Bobby Hutcherson (born January 27, 1941) in Los Angeles is a jazzvibraphone and marimba player. "Little B's Poem" (from the album Components) is one of his best-known compositions. Hutcherson has influenced younger vibraphonists including Steve Nelson, Joe Locke and Stefon Harris.
Biography
Early life and career
Bobby Hutcherson was born to Eli, a master mason, and Esther, a hairdresser. Hutcherson was exposed to jazz by his brother Teddy, who listened to Art Blakey records in the family home with his friend Dexter Gordon. His older sister Peggy was a singer in Gerald Wilson's orchestra and personally introduced Hutcherson to Eric Dolphy (her boyfriend at the time) and Billy Mitchell. Hutcherson was inspired to take up the vibraphone when he heard Milt Jackson play "Bemsha Swing" on the Miles Davis and the Modern Jazz Giants LP at the age of 12. Still in his teens, Hutcherson began his professional career in the late fifties working with Curtis Amy and Carmell Jones, as well as with Dolphy and Charles Lloyd at Pandora's Box on the Sunset Strip. He made his recording debut on August 3, 1960, cutting two songs for a 7-inch single with the Les McCann trio for Pacific Jazz (released 1961), followed by the LP Groovin' Blue with the Curtis Amy-Frank Butler sextet on December 10 (also released by Pacific Jazz in 1961). In January 1962, Hutcherson joined the Billy Mitchell-Al Grey group for dates at The Jazz Workshop in San Francisco and Birdland in New York City (opposite Art Blakey). After touring with the Mitchell-Grey group for a year, Hutcherson settled in New York City (on 165th street in The Bronx) where he worked part-time as a taxi driver, before fully entering the jazz scene via his childhood friend, bassist Herbie Lewis.
The Juba dance or hambone, originally known as Pattin' Juba (Giouba, Haiti: Djouba), is an American style of dance that involves stomping as well as slapping and patting the arms, legs, chest, and cheeks. "Pattin' Juba" would be used to keep time for other dances during a walkaround. A Juba Dance performance could include:
counter-clockwise turning, often with one leg raised
stomping and slapping
steps such as "the Jubal Jew," "Yaller Cat," "Pigeon Wing" and "Blow That Candle Out."
The dance traditionally ends with a step called "the Long Dog Scratch". Modern variations on the dance include Bo Diddley's "Bo Diddley Beat" and the step-shows of African American and Latino Greek organizations.
History of the dance
The Juba dance was originally from West Africa. It became an African-Americanplantation dance that was performed by slaves during their gatherings when no rhythm instruments were allowed due to fear of secret codes hidden in the drumming. The sounds were also used just as Yoruba and Haitiantalking drums were used to communicate. The dance was performed in Dutch Guiana, the Caribbean, and the southern United States.
In the 19th century, a trading post and a mission, called Gondokoro, was located in the vicinity of Juba. It was the southernmost outpost of the Egyptian garrison, supported by a handful of soldiers, mostly ill due to the malaria and blackwater fever that was dominant in the region. Gondokoro was also the base of the explorers and campaigners (Sir) Samuel and Florence Baker during their expeditions to what is now South Sudan and northern Uganda from 1863 to 1865, and from 1871 to 1873.
Juba itself was established in 1922 as a small town by a number of Greek traders which were mostly supplying the British Army at the time. Although their number never exceeded 2,000 inhabitants, together with a much larger number of the native Bari tribe with whom they had an excellent relationship, the Greeks contributed in what is today visible structures downtown Juba Market area as well as the Greek Quarters (named by the British), a small suburb which today is called Hai Jalaba. Examples of the development by the Greeks are public buildings such as the beautiful stone buildings of Ivory Bank, Notos Lounge, the old Sudan Airways Building, Paradise Hotel, Nile Commercial Bank and Buffalo Commercial Bank, among others. The building of Central Bank was also built at a later stage in the mid '40s as well as the famous Juba Hotel in the mid '30s.
Juba (Arabic:جوبا) (a.k.a. "Joba") is the pseudonym of an alleged sniper involved in the Iraqi Insurgency featured in several videos. The second of these videos shows Juba claiming to have shot 37 American soldiers. Whether Juba is a real individual, a role shared among multiple individuals, or a propaganda/media creation is unknown.
Juba was allegedly murdered by Islamic State in 2013 or 2014.
Videos
Several video clips which allegedly show the actions of Juba have been circulated over the Internet.
First video
In November 2005, a video which was circulating in Iraq appeared on the Internet. The video, attributed to the Sunni insurgent group Islamic Army in Iraq, showed American soldiers being shot and falling to the ground. The video starts with a man saying, "I have nine bullets in this gun and I have a present for George Bush. I am going to kill nine Soldiers. I am doing this for the viewers to watch. God is great. God is great." With that, he makes his way from the vehicle, and a series of separate scenes follow showing several individuals shot in action.
#SãoPaulo #SPFC #Zubeldia
Juba e Tidico conversam sobre tudo que acontece no São Paulo F.C.
Inscreva-se no canal e deixe o like no vídeo!
Coletiva do Juba:
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC7CBhNtBHdl8xodqA2RQbnw
Coletiva do Tidico:
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC8niZPxLSIDTLvRegxVqceQ
Contato: [email protected]
published: 30 May 2024
One Of Juba's Great Songs .....................
published: 09 Jun 2009
Abdiqadir Juba - heestii Shamis with lyrics Simba Studio
JUBA CITY , South Sudan in 2022// Beautiful City by the Nile
Welcome to Juba City, the capital city of Africa’s youngest state, South Sudan. The land of the tallest people on the continent of Africa and arguably the world.
The women of South Sudan and Juba dominate the international runways and magazines as models. Where else will you find tall black beauties with slender elegance? Adut Aketch, currently the world’s most beautiful woman is from Juba City.
The country is surprisingly diverse with over 60 ethnic groups calling it home.
Welcome to Juba City. Juba City is the capital and largest city of South Sudan. The city is situated on the White Nile and also serves as the capital of Central Equatoria State.
Juba is the world's newest capital city, and has a population of over half a million in 2021. The growth of the town accelerated followin...
published: 17 Jul 2021
Abdiqadir juba {anigu wali sidii ban} calaf lyrcis
published: 27 Jun 2020
Hamba Juba - Lady Amar, Cici, Murumba Pitch, JL SA (Official Video) (Collaboration)
Lady Amar, Cici, JL SA & Murumba Pitch releases the Official Video for their collaboration- Hamba Juba
Listen to Hamba Juba - Lady Amar, Cici, JL SA, and Murumba Pitch on your favourite platform here: https://ingroovesafrica.lnk.to/HambaJubaAr
Thanks for watching, please subscribe and connect on other platforms.
Website: http://thehouseofthom.co.za/
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/thehouseofthom/?hl=en
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/misstT23/
Contact: [email protected]
#hambajuba #amapiano #ladyamar #murumbapitch #cici
published: 11 Apr 2023
Kevadel (Juba linnukesed)
Muusika Eesti rahvaviis, sõnad Paul Tekkel, muusikaseade Tajo Kadajas, vokaalseade Ursel Oja. Mängivad Tajo Kadajas ja Vladimir Petuhhov. Laulavad Laura Danilas, Anette Avvald ja Liisi Oja. Noodi esmatrükk väljaandes „Laulmise õpetus ühes noodiõpetusega“ koolide tarvis kokku seadnud Voldemar Tamman, Tartu 1913. See on õppevahend ja õppematerjal muusika õpetajatele, see on ka õppevahend õpetajatele, kes õpetavad teisest rahvusest õpilastele eesti keelt, samuti õpevahend eesti keelt iseseisvalt õppijatele.
It is an educational tool and teaching material for music teachers, it is also an educational tool for teachers who teach Estonian to students of other nationalities, as well as an educational tool for independent learners of Estonian. Music Estonian folk tune, lyrics Paul Tekkel, musical...
#SãoPaulo #SPFC #Zubeldia
Juba e Tidico conversam sobre tudo que acontece no São Paulo F.C.
Inscreva-se no canal e deixe o like no vídeo!
Coletiva do Jub...
#SãoPaulo #SPFC #Zubeldia
Juba e Tidico conversam sobre tudo que acontece no São Paulo F.C.
Inscreva-se no canal e deixe o like no vídeo!
Coletiva do Juba:
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC7CBhNtBHdl8xodqA2RQbnw
Coletiva do Tidico:
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC8niZPxLSIDTLvRegxVqceQ
Contato: [email protected]
#SãoPaulo #SPFC #Zubeldia
Juba e Tidico conversam sobre tudo que acontece no São Paulo F.C.
Inscreva-se no canal e deixe o like no vídeo!
Coletiva do Juba:
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC7CBhNtBHdl8xodqA2RQbnw
Coletiva do Tidico:
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC8niZPxLSIDTLvRegxVqceQ
Contato: [email protected]
Listen to the single “JUBA (feat. Bella Shmurda)". Out Now!
Stream: https://music.empi.re/juba
#QDOT #JUBA #BellaShmurda
Official Video by - "JUBA (fe...
Welcome to Juba City, the capital city of Africa’s youngest state, South Sudan. The land of the tallest people on the continent of Africa and arguably the world...
Welcome to Juba City, the capital city of Africa’s youngest state, South Sudan. The land of the tallest people on the continent of Africa and arguably the world.
The women of South Sudan and Juba dominate the international runways and magazines as models. Where else will you find tall black beauties with slender elegance? Adut Aketch, currently the world’s most beautiful woman is from Juba City.
The country is surprisingly diverse with over 60 ethnic groups calling it home.
Welcome to Juba City. Juba City is the capital and largest city of South Sudan. The city is situated on the White Nile and also serves as the capital of Central Equatoria State.
Juba is the world's newest capital city, and has a population of over half a million in 2021. The growth of the town accelerated following the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in 2005, which made Juba the capital of the Autonomous Government of Southern Sudan.
Juba is developing very rapidly due to oil money and the Chinese coming for work and development. It has been described as undergoing an economic boom, especially in the past five years and since independence.
The prospect of an economic boom has brought thousands of opportunity seekers to Juba, mostly from northern Sudan and the rest of East Africa with several regional and international businesses establishing a presence.
Tall modern skyscrapers adorn Jubas newly tarmacked avenues with shiny billboards announcing the latest commercial establishments. Traders are smiling all the way to the bank as hungry customers throng the well-stocked shops. It’s clear to all and sundry that business in Juba City is booming.
Attributions.
1. Special thanks to Wode Maya for making his video on South Sudan where I got some of the content free under the Creative Commons Licence.
2. Magheda by Punch Deck | https://soundcloud.com/punch-deck
Music promoted by https://www.free-stock-music.com
Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.en_US
3. Special thanks to Amira Deng for use of her music track Achai Pajok https://youtu.be/ZADvtHN1hvA . Please subscribe to her channel for more amazing music.
#South_Sudan #sudan
Welcome to Juba City, the capital city of Africa’s youngest state, South Sudan. The land of the tallest people on the continent of Africa and arguably the world.
The women of South Sudan and Juba dominate the international runways and magazines as models. Where else will you find tall black beauties with slender elegance? Adut Aketch, currently the world’s most beautiful woman is from Juba City.
The country is surprisingly diverse with over 60 ethnic groups calling it home.
Welcome to Juba City. Juba City is the capital and largest city of South Sudan. The city is situated on the White Nile and also serves as the capital of Central Equatoria State.
Juba is the world's newest capital city, and has a population of over half a million in 2021. The growth of the town accelerated following the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in 2005, which made Juba the capital of the Autonomous Government of Southern Sudan.
Juba is developing very rapidly due to oil money and the Chinese coming for work and development. It has been described as undergoing an economic boom, especially in the past five years and since independence.
The prospect of an economic boom has brought thousands of opportunity seekers to Juba, mostly from northern Sudan and the rest of East Africa with several regional and international businesses establishing a presence.
Tall modern skyscrapers adorn Jubas newly tarmacked avenues with shiny billboards announcing the latest commercial establishments. Traders are smiling all the way to the bank as hungry customers throng the well-stocked shops. It’s clear to all and sundry that business in Juba City is booming.
Attributions.
1. Special thanks to Wode Maya for making his video on South Sudan where I got some of the content free under the Creative Commons Licence.
2. Magheda by Punch Deck | https://soundcloud.com/punch-deck
Music promoted by https://www.free-stock-music.com
Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.en_US
3. Special thanks to Amira Deng for use of her music track Achai Pajok https://youtu.be/ZADvtHN1hvA . Please subscribe to her channel for more amazing music.
#South_Sudan #sudan
Lady Amar, Cici, JL SA & Murumba Pitch releases the Official Video for their collaboration- Hamba Juba
Listen to Hamba Juba - Lady Amar, Cici, JL SA, and Muru...
Lady Amar, Cici, JL SA & Murumba Pitch releases the Official Video for their collaboration- Hamba Juba
Listen to Hamba Juba - Lady Amar, Cici, JL SA, and Murumba Pitch on your favourite platform here: https://ingroovesafrica.lnk.to/HambaJubaAr
Thanks for watching, please subscribe and connect on other platforms.
Website: http://thehouseofthom.co.za/
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/thehouseofthom/?hl=en
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/misstT23/
Contact: [email protected]
#hambajuba #amapiano #ladyamar #murumbapitch #cici
Lady Amar, Cici, JL SA & Murumba Pitch releases the Official Video for their collaboration- Hamba Juba
Listen to Hamba Juba - Lady Amar, Cici, JL SA, and Murumba Pitch on your favourite platform here: https://ingroovesafrica.lnk.to/HambaJubaAr
Thanks for watching, please subscribe and connect on other platforms.
Website: http://thehouseofthom.co.za/
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/thehouseofthom/?hl=en
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/misstT23/
Contact: [email protected]
#hambajuba #amapiano #ladyamar #murumbapitch #cici
Muusika Eesti rahvaviis, sõnad Paul Tekkel, muusikaseade Tajo Kadajas, vokaalseade Ursel Oja. Mängivad Tajo Kadajas ja Vladimir Petuhhov. Laulavad Laura Danilas...
Muusika Eesti rahvaviis, sõnad Paul Tekkel, muusikaseade Tajo Kadajas, vokaalseade Ursel Oja. Mängivad Tajo Kadajas ja Vladimir Petuhhov. Laulavad Laura Danilas, Anette Avvald ja Liisi Oja. Noodi esmatrükk väljaandes „Laulmise õpetus ühes noodiõpetusega“ koolide tarvis kokku seadnud Voldemar Tamman, Tartu 1913. See on õppevahend ja õppematerjal muusika õpetajatele, see on ka õppevahend õpetajatele, kes õpetavad teisest rahvusest õpilastele eesti keelt, samuti õpevahend eesti keelt iseseisvalt õppijatele.
It is an educational tool and teaching material for music teachers, it is also an educational tool for teachers who teach Estonian to students of other nationalities, as well as an educational tool for independent learners of Estonian. Music Estonian folk tune, lyrics Paul Tekkel, musical instrument Tajo Kadajas, vocal device Ursel Oja. Playing Tajo Kadajas and Vladimir Petuhhov. Singers are Laura Danilas, Anette Avvald and Liisi Oja. Sheet music for print by Voldemar Tamman, Tartu, 1913, for the schools.
KEVADEL (JUBA LINNUKESED) 1913
Eesti rahvaviis / sõnad Paul Tekkel & K.A.Hermann
Juba linnukesed väljas laulavad,
kenad kasekesed kingul kohavad.
Lumi on ju ära suland,
talvekülm on mööda läind.
Lapsed, kes kui vangis eland,
pole ammu murul käind.
Orus ojakene voolab vulinal,
hõbepilvekene heljub taeva all.
Minnid, Mannid, Jukud, Tõnnid
hüppavad nüüd rõõmuväes.
Möödas kurvad talvetunnid,
kena kevade on käes.
Minnid, Mannid, Jukud, Tõnnid
hüppavad nüüd rõõmuväes.
Möödas kurvad talvetunnid,
kena kevade on käes.
Muusika Eesti rahvaviis, sõnad Paul Tekkel, muusikaseade Tajo Kadajas, vokaalseade Ursel Oja. Mängivad Tajo Kadajas ja Vladimir Petuhhov. Laulavad Laura Danilas, Anette Avvald ja Liisi Oja. Noodi esmatrükk väljaandes „Laulmise õpetus ühes noodiõpetusega“ koolide tarvis kokku seadnud Voldemar Tamman, Tartu 1913. See on õppevahend ja õppematerjal muusika õpetajatele, see on ka õppevahend õpetajatele, kes õpetavad teisest rahvusest õpilastele eesti keelt, samuti õpevahend eesti keelt iseseisvalt õppijatele.
It is an educational tool and teaching material for music teachers, it is also an educational tool for teachers who teach Estonian to students of other nationalities, as well as an educational tool for independent learners of Estonian. Music Estonian folk tune, lyrics Paul Tekkel, musical instrument Tajo Kadajas, vocal device Ursel Oja. Playing Tajo Kadajas and Vladimir Petuhhov. Singers are Laura Danilas, Anette Avvald and Liisi Oja. Sheet music for print by Voldemar Tamman, Tartu, 1913, for the schools.
KEVADEL (JUBA LINNUKESED) 1913
Eesti rahvaviis / sõnad Paul Tekkel & K.A.Hermann
Juba linnukesed väljas laulavad,
kenad kasekesed kingul kohavad.
Lumi on ju ära suland,
talvekülm on mööda läind.
Lapsed, kes kui vangis eland,
pole ammu murul käind.
Orus ojakene voolab vulinal,
hõbepilvekene heljub taeva all.
Minnid, Mannid, Jukud, Tõnnid
hüppavad nüüd rõõmuväes.
Möödas kurvad talvetunnid,
kena kevade on käes.
Minnid, Mannid, Jukud, Tõnnid
hüppavad nüüd rõõmuväes.
Möödas kurvad talvetunnid,
kena kevade on käes.
#SãoPaulo #SPFC #Zubeldia
Juba e Tidico conversam sobre tudo que acontece no São Paulo F.C.
Inscreva-se no canal e deixe o like no vídeo!
Coletiva do Juba:
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC7CBhNtBHdl8xodqA2RQbnw
Coletiva do Tidico:
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC8niZPxLSIDTLvRegxVqceQ
Contato: [email protected]
Welcome to Juba City, the capital city of Africa’s youngest state, South Sudan. The land of the tallest people on the continent of Africa and arguably the world.
The women of South Sudan and Juba dominate the international runways and magazines as models. Where else will you find tall black beauties with slender elegance? Adut Aketch, currently the world’s most beautiful woman is from Juba City.
The country is surprisingly diverse with over 60 ethnic groups calling it home.
Welcome to Juba City. Juba City is the capital and largest city of South Sudan. The city is situated on the White Nile and also serves as the capital of Central Equatoria State.
Juba is the world's newest capital city, and has a population of over half a million in 2021. The growth of the town accelerated following the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in 2005, which made Juba the capital of the Autonomous Government of Southern Sudan.
Juba is developing very rapidly due to oil money and the Chinese coming for work and development. It has been described as undergoing an economic boom, especially in the past five years and since independence.
The prospect of an economic boom has brought thousands of opportunity seekers to Juba, mostly from northern Sudan and the rest of East Africa with several regional and international businesses establishing a presence.
Tall modern skyscrapers adorn Jubas newly tarmacked avenues with shiny billboards announcing the latest commercial establishments. Traders are smiling all the way to the bank as hungry customers throng the well-stocked shops. It’s clear to all and sundry that business in Juba City is booming.
Attributions.
1. Special thanks to Wode Maya for making his video on South Sudan where I got some of the content free under the Creative Commons Licence.
2. Magheda by Punch Deck | https://soundcloud.com/punch-deck
Music promoted by https://www.free-stock-music.com
Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.en_US
3. Special thanks to Amira Deng for use of her music track Achai Pajok https://youtu.be/ZADvtHN1hvA . Please subscribe to her channel for more amazing music.
