cells
 Cell debris
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 12.5b
Slide 12.6a
LYMPH NODES
 Filter lymph before it is

returned to the blood
 Defense cells within
lymph nodes
 Macrophages – engulf and
destroy foreign substances
 Lymphocytes – provide
immune response to
antigens
Lymph Nodes
Figure 12.3
Lymph Node Structure
 Most are kidney-shaped, less than 1 inch
long
 Cortex
 Outer part
 Contains follicles – collections of
lymphocytes
 Medulla
 Inner part
 Contains phagocytic macrophages
Lymph Node Structure
Figure 12.4
Flow of Lymph Through Nodes
 Lymph enters the convex side through

afferent lymphatic vessels
 Lymph flows through a number of
sinuses inside the node
 Lymph exits through efferent lymphatic
vessels
 Fewer efferent than afferent vessels
causes flow to be slowed
Other Lymphoid Organs
 Several other
organs contribute
to lymphatic
function
 Spleen
 Thymus
 Tonsils
 Peyer’s patches
Figure 12.5
The Spleen
 Located on the left side of the abdomen

 Filters blood
 Destroys worn out blood cells
 Forms blood cells in the fetus
 Acts as a blood reservoir
The Thymus
 Located low in the throat, overlying the

heart
 Functions at peak levels only during
childhood
 Produces hormones (like thymosin) to
program lymphocytes
Tonsils
 Small masses of lymphoid tissue around

the pharynx
 Trap and remove bacteria and other
foreign materials
 Tonsillitis is caused by congestion with
bacteria
Peyer’s Patches
 Found in the wall of the small intestine

 Resemble tonsils in structure
 Capture and destroy bacteria in the
intestine
Mucosa-Associated Lymphatic
Tissue (MALT)
 Includes:
 Peyer’s patches
 Tonsils
 Other small accumulations of lymphoid
tissue
 Acts as a sentinal to protect respiratory
and digestive tracts
ANIMATIONS
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?
feature=endscreen&v=AAPW2AjCFeg&NR=1
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mimy915mpWs
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kh-XdNnTZUo
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g35x0edPlK8&feature=related
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MSrmQwWg
•
v=qTXTDqvPnRk
v=lGRceUoQRVw
v=qEIV6c61kx4
Surface Membrane Barriers –
First Line of Defense
 The skin
 Physical barrier to foreign materials
 pH of the skin is acidic to inhibit bacterial
growth
 Sebum is toxic to bacteria
 Vaginal secretions are very acidic
Surface Membrane Barriers –
First Line of Defense
 Stomach mucosa
 Secretes hydrochloric acid
 Has protein-digesting enzymes
 Saliva and lacrimal fluid contain
lysozyme
 Mucus traps microogranisms in
digestive and respiratory pathways
Defensive Cells
 Phagocytes
(neutrophils and
macrophages)
 Engulfs foreign
material into a
vacuole
 Enzymes from
lysosomes digest
the material
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 12.6b Slide 12.18a
Defensive Cells
 Natural killer cells

 Can lyse and kill
cancer cells
 Can destroy virus-
infected cells
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 12.6b Slide 12.18b
Inflammatory Response -
Second Line of Defense
 Triggered when body tissues are injured
 Produces four cardinal signs
 Redness
 Heat
 Swelling
 Pain
 Results in a chain of events leading to
protection and healing
Functions of the Inflammatory
Response
 Prevents spread of damaging agents

 Disposes of cell debris and pathogens
 Sets the stage for repair
Steps in the Inflammatory Response
Figure 12.7
Antimicrobial Chemicals
 Interferon
 Secreted proteins of virus-infected cells
 Bind to healthy cell surfaces to inhibit viruses
binding
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 12.22c

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Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology

Slides 12.1 – 12.22

Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook

 Consists of two semi-independent parts

 Materials returned to the blood

Harmful materials that enter lymph

 Filter lymph before it is

 Lymph enters the convex side through

 Located on the left side of the abdomen

 Located low in the throat, overlying the

 Small masses of lymphoid tissue around

 Found in the wall of the small intestine

 Natural killer cells

 Prevents spread of damaging agents

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