ãã³ç ãã³ãããã¯ã®è¡æ
å®®å´ã§çºçããå£è¹ç«ããéå»ã«ä¾ãã¿ãªãã»ã©ã®æ¡å¤§ãè¦ãã¦ãããç¾å°ã®çç£æ¥ã«å¯¾ãããã¡ã¼ã¸ã¯è¨ãç¥ããªããããããã®ä¸é¨ã§ã¯ãæ¥æ¬ã®çç£æ¥ã¯çµãã£ããã¨è¨ã声ããèããã¦ããã»ã©ã *1ãè¾²æ¥ã«ããã¦ããã®ãããªä¼æç ã¯ãã°ãã°è´å½çãªãã®ã«ãªããããªããã³ã¼ãã¼æ ½å¹ã«ããã¦ãããã ã£ãã
å°ãå¹´é ï¼å¤±ç¤¼ï¼ï¼ã®ã³ã¼ãã¼é¢ä¿è ã§ããã°ããã©ã¸ã«å¤§é害ï¼1975ã1994ï¼ã®æ¹ãå ã«æãåºããããããªãã確ãã«ãé害ã¯ä¸ç£å°ã丸ãã¨å£æ» ãããããªãã»ã©ã®ãã¡ã¼ã¸ã«ã¤ãªãã£ããã¾ãå ä¹±ãªã©ã®ç¤¾ä¼åé¡ãç£å°ãè¡°éãããã±ã¼ã¹ããå¼·åãªç«¶åå½ã®åºç¾ã§ç£å°ãè¡°éããã±ã¼ã¹ãçµæ¸çãªåé¡ã§è¡°éããã±ã¼ã¹ãªã©ãã³ã¼ãã¼æ ½å¹ã«è´å½çãªãã¡ã¼ã¸ãä¸ããè¦å ã«ã¯ãã¾ãã¾ãªãã®ãåå¨ããããããããã®ä¸ã§ããã³ã¼ãã¼ãã³ç ãã»ã©ãç大ãªè¢«å®³ããããããããã«ãã®å¾ã®ã³ã¼ãã¼æ ½å¹ãä¸å¤ããããã®ã¯ãªãã¨è¨ã£ã¦ããã ããã
*1:ãã¡ããããããªãã¨ã«ã¯ãªããªãã¨ä¿¡ãããããããä¿¡ãã¦ãããã
ã³ã¼ãã¼ãã³ç ã¨ã¯
ã¾ãã¯ããã®ãã³ã¼ãã¼ãã³ç ãã«ã¤ãã¦æ¦è¦ã ã説æãã¦ãããããã³ã¼ãã¼èãã³ç ãã"coffee rust"ã"coffee leaf rust (CLR)"ã¨ãå¼ã°ããããã³ã¼ãã¼ãã³ç èãHemileia vastatrix (ããã¬ã¤ã¢ã»ã´ã¡ã¹ã¿ããªã¯ã¹ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemileia_vastatrix)ã¨ããååã®ã«ãã«ãããæ¤ç©ä¼æç ã ãçºçããã¨ãèã®è£å´ã«èµ¤ãã³ã®ãããªæç¹ãããã¤ãç¾ãã¦æ¬¡ç¬¬ã«åºãããããã¦ãã®èã¯æ¯ãè½ã¡ãããã³ç å¤ã¯èããèã¸ã¨åºãããæçµçã«ã¯ä¸æ¬ã®æ¨å ¨ä½ã®èãè½ã¡ã¦ãã¾ããèã失ã£ãã³ã¼ãã¼ããã¯ãã¯ãå åæãè¡ããã¨ã¯ã§ãããããã¦æ¨ãã®ãã®ãæ¯ãã¦ãã¾ãã
æãããã®ã¯ããã®ãã³ç èã¯ã空æ°ææãããã¨ãããã¨ã ããã³ç ã®èåã¯ç©ºæ°ä¸ãæ¼ããé¨ãéãã¨ãã«å°ä¸ã«éã注ãããã®é¨æ»´ãã³ã¼ãã¼ããã®èã«ããããã¨ã§ææãããèã«ä»çããèåãçé·ããã¨ãã«ãã¯ã³ã¼ãã¼ã®èã®ãç´°èã®ä¸ã«ã¾ã§ãæ½ãè¾¼ã¿ãããã§ãã°ããæ½ä¼ææããç¶æ ã«ãªããä¸æ¦æ·±ãæ½ãè¾¼ãã§ãã¾ãã¨ãæ ¹ãå¼µã£ãæ°´è«ãããããã¡ãæªãâ¦â¦ãã¯ãå®å ¨ã«åãå»ããã¨ã¯ä¸å¯è½ã¨è¨ã£ã¦ããããããã¦çè²ã«é©ããæ°åã«ãªãã¨ãä¸æ°ã«å¢æ®ããèã®è£å´ã«èµ¤ãã³è²ã®èåï¼åçåï¼ãä»ãããææããä¸æ¬ã®æ¨ããã¯ãæ°åååã®èåãæ°ããçã¾ããã¾ããªãè¾²åå ¨ä½ãç£å°å ¨ä½ã«åºãã£ã¦ããã¹ã¦ã®ã³ã¼ãã¼ãããå£æ» ãããããã詳ããå 容ã«ã¤ãã¦ã¯ããã³ã©ã¹ã»ããã¼ããã§ã³ã¬ã¼ããæ» ã¼ããã«ãã»ããã³ã®è©±ã(http://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/4806713724)ãåç §ãã¦æ¬²ããã
ä¸è¬ã«ã¯ãããã¾ã§ã«äºåº¦ã®ã³ã¼ãã¼ãã³ç ã®å¤§æµè¡â¦ããã³ãããã¯ããçºçããã¨è¨ããããæåã®ãã³ãããã¯ã¯ã19ä¸ç´ä¸é ã1860年代ãã19ä¸ç´æ«ã«ããã¦ãæ±åã¢ã¸ã¢ã§å£æ» ç被害ãããããããã®ã§ãããããã¦2åç®ã®ãã³ãããã¯ã¯ãããããç´1ä¸ç´ãçµã¦ã1970年代ã«ä¸åç±³ã§çºçãããã®ã§ããã以ä¸ãããããã第ä¸æ¬¡ãã³ç ãã³ãããã¯ãã第äºæ¬¡ãã³ç ãã³ãããã¯ãã¨å¼ã¶ãã¨ã«ããã*1ã
*1:å³å¯ã«ã¯ãäºåº¦ã®ãã³ãããã¯ã¯ä¸é£ç¶ã«çºçããããã§ã¯ãªãã第ä¸æ¬¡ãã³ãããã¯ã§ãæ±åã¢ã¸ã¢ã§ççºçã«çºçããå¾ã大è¦æ¨¡ãªçºçã§ãããªãã£ãããããã¬ã¹ã«ã«ãæ±ã¢ããªã«ãã¤ã¨ã¡ã³â¦ã¨è¥¿åãã«å¾ã ã«æ¡å¤§ãã¦ããã1950年代ã«ã¢ããªã«å¤§é¸è¥¿å²¸ã«å°éããããã®å¾ã貿æ風ã«ä¹ã£ã¦å¤§è¥¿æ´ã渡ãã1970年代ã«ãã©ã¸ã«ã«å°éããã¨èãããã¦ããããªããããã®ä¼æã¯ä¸»ã«ã空æ°ãä»ãããã®ã ã£ãã¨ãã説ãããããå®éã«ã¯ãã以å¤ã«ãã人ãéãã ã±ã¼ã¹ãååã«èããããã
第ä¸æ¬¡ãã³ãããã¯
ã³ã¼ãã¼ãã³ç ãæåã«åºç¾ããè¨é²ãæ®ã£ã¦ããã®ã¯ã±ãã¢ã®å¥¥å°ããã¯ããªã¢æ¹å¨è¾ºã§ãããããã¯å¥ããããã«ããã©ã¼ã©ç¨®ï¼ããã¹ã¿ï¼ã¨ã¦ã¼ã²ããªã¤ãã¹ç¨®ãåºä¼ã£ã¦ã¢ã©ãã«ç¨®ã®ç¥å ãçã¾ããã¨èãããã¦ããå°ã§ãããã¾ãããã¹ã¿ãåãã¦ç®æãããå°ã§ããããã³ã¼ãã¼æ ½å¹ãã»ã¼ä¸çå ¨ä½ã«è¡ã渡ã£ãã1861å¹´ã®ãã¨ã ãå½æã¯ã¾ã ãã®ä»è¿ã¯æªéã®å°ã«ãããããã®æ人ã ã¯ãã¾ã ã³ã¼ãã¼ãã³ç ã®çã®è å¨ã«æ°ä»ãã¦ã¯ããªãã£ãã