#South_Sudan #sudan
Lady Amar, Cici, JL SA & Murumba Pitch releases the Official Video for their collaboration- Hamba Juba
Listen to Hamba Juba - Lady Amar, Cici, JL SA, and Murumba Pitch on your favourite platform here: https://ingroovesafrica.lnk.to/HambaJubaAr
Thanks for watching, please subscribe and connect on other platforms.
Website: http://thehouseofthom.co.za/
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/thehouseofthom/?hl=en
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/misstT23/
Contact: [email protected]
#hambajuba #amapiano #ladyamar #murumbapitch #cici
Muusika Eesti rahvaviis, sõnad Paul Tekkel, muusikaseade Tajo Kadajas, vokaalseade Ursel Oja. Mängivad Tajo Kadajas ja Vladimir Petuhhov. Laulavad Laura Danilas, Anette Avvald ja Liisi Oja. Noodi esmatrükk väljaandes „Laulmise õpetus ühes noodiõpetusega“ koolide tarvis kokku seadnud Voldemar Tamman, Tartu 1913. See on õppevahend ja õppematerjal muusika õpetajatele, see on ka õppevahend õpetajatele, kes õpetavad teisest rahvusest õpilastele eesti keelt, samuti õpevahend eesti keelt iseseisvalt õppijatele.
It is an educational tool and teaching material for music teachers, it is also an educational tool for teachers who teach Estonian to students of other nationalities, as well as an educational tool for independent learners of Estonian. Music Estonian folk tune, lyrics Paul Tekkel, musical instrument Tajo Kadajas, vocal device Ursel Oja. Playing Tajo Kadajas and Vladimir Petuhhov. Singers are Laura Danilas, Anette Avvald and Liisi Oja. Sheet music for print by Voldemar Tamman, Tartu, 1913, for the schools.
KEVADEL (JUBA LINNUKESED) 1913
Eesti rahvaviis / sõnad Paul Tekkel & K.A.Hermann
Juba linnukesed väljas laulavad,
kenad kasekesed kingul kohavad.
Lumi on ju ära suland,
talvekülm on mööda läind.
Lapsed, kes kui vangis eland,
pole ammu murul käind.
Orus ojakene voolab vulinal,
hõbepilvekene heljub taeva all.
Minnid, Mannid, Jukud, Tõnnid
hüppavad nüüd rõõmuväes.
Möödas kurvad talvetunnid,
kena kevade on käes.
Minnid, Mannid, Jukud, Tõnnid
hüppavad nüüd rõõmuväes.
Möödas kurvad talvetunnid,
kena kevade on käes.
Bobby Hutcherson (born January 27, 1941) in Los Angeles is a jazzvibraphone and marimba player. "Little B's Poem" (from the album Components) is one of his best-known compositions. Hutcherson has influenced younger vibraphonists including Steve Nelson, Joe Locke and Stefon Harris.
Biography
Early life and career
Bobby Hutcherson was born to Eli, a master mason, and Esther, a hairdresser. Hutcherson was exposed to jazz by his brother Teddy, who listened to Art Blakey records in the family home with his friend Dexter Gordon. His older sister Peggy was a singer in Gerald Wilson's orchestra and personally introduced Hutcherson to Eric Dolphy (her boyfriend at the time) and Billy Mitchell. Hutcherson was inspired to take up the vibraphone when he heard Milt Jackson play "Bemsha Swing" on the Miles Davis and the Modern Jazz Giants LP at the age of 12. Still in his teens, Hutcherson began his professional career in the late fifties working with Curtis Amy and Carmell Jones, as well as with Dolphy and Charles Lloyd at Pandora's Box on the Sunset Strip. He made his recording debut on August 3, 1960, cutting two songs for a 7-inch single with the Les McCann trio for Pacific Jazz (released 1961), followed by the LP Groovin' Blue with the Curtis Amy-Frank Butler sextet on December 10 (also released by Pacific Jazz in 1961). In January 1962, Hutcherson joined the Billy Mitchell-Al Grey group for dates at The Jazz Workshop in San Francisco and Birdland in New York City (opposite Art Blakey). After touring with the Mitchell-Grey group for a year, Hutcherson settled in New York City (on 165th street in The Bronx) where he worked part-time as a taxi driver, before fully entering the jazz scene via his childhood friend, bassist Herbie Lewis.