Research Article

Advances in Mechanical Engineering

2019, Vol. 11(3) 1–12
Ó The Author(s) 2019
Efficiency improvement and evaluation DOI: 10.1177/1687814019825904
journals.sagepub.com/home/ade
of a centrifugal pump with vaned
diffuser

Kai Wang1,2 , Yu-cheng Jing1, Xiang-hui He3 and Hou-lin Liu1

Abstract
In order to enhance the efficiency of centrifugal pump, the structure of a centrifugal pump with vaned diffuser, whose
specific speed is 190, was numerically improved by trimming back-blades of impeller and smoothing sharp corner in
annular chamber. The energy performance, the internal flow field, the axial force, the radial force, and the pressure pul-
sation of the pump were analyzed. Results show that efficiency of the improving scheme 1 under the design flow rate is
77.47%, which can balance 69.82% of the axial force, while efficiency of the improving scheme 2 under the design flow
rate is the maximum, which could still balance 62.74% of the axial force. The pressure pulsations of the improving
scheme 2 at the typical monitoring points are less than that of the improving scheme 1 and the original scheme. The dif-
ference of the radial force peak between the improving scheme 1 and the improving scheme 2 is very small. The vector
distributions of the radial force of the improving scheme 1 and the improving scheme 2 are more uniform than that of
the original scheme. Considering the efficiency, pressure pulsation, and axial force, experiment measurements on the
improving scheme 2 were carried out to verify the effectiveness of the improvement result. Results of energy perfor-
mance experiment show that efficiency of the improving scheme 2 under the design flow rate is 76.48%, which is 5.26
percentage points higher than that of the original scheme.

Keywords
Centrifugal pump with vaned diffuser, efficiency improvement, axial force, radial force, pressure pulsation

Date received: 2 October 2018; accepted: 2 January 2019

Handling Editor: Assunta Andreozzi

Introduction simulation. They found that the volumetric efficiency is

the key factor why the gross efficiency changes with
Centrifugal pump is a kind of hydraulic machinery axial clearance. Lipej et al.9 studied the effect of wall
widely used in agriculture, industry, nuclear power, and roughness on the efficiency of centrifugal pump. Li
other fields. It is of great practical significance to et al.10 investigated the effect of the blade-loading
improve the efficiency and optimize the performance of
the centrifugal pump.1–5 Derakhshan et al.6 redesigned 1
National Research Center of Pumps and Pumping System Engineering
the blade shape of a centrifugal pump to improve its
and Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
hydraulic efficiency by using a gradient-based optimi- 2
Institute of Fluid Engineering Equipment, Jiangsu Industrial Technology
zation algorithm coupled with a three-dimensional Research Institute (JITRI), Zhenjiang, China
(3D) Navier–Stokes flow solver. Yang7 improved the 3
TE Connectivity (Suzhou) Ltd., Suzhou, China
hydraulic efficiency by optimizing the impeller of high-
Corresponding author:
specific-speed centrifugal pump. Cao et al.8 studied the Kai Wang, National Research Center of Pumps and Pumping System
effect of axial clearance on the efficiency of a shrouded Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 202013, China.
centrifugal pump with model tests and numerical Email: [email protected]

Creative Commons CC BY: This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License
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further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages (https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/
open-access-at-sage).
2 Advances in Mechanical Engineering

main role is to balance the axial force and axial seal. In

recent years, some scholars have performed a lot of
research on the vaned diffuser of the centrifugal pump
by experiment and numerical simulation.14–18 Sun
et al.19 analyzed the pressure fluctuations in a pump
turbine with different guide vane’s opening angle and
found that pressure fluctuation under design-opening
angle were much lower than those under off-design-
opening angle. The main source of pressure fluctuation
between runner and guide vanes is rotor/stator interac-
tion. Li et al.20 found that the change of the number
and width of impeller back pump-out vanes in the
screw centrifugal pump has great influence on the dis-
tribution of the pressure in seal chamber and volute
casing. Huang and Liu21 employed CFD method to
indicate that the key cause of low-frequency pressure
Figure 1. Structure of the centrifugal pump with vaned diffuser.
pulsation is the eddies generated due to streamline dis-
tortion. Based on the detached eddy simulation (DES)
Table 1. Main structure parameters of the pump.
model, Zhou et al.22 put forward the impeller design
method to optimize the anti-missile blade, reduce the
Structure parameters Values flow loss between the guide vanes, and improve the per-
formance of a multistage centrifugal pump.
Inlet diameter of impellers Dj (mm) 165 Because the back-blades and sharp corner in annu-
Diameter of impellers D2 (mm) 254
Outlet width of impellers b2 (mm) 45 lar chamber directly affect the flow field of the pump,
Blade numbers of impeller Z1 5 their cumulative effect on the pump performance was
Blade wrap angle of impeller ui (°) 95 studied in this article. To improve the efficiency of a
Inlet diameter of vaned diffuser D3 (mm) 260 centrifugal pump with vaned diffuser, two improving
Outlet diameter of vaned diffuser D4 (mm) 450 schemes were proposed by trimming back-blades of
Blade numbers of vaned diffuser Z3 6
Blade wrap angle of vaned diffuser ud (°) 110 impeller and smoothing sharp corner in annular
Inlet diameter of pump suction section Ds (mm) 150 chamber. The energy performance, the internal flow
Outlet diameter of pump discharge section Dd (mm) 125 field, the axial force, the radial force, and pressure
fluctuation of the pump were analyzed with numerical
simulation method. Finally, the energy performance
distribution on head, radial force, and pressure pulsa- of the improving scheme 2 was experimentally
tion of a low-specific-speed centrifugal pump with validated.
cylindrical impeller blades and analyzed the effect of
the variation of the aft-loading point on hydrodynamic
performance of the pump. Wang et al.11 proposed a Improving schemes
method to optimize the design of a typical multistage
centrifugal pump based on energy-loss model and com-
Centrifugal pump with vaned diffuser
putational fluid dynamics (CFD) and assessed interac- Design parameters of a centrifugal pump with vaned
tive relationships among the different types of energy diffuser are as follows. Design flow rate Qd is 270 m3/h,
losses. Dong et al.12 studied the performance character- head of the pump H is 15 m, efficiency of the pump h is
istics of a super-low-specific-speed centrifugal pump 75%, rotation speed
pffiffiffiffi n is 1450 r/min, and specific speed
with different front streamline sweep angles of the ns (ns = (3:65n Q)=H 3=4 , where units of flow rate,
impeller blades and analyzed the effect of the blade rotational speed, and head are m3/s, r/min, and m,
design aspect on internal flow field, pressure pulsation, respectively) is 190. Structure diagram of the centrifu-
and interior and exterior acoustics of the pump. Wang gal pump with vaned diffuser is shown in Figure 1, and
et al.13 analyzed the energy characteristics, pressure the main geometric parameters of the pump are shown
pulsation, vibration, and noise characteristic of a five- in Table 1.
stage centrifugal pump under different flow rate.
Vaned diffuser is one of the most important flow-
passage parts of the centrifugal pump, which has a Experiment of energy performance
direct effect on the performance of the pump. The Experiment bench of the centrifugal pump with vaned
back-blades of the impeller are radial blades on the diffuser is shown in Figure 2. Experimental equipment
back shroud of the centrifugal pump impeller, whose on energy performance of the pump includes a motor,
Wang et al. 3

Figure 2. Experiment bench of the pump: (a) schematic diagram of the experiment bench and (b) experiment bench.

transmitters, and digital power meter, respectively, in

the experiment. All experimental data were managed
and analyzed by a data acquisition instrument.
Figure 3 shows experimental results of energy perfor-
mance of the pump. It can be observed from Figure 3
that under the design flow rate, head of the pump is
15.03 m and efficiency of the pump is only 71.47%.
Therefore, it is necessary to improve its structure so that
its efficiency can reach the design requirement.

Improving schemes
In order to improve efficiency of the centrifugal pump
Figure 3. Energy performance curve in the pump.
with vaned diffuser, the back-blades of the impeller
were trimmed to reduce the power consumption.
Improving schemes are shown in Figure 4. Moreover,
a flow meter, two pressure transmitters, a three-phase
the chamfer of the annual chamber in the original
pulse width modulation (PWM) digital power meter,
scheme was made with sharp corner. In order to
and so on. The flow rate, head, and power were mea-
improve the internal flow field of the pump, sharp
sured several times by the flow meter, pressure
4 Advances in Mechanical Engineering

Numerical simulation method

Grid independence analysis
The 3D model and assembly of the pump were carried
out by Pro/E software. ICEM software was chosen for
hexahedral mesh generation, as shown in Figure 6. In
order to select the appropriate grid number, mesh sen-
sitivity analysis was carried out. Table 2 shows results
of grid independence analysis. As can be seen from
Table 1, with the increase of grids number, head and
efficiency of the pump will be stable at a certain value
and the change is very small. Therefore, considering
the calculation time, scheme 4 was selected for the sub-
sequent simulation.

Boundary conditions
The numerical simulation was carried out by ANSYS
CFX software. The fluid medium chosen was water.
The impeller and back-blades of impeller were arranged
in a rotation domain with a rotational speed of 1450 r/
Figure 4. Trimming back-blades of impeller. min. Other domains were set to be static domains.
There are three pairs of static and dynamic interfaces:
impeller and gap, back-blades of impeller and gap, and
impeller and suction chamber. Other interfaces were
defined as static interfaces. The inlet pressure was set as
the total pressure of 1 atm, and the outlet was set to be
the calculated mass flow rate. The walls were set as no-
slip condition, and the roughness was 0.025 mm.

Applicability of turbulence model

Standard k-e model, shear stress transport (SST) model,
k-v model, and renormalization group (RNG) k-e
model were used to analyze the applicability of turbu-
lence model. Except for the choice of turbulence model,
other settings are the same in the numerical simulation
setting. The simulated head and efficiency of the pump
under the design flow rate are compared with the
experimental results, as shown in Table 3.
Figure 5. Smoothing sharp corner in annular chamber. As can be seen from Table 3, the relative error of
head and efficiency of the four turbulence models under
corner in annular chamber in the improving schemes the design flow rate are larger than experiment values.
was smoothed (shown in Figure 5), whose radius is Compared with each turbulence model, the relative
50 mm. error of standard k-e model is smaller. The relative
Therefore, according to the previous figures, three error of head is 6.7%, and the relative error of effi-
schemes were as follows: ciency is 2.4%. The relative error of SST model is the
largest. The relative error of head is 9.2%, and the rela-
1. Original scheme: the outlet diameter of the tive error of efficiency is 8.7%. Therefore, standard k-e
back-blades is 208 mm and the width is 8.4 mm. model was chosen for the subsequent simulation.
2. Improving scheme 1: the outlet diameter of the
back-blades is 179 mm, the width is 7.4 mm, and
Arrangement of monitoring points of pressure
sharp corner in annular chamber is smoothed.
3. Improving scheme 2: the outlet diameter of the pulsation
back-blades is 150 mm, the width is 6.4 mm, and In order to analyze the pressure pulsation in the pump,
sharp corner in annular chamber is smoothed. the monitoring point P1 at outlet of the impeller, the
Wang et al. 5

Figure 6. Mesh generation.

Table 2. Grid independence analysis.

No. Grid number Head (m) Efficiency (%)

1 15241854 16.05 72.98

2 48210231 16.08 73.06
3 50143163 16.10 73.18
4 52473702 16.11 73.22
5 61016470 16.11 73.23

Table 3. Comparison of turbulence model.

Turbulence model Head

Simulation value (m) Experiment value (m) Relative error (%)

Standard k-e 16.11 15.03 6.7

SST 16.56 9.2
k-v 16.28 7.7
RNG k-e 16.43 8.5

Turbulence model Efficiency

Simulation value (%) Experiment value (%) Relative error (%)

Standard k-e 73.22 71.47 2.4

SST 77.68 8.7
k-v 74.46 4.2
RNG k-e 73.83 3.3

SST: shear stress model; RNG: renormalization group

6 Advances in Mechanical Engineering

Efficiency of the improving scheme 1 is 77.47%, which

is 4.25% higher than that of the original scheme.

Internal flow field

Figure 9 shows the absolute velocity distribution and
streamlines in the middle section under the design flow
rate. As can be seen from Figure 9, the absolute velo-
city distributions in the three schemes are gradually
increased from the impeller inlet. They reach the maxi-
mum at the impeller outlet. In the original scheme, a
high-pressure area appeared on the suction surface of
the impeller near the outlet. The internal flow of the
improving scheme 1 and improving scheme 2 are uni-
form and stable. The high-pressure area is very small
Figure 7. Distribution of monitoring points of pressure and can be neglected. A distinct low-pressure area
pulsation. appeared at downstream of the right side of the annual
chamber in the original scheme. A wake zone without
fluid flow appeared near the low-pressure area. For the
two improving schemes, the impact of the flow is weak,
which can reduce flow loss to some extent.