ã³ã¼ãã¼ãã³ç ã¯çºè¦ã®7å¹´å¾ã«ã¯ã¤ã³ãæ´ã渡ã£ã¦ã1868å¹´ã»ã¤ãã³ï¼ã¹ãªã©ã³ã«ï¼ã«å°éããããã§ççºçãªè¢«å®³ãããããããã»ã¤ãã³ã¯ãªã©ã³ã人ã®æã§ããã£ã¨ãæ©ãã³ã¼ãã¼ããããããã¦ããï¼1658å¹´ï¼å°ã§ãã£ãããæ¬æ ¼çãªåæ¥æ ½å¹ãè¡ãããããã«ãªã£ãã®ã¯ãã¤ã®ãªã¹çµ±æ²»ä¸ã«ãªã£ã¦ããã§ãããçç£ãè»éã«ä¹ãåºãã¦ãã¾ãã«ããããããã¨ããææã«ããã³ç ããã®å°ã襲ã£ãã®ã§ããã以å¾ãæ°å¹´ã®ãã¡ã«ãã³ç ã¯ã»ã¤ãã³å³¶å ¨ä½ã«åºãããããã10å¹´å¾ã«ã¯ã³ã¼ãã¼æ ½å¹ã¯å£æ» ãè¶ã®æ ½å¹ã¸ã¨åãæ¿ããããã®ã¯æåãªè©±ã ããã
ã»ã¤ãã³ã§ã®ãã³ç çºçã®ç¿å¹´ï¼1869å¹´ï¼ã«ã¯ãé£æ¥ããã¤ã³ãã§ããã³ç ãçºçããããã®æµè¡ã¯ã»ã¤ãã³ãããæ¿ãããçºçå¾ã¾ããªãã¤ã³ãã®ã³ã¼ãã¼æ ½å¹ã¯ãã»ã¼å£æ» ãã®ç¶æ ã«ãªã£ããããã§ãå±±éå°ã®ä¸é¨ã«ã¯ã被害ãå ããã³ã¼ãã¼ãããæ®ã£ã¦ããã¨è¨ãããããå¾ã«ã¤ã³ãã§ã¯èãã³ç å種ã®éçºç 究ããããã«ãªãããã®éç¨ã§ç½®ãæãããããã çµæãæ§æ¥ã®å種ã¯å¤±ããã¦ãã¾ã£ãã¨è¨ããã¦ããã
ããã¦ãã³ç ã¯ã¤ãã«ã1888å¹´ãå½æéçãèªã£ãä¸å¤§ç£å°ãã¸ã£ã¯ï¼ã¤ã³ããã·ã¢ï¼ã«ããããããããç大ãªè¢«å®³ããããããããã®ããã¤ã³ããã·ã¢ã§ãå¾æ¥ã®å種ã®å¤ãã¯å¤±ããã¦ãã¾ã£ã*1ã
*1:ãã ãããã®ä¸é¨ã¯ã¹ããã©ãªã©ã§çãæ®ã£ã¦ããã¨è¨ããããããã¯ä¿ã«ããªã¼ã«ãã¹ããã©ããã¯ã©ã·ãã¯ã¹ããã©ãã¨å¼ã°ãããããã¼ã²ã³ãã«ãããã·ãã£ã«ã©ã³ããªã©ã®ç¾å°åã§æ ½å¹ããã¦ãããã®ãããã«å½ããã¨è¨ããããã¾ããå¾ã«ã¤ã³ããã·ã¢ç±æ¥ã®ãã£ãã«ã¨ãã¦ãã©ã¸ã«ã«æã¡è¾¼ã¾ããæ ½å¹å種ãã¹ããã©ãã¯ããã¼ã²ã³ãã«ã«è¿ãã¨èãããã¦ãããã¯ã©ã·ãã¯ã¹ããã©ã®ç³»èã«é£ãªãå¯è½æ§ã¯é«ãããã ããããããæ¬å½ã«ãã³ç 以åã®å¤ãå種ããã¨ãããã¨ããã¡ãã¨è¨¼æããã¦ããã¨ããããã§ã¯ãªãã
ããã¹ã¿ï¼ãè¦æ¸ãã®é¸æ
ã»ã¤ãã³ãã¤ã³ãã§ã®ãã³ç ã®è延ã«å¯¾ããå½ç¶ãªããç¾å°ããã³ã¤ã®ãªã¹ã¯ä½ã¨ãé£ãæ¢ãããã¨ãããå½æã®ã¤ã®ãªã¹ã§æ¤ç©ç«ç ç 究ã®ç¬¬ä¸äººè ã§ãã£ãããã¼ã·ã£ã«ã»ã¦ã©ã¼ã (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Marshall_Ward)ãç¾å°ã«ä¹ãè¾¼ãã ãã¦ã©ã¼ãã¯ããã³ç ã®ç åä½ãçºè¦ããããã風ã«ä¹ã£ã¦åºã¾ããã¨*1ãæããã«ããããã¤ãã«å ·ä½çãªè§£æ±ºã«ã¯è³ããªãã£ããã¦ã©ã¼ãã¯ãã¢ãã«ã«ãã£ã¼ããããã°æ¹åãããã¯ãã *2ãã¨é²è¨ããããçