The

major goals of studying physiology:

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY 1. To understand and predict the body’s
REVIEWER responses to stimuli.
(CABUG, RICARDO JR. A. BSMT 133) 2. To understand how the body maintains
internal conditions within a narrow range of
CHAPTER I: The Human Organism values in the presence of continually changing
1.1 ANATOMY internal and external environments.
1. Human Anatomy & Physiology – is the
study of the structure and function of the 2. Human Physiology – is the study of a
human body. specific organism, the human, whereas
2. Stimuli (Stimulus) – is a detectable change cellular physiology and systemic
in the internal or external environment. physiology are subdivisions that emphasize
3. Anatomy – is the scientific discipline that specific organizational levels.
investigates the structures of the body.
(Anatomy means to dissect, or cut apart and 1.3 STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL
separate, the parts of the body for study.) ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY

Importance of Anatomy and physiology: Six structural levels:
- Basis of understanding diseases 1. Chemical Level
- Career in health sciences • Smallest level
- Evaluate recommended treatments • Atoms, chemical bond, molecule
- Allows an understanding of how the body 2. Cell Level
works and respond to stimuli. • Cell – the basic structural and functional
units of organisms, such as plants and
Two Basic approaches to the study of anatomy:
animals.
1. Systemic anatomy – is the study of the body
• Organelles – the small structures that
by systems, such as the cardiovascular,
make up some cells.
nervous, skeletal, and muscular systems.
• Compartments and organelles
2. Regional anatomy – is the study of the
• Examples are: Mitochondria & nucleus
organization of the body by areas. Within
3. Tissue Level
each region, such as the head, abdomen, or
• Tissue – is a group of similar cells and
arm, all systems are studied
the materials surrounding them.
simultaneously.
• Smooth muscle – non-striated and

involuntary.
(Anatomists – an expert in anatomy; a
• Histology – the study of the microscopic
dissector.)
structure of tissues.
Four broad types: Epithelial, Connective,
Two general ways to examine the internal
Muscular, Nervous.
structures:
4. Organ Level
1. Surface anatomy – is the study of external
features, such as bony projections, which • Organ – is composed of two or more
serve as landmarks for locating deeper tissue types that together perform one
structures. or more common functions.
2. Anatomical imaging – involves the use of x- Example: Stomach, heart, liver, ovary,
rays, ultrasound, magnetic resonance bladder, kidney.
imaging (MRI), and other technologies to 5. Organ System Level
create pictures of internal structures, such • Organ System – is a group of organs
as when determining if a bone is broken or classified as a unit because of a common
a ligament is torn. function or set of functions.

1.2 PHYSIOLOGY (Organ Systems of the body: last page)
1. Physiology – is the scientific discipline 6. Organism Level
that deals with the processes or functions • Organism – is any living thing considered
of living things. as a whole, whether composed of one
cell, such as a bacterium, or a trillions of Heart rate – 50 to 100 beats per minute
cells, such as a human. Blood pressure
Blood glucose level
1.4 CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE Blood cell counts
Six essential characteristics of life: Respiratory rate
1. Organization – refers to the specific • Normal range (normal value/reference
relationship of the many individual parts of range) – normal extent of increase or
an organism, from cell organelles to decrease around a set point: normal or
organs, interacting and working together. average value of a variable overtime, body
2. Metabolism – is the ability to use energy to temperature fluctuates around a set point.
perform vital functions, such as growth, • Set point for some variables can be
movement, and reproduction. temporarily adjusted depending on the
• Plants, algae, bacteria: Photosynthetic body on the body activities, as needed.
organism can produce its own nutrients. • Examples:
• Virus – can’t produce its own nutrients. •
3. Responsiveness – is the ability of an 2. Negative feedback mechanism – is when any
organism to sense changes in the deviation from the set point is made smaller or
environment and make the adjustments is resisted. (in this context negative means “to
that help maintain its life. decrease.”)
• Adaptation – Processes and structures - A negative feedback response involves;
by which organism adjust in short term Detection: of deviation away from set point and
or long term changes in their Connection: reversal of deviation towards set
environment. Eg: Sweating & shivering point and normal range.
4. Growth – refers to an increase in size of all
or part of the organism. 3. positive feedback mechanism – occur when the
5. Development – it includes the changes an initial stimulus further stimulates the response.
organism undergoes through time. (in this context positive means “to increase.”)
(Development usually involves growth, but - Not directly used homeostasis.
it also involves differentiation.) - Generally associated with diseases.
• CFU-GEMM – Stem cell - Negative feedback mechanism unable to
C – Colony maintain homeostasis.
F - Forming
U - Unit The components of feedback:
G – Granulocytes: white blood cell 1. Receptor – monitors the value of a variable
E – Erythrocytes: red blood cell such as body temperature, by detecting stimuli.
M - Monocytes: small white blood cell 2. Control Center – it determines the set point for
M – Megakaryocytes: small platelets the variable and receives input from the
• Differentiation – is change in cell receptor about the variable, such as part of the
structure and function from generalized brain.
to specialized. 3. Effector – such as the sweat glands, can change
6. Reproduction – is the formation of new the value of the variable when directed by the
cells or new organism. control center.