Axial force
The axial forces of the three schemes under the differ-
ent flow rate are shown in Figure 10. The axial force
decreases with the increase of flow rate. In contrast to
the three schemes, the parameters of the back-blades of
impeller in original scheme are most appropriate.
Because the ability to balance the axial force gradually
decreases after trimming the diameter and width of the
back-blades of impeller. Under the design flow rate, the
Figure 8. Energy performance curve with numerical simulation. axial force of the model without back-blades is 3000 N.
The original scheme can balance 89.47% of the axial
force, while the improving scheme 1 can balance only
monitoring point P2 at outlet of the vaned diffuser, the 69.82% of the axial force and the improving scheme 2
monitoring point P3 at the annular chamber near the can balance only 62.74% of the axial force. The differ-
chamfer, and the monitoring point P4 at the outlet were ence of the axial force between improving scheme 1
selected, which are shown in Figure 7. and improving scheme 2 is 7.08 percentage points.
Because the rotation speed of the pump n is 1450 r/ Although trimming the back-blades of the impeller
min in this experiment, axis-passing frequency of the reduces their ability to balance axial force, it can greatly
pump is 25 Hz. Due to the impeller with five blades, the improve efficiency. Therefore, the improving scheme 2,
blade-passing frequency of the impeller is 125 Hz (i.e. which is better than improving scheme 1, was chosen to
5th harmonic of axis-passing frequency). perform the subsequent experiment verification.

Numerical results and analysis Radial force

Figure 11 shows time domain and frequency domain of
Energy performance the radial force in the impeller under the design flow
Figure 8 shows the energy performance curves of the rate. It can be seen from Figure 11 that the time domain
three schemes. Compared with the original scheme, and frequency domain of radial force in the three
efficiency of improving scheme 1 and improving schemes are exactly the same when the impeller rotates
scheme 2 are greatly increased. Efficiency of the for one circle, while the magnitude is different. It can be
improving scheme 2 is 79.59%, which is the maximum seen from Figure 11(a) that the peak value of the pres-
and is 6.37% higher than that of the original scheme. sure pulsation peak can be arranged in order: original
scheme .improving scheme 1 .improving scheme 2.
Wang et al. 7

Figure 9. Absolute velocity distribution in middle section: (a) original scheme, (b) improving scheme 1, and (c) improving scheme 2.

Figure 10. Axial force under different flow rate.

The peak value of scheme 1 is 12% smaller than that of

the original scheme. The peak value of the improving
scheme 2 is 20% smaller than that of the original
scheme. It can be seen from Figure 11(b) that the domi-
nant frequency of the three schemes is 25 Hz (i.e. axis-
passing frequency) and the second frequency is 600 Hz.
Amplitude of the frequency domain of the improving
scheme 1 is 83.6% of the original scheme. Amplitude of
the frequency domain of the improving scheme 2 is
74.5% of the original scheme.
Figure 12 shows time domain and frequency domain
of the radial force in the annual chamber under the
design flow rate. As can be seen from Figure 12(a), the Figure 11. Radial force in the impeller: (a) time domain and
(b) frequency domain.
radial forces of the three schemes are exactly the same.
There are five peaks and troughs, which is correspond-
ing to the blade number of the impeller. The difference
of the radial force peak between the improving scheme From Figure 12(b), it can be seen that the dominant
1 and the improving scheme 2 is very small. But at the frequency of the three schemes is 120 Hz. Amplitude of
same angle, pressure value of the original scheme is the blade frequency of the radial force in the improving
minimum. This is due to the reduction of the energy scheme 1 and the improving scheme 2 is 6.6% lower
loss when the back-blades of the impeller is trimmed, than that of the original scheme. Therefore, although
which results in the increase of the outlet pressure. the pressure value of the improving scheme 1 and the
8 Advances in Mechanical Engineering

Figure 12. Radial force in the annular chamber: (a) time Figure 14. Pressure pulsation at P1: (a) time domain and
domain and (b) frequency domain. (b) frequency domain.

of the impeller. Therefore, the radial force in the annu-

lar chamber is the result of rotor–stator interference
between the impeller and the vaned diffuser. Each blade
of impeller sweeps over a stationary blade of vaned dif-
fuser which leads to a radial force peak. The difference
of radial force vector between the improving scheme 1
and the improving scheme 2 is very small. The radial
forces of the two schemes are more evenly distributed
in the four quadrants. The radial force of the original
scheme is partial to the X direction. Theoretically, the
radial force distribution is uniform, indicating that the
force in each direction is more uniform, and there will
be no large vibration impact. However, the original
Figure 13. Radial force vector in the annular chamber. scheme with uneven radial force distribution is easy to
generate stress on one side. It leads to greater stress
concentration in the annular chamber which is unfavor-
improving scheme 2 increased, the pressure pulsation able to the long-term smooth running of the pump.
conditions are improved.
Figure 13 indicates radial force vector in the annular
chamber. As can be seen from Figure 13, the radial Pressure pulsation
force vectors of the three schemes are all hexagonal,
which is corresponding to the blade number of the The result of numerical simulation on each monitoring
vaned diffuser. In one rotating period, hexagon repeats point shows the static pressure at different time. In
five times which is corresponding to the blade number order to accurately compare the pressure of each
Wang et al. 9

Figure 15. Pressure pulsation at P2: (a) time domain and

(b) frequency domain. Figure 16. Pressure pulsation at P3: (a) time domain and
(b) frequency domain.

monitoring point, the pressure pulsation coefficient Cp

is introduced does not affect the change trend of the pressure pulsa-
tion at the outlet of the impeller and has little influence
2(p p) on its amplitude.
Cp = Figure 15 gives the time domain and frequency
ru2
domain of the pressure pulsation at the monitoring
where p is the static pressure of the monitoring point, p point P2. The pulsation rule of time domain and fre-
is the average static pressure for the impeller rotating quency domain are basically the same in the three
one circle, and u is the circumferential velocity of the schemes. The order of the peak value of pressure pulsa-
impeller. tion is as follows: improving scheme 2 .improving
Figure 14 shows the time domain and frequency scheme 1 .original scheme. The difference of the peak
domain of the pressure pulsation at the monitoring value of pressure pulsation between the improving
point P1. As can be seen from Figure 14(a), the pulsa- scheme 2 and the original scheme is the largest. The
tions in the three schemes are exactly the same, which peak value of pressure pulsation is 0.14% larger than
have five peaks and troughs. The time to enter the that of the original scheme. The pressure pulsation coef-
peaks (i.e. the high-pressure area) is longer than the ficients of the three schemes are compared. The domi-
time to enter the troughs (i.e. the low-pressure area). It nant frequency of the three schemes is 120 Hz, which is
indicates that high-pressure area at the outlet of impel- the blade-passing frequency of the impeller. The order
ler is larger. As shown in Figure 14(b), the dominant of the amplitudes of the pressure pulsation coefficients
frequency of the three schemes is 150 Hz (i.e. 6th har- is as follows: original scheme .improving scheme
monic of axis-passing frequency, or blade-passing fre- 1 .improving scheme 2. The amplitude of the pressure
quency of the vaned diffuser). The amplitude difference pulsation in the improving scheme 1 is 94.4% of the
of the pressure pulsation between the three schemes is original scheme and improving scheme 2 is 93.2% of
very small. Therefore, trimming back-blades of impeller the original scheme. The difference between the
10 Advances in Mechanical Engineering

annular chamber. The pressure pulsation signal is also

affected by the outlet diffuser section.
Figure 16 shows the time domain and frequency
domain of the pressure pulsation at the monitoring
point P3. As can be seen from Figure 16, the pulsation
rules of the pressure values in the three schemes also are
the same. The order is as follows: original scheme
.improving scheme 1 .improving scheme 2. The peak
value of pressure pulsation in the improving scheme 2 is
0.52% lower than that of the original scheme. Variation
rule of the amplitude of pressure pulsation coefficient is
the same as that of the pressure value. The dominant
frequency of the three schemes is 120 Hz.
Figure 17 shows the time domain and frequency
domain of the pressure pulsation at the monitoring
point P4. As can be seen from Figure 17(a), the pres-
sure values of the improving scheme 1 and the improv-
ing scheme 2 are obviously larger than that of the
original scheme. The pressure value of the improving
scheme 1 is 16.4% larger than that of the original
scheme and the improving scheme 2 is 16.8% larger
than that of the original scheme. The increase of the
outlet pressure is due to the decrease of energy loss
after structural optimization. The magnitude of the
pressure pulsation frequency in Figure 17(b) is in
the order as follows: original scheme .improving
scheme 1 .improving scheme 2. The improving scheme
1 is 12.85% less than that of the original scheme and
Figure 17. Pressure pulsation at P4: (a) time domain and
(b) frequency domain. the improving scheme 2 is 14.2% less than that of the
original scheme. The dominant frequency is the blade-
passing frequency of the impeller.