1.5 HOMEOSTASIS 1.6 TERMINOLOGY AND THE BODY PLAN
1. Homeostasis (homeo/same, stasis/stop) – 1. Anatomical position – refers to a person
is the existence and maintenance of a standing upright with the face directed forward,
relatively constant environment within the the upper limbs hanging to the sides, and the
body despite fluctuations in either the palms of the hands facing forward.
external environment or the internal 2. Supine – when lying face upward.
environment. Value of a variable(Our 3. Prone – when lying face downward.
average body temperature is 98.6°F.)
4. Right & Left – are used as directional terms in in
• Variable – measures of body properties anatomical terminology.
that may change in value. 5. Etymology – is the study of the origin of words
Example of variables: and the way in which their meanings have
Body Temperature – 37 changed throughout history.
6. Superior (Ety/Higher) – in anatomy this term - Ankle
is used for above or up, also called cephalic. - Foot
7. Inferior (Ety/Lower) – in anatomy this term
is used for below or down, also called caudal. The abdomen is often subdivided superficially
8. Anterior (Ety/to go before) – is used for into four sections, or quadrants, by two imaginary
front, also called ventral. lines.
9. Posterior (Ety/Posterus, following) – is used 1. Right upper quadrant
for back, also called dorsal. 2. Left upper quadrant
10. Ventral (Ety/Venter, belly) – it means belly 3. Right lower quadrant
therefore, the anterior surface of the 4. Left lower quadrant
human body can also be called the ventral (Please refer to figure 1.10 pg. 14)
surface, because the belly “goes first” when we
are walking. In addition to these quadrants, the abdomen is
11. Dorsal (Ety/Dorsum, back) – it means sometimes subdivided into regions by four
“back” thus, the posterior surface of the body is imaginary lines, like a tic-tac-toe resulting in 9
the dorsal surface, or back which follows as we regions.
are walking. 1. Right hypochondriac region
12. Proximal (Ety/Proximus, nearest) means 2. Epigastric region
nearest, whereas Distal means distant. These 3. Left hypochondriac region
term are used to refer to linear structures and 4. Right Lumbar region
the other end is farther away. 5. Umbilical region
13. Medial (Ety/Medialis, middle) - means 6. Left Lumbar region
toward the midline. 7. Right iliac region
14. Lateral (Ety/Latus, side) - means away from 8. Hypogastric region
the midline. 9. Left iliac region
15. Superficial (Ety/Superficialist, surface) – (Please refer to figure 1.10 pg. 14)
refers to a structure close to the surface of the
body. Planes: Memorize figure 1.11 pg. 15.
16. Deep (Ety/Deop, deep) – is toward the
interior of the body. Four planes that is used to observe the body’s
structure. (imaginary flat surfaces.):
(Ventral, dorsal, cephalic & caudal – is used 1. Sagittal plane – it runs vertically through the
term in Parasitology) body and separates it into right and left parts.
2. Median plane – is a sagittal plane that passes
Body Parts and Region: Memorize figure 1.9 pg. through the middle of the body, dividing it
13 & 14. into equal right and left halves.
3. Transverse plane or horizontal plane or cross-
The central region of the body consists of: sectional – it runs parallel to the surface of the
1. Head ground, dividing the body into superior and
2. Neck inferior parts.
3. Trunk 4. Frontal plane or coronal plane – it runs
- Thorax (Chest) vertically from right to left and divides the
- Abdomen (Belly) body into anterior and posterior parts.
- Pelvis (Hips)
• Upper Limb Three ways to cut an organ:
- Arm – extends from the shoulder to the 1. Longitudinal section – it is a cut along the
elbow. length of the organ.
- Forearm – extends from the elbow to 2. Transverse section or cross section – it cuts
the wrist. completely through the organ, similar to
- Wrist cutting a hotdog or banana into round pieces.
- Hand 3. Oblique section – It is a cut made diagonally
• Lower Limb across the long axis.
- Thigh – extends from the hip to the
knee. Body Cavities: Memorize figure 1.13 pg. 16
- Leg – extends from the knee to the knee.
The three large cavities in the trunk that is not 18. Peritoneal cavity – a serous membrane–
open to the outside of the body: lined cavity contained in the abdominopelvic
1. Thoracic cavity – is surrounded by the rib cavity. It is also located between the visceral
cage and its separated from the abdominal peritoneum and the parietal peritoneum and
cavity by the muscular diaphragm contains the peritoneal fluid.
• Mediastinum – is a section that houses the • Visceral peritoneum – covers many of the
heart, the thymus, the trachea, the organs of the abdominopelvic cavity.
esophagus, the blood vessel, and other • Parietal peritoneum – lines the wall of the
structures. abdominopelvic cavity and the inferior
2. Abdominal cavity – is bounded primarily by surface of the diaphragm.
the abdominal muscles and contains the - Paracentisis - is a form of body fluid
stomach, the intestines, the liver, the sampling procedure, generally
spleen, the pancreas, and the kidneys. referring to peritoneocentesis in which
3. Pelvic cavity – is a small space enclosed by the peritoneal cavity is punctured by a
needle to sample peritoneal fluid.
the bones of the pelvis and contains the

urinary bladder, part of the large intestine,
Pericardium – around the Heart
and the internal reproductive organs.
Pleura – around the Lungs
• Abdominopelvic cavity – is a cavity that Peritoneum – around the Abdominopelvic
consists of the abdominal cavity and the Cavity and its Organs.
pelvic cavity.
Infection in the serous membrane:
17. Serous membrane or serosal membrane – is 1. Pericarditis – is an inflammation of the
a thin membrane that lines the internal body pericardium.
cavities and organs such as the heart, lungs, 2. Pleurisy – is an inflammation of the pleura.
and abdominal cavity, it also reduces friction. 3. Peritonitis – is an inflammation of the
• Visceral serous membrane – inner layer or peritoneum.
covers the organ. (One form of peritonitis occurs when the
• Parietal serous membrane – outer layer appendix ruptures as a result of appendicitis.)
• Cavity – a fluid-filled space between the
membranes. 19. Mesenteries – it is consisting of two layers
of peritoneum fused together, anchor the
The thoracic cavity contains three major serous organs to the body wall and provide a
membrane-lined cavities: pathway for nerves and blood vessels to reach
1. Pericardial cavity – surrounds the heart the organs.
• Visceral pericardium – covers the heart 20. Retroperitoneal (“Retro” means behind) –
• Parietal pericardium – forms the outer situated or occurring behind the peritoneum.
layer of the sac around the heart. • Retroperitoneal organs: Abdominopelvic
• Pericardial fluid – the fluid filling the - Suprarenal (adrenal) glands
pericardial cavity. - Aorta/inferior vena cava
- Pericardiocentisis - is a procedure - Duodenum
where fluid is aspirated from the - Pancreas
pericardium.
- Ureters
2 & 3. Pleural cavity – it surrounds each lung.
- Colon
• Visceral pleura - it covers both lungs.
- Kidneys
• Parietal pleura – lines the inner surface
- Esophagus
of the thoracic wall, the lateral surfaces
- Rectum
of the mediastinum, and the superior
(SAD PUCKER)
surface of the diaphragm.

• Pleural cavity – is located between the

visceral pleura and the parietal pleura
and contains pleural fluid.
- Pleuracentisis - the perforation of a
cavity of the body or of a cyst or
similar outgrowth, especially with a
hollow needle to remove fluid or gas.