Experiment verification
In order to verify the feasibility of structural improve-
ment, experimental measurements on the improving
scheme 2 were carried out. The energy performance
curves of the original scheme and the improving
scheme 2 are shown in Figure 18. As can be seen from
Figure 18, the differences between head and efficiency
of the pump before and after optimization are very
small under the small flow rate. With increase of the
flow rate, the difference also increases. Under the
design flow rate, the efficiency of the improving scheme
2 is 76.48%, which is 5.26 percentage points higher
Figure 18. Comparison of energy performance. than that of the original scheme. The effect of struc-
tural improvement is very obvious.

improving scheme 1 and the improving scheme 2 is very

Conclusion
small. Therefore, the pressure pulsation of the monitor-
ing point at outlet of the vaned diffuser is mainly The structure of a centrifugal pump with vaned diffuser
affected by the rotor–stator interference at outlet of the has been improved. Numerical analysis and experimen-
impeller. The monitoring point of the vaned diffuser tal verification have been carried out. Some conclusions
outlet is closer to the outlet diffuser section of the are as follows:
Wang et al. 11

1. Trimming back-blades has a certain influence on 3. Zhang Y, Zhu Z, Cui B, et al. Experimental investigation
the axial force in the pump. Under the design flow of external performance of prototype centrifugal pump
rate, the original scheme can balance 89.47% of during startup period. J Mech Eng 2013; 49: 147–152.
the axial force, the improving scheme 1 can bal- 4. Yuan S, Wang W, Pei J, et al. Multi-objective optimiza-
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scheme 2 can balance 62.74% of the axial force. Soc Agric Eng 2015; 39: 545–546.
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2. The frequency-domain amplitude of radial force
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radial force of the improving scheme 2 is 74.5% ciency improvement of centrifugal reverse pumps. J Fluid
of the original scheme. After structural improve- Eng 2009; 131: 021103.
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increases. But the pulsation of frequency domain high-specific-speed centrifugal pump impeller. Appl Mech
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uniform than that of the original scheme. 8. Cao L, Zhang Y, Wang Z, et al. Effect of axial clearance
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sation coefficients at the four monitoring points Eng 2015; 137: 071101.
are less than that of the original scheme. 9. Lipej A, Muhič S and Mitruševski D. Wall roughness
influence on the efficiency characteristics of centrifugal
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impeller reduces their ability to balance axial
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force, it can greatly improve efficiency. tribution on hydrodynamic performance of a centrifugal
Experimental results of the improving scheme 2 pump with cylindrical blades. J Mech Sci Technol 2018;
show that the efficiency of the improving 32: 1161–1170.
scheme 2 under the design flow rate is 76.48%, 11. Wang C, Shi W, Wang X, et al. Optimal design of multi-
which is 5.26 percentage points higher than that stage centrifugal pump based on the combined energy
of the original scheme. loss model and computational fluid dynamics. Appl Energ
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Declaration of conflicting interests line wrapping angle variation in a super-low specific
The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with speed centrifugal pump. Proc IMechE, Part C: J Mechan-
respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this ical Engineering Science 2018; 232: 4301–4311.
article. 13. Wang K, Xia C, Zhang Z, et al. Experimental investiga-
tion of pressure fluctuation, vibration and noise in a mul-
tistage pump. Shock Vib 2018; 2018: 2784079.
Funding 14. Liu H, Cui J, Tan M, et al. CFD calculation of clocking
The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial sup- effect on centrifugal pump. Trans Chin Soc Agric Eng
port for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this 2013; 29: 67–73.
article: This work was supported by the National Key 15. Junaidi MAR, Kumari NBVL, Samad MA, et al. CFD
Research and Development Program of China (grant no.: simulation to enhance the efficiency of centrifugal pump
2016YFB0200901), the National Natural Science Foundation by application of inner guide vanes. Mater Today Proc
of China (grant nos.: 51579117 and 51779108), and Six 2015; 2: 2073–2082.
Talent Peaks Project in Jiangsu Province of China (grant no.: 16. Wang K, Lu X, He X, et al. Experimental investigation
2018-GDZB-154). of vibration characteristics in a centrifugal pump with
vaned diffuser. Shock Vib 2018; 2018: 9486536.
17. Yuan D, Han Y, Cong X, et al. Design and optimization
ORCID iD of new-type space guide vanes for multistage centrifugal
Kai Wang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2892-2117 pump. J Drain Irrig Mach Eng 2015; 33: 853–858.
18. Zhu X, Jiang W, Li G, et al. Numerical analysis of
hydraulic performance in centrifugal pump with vane dif-
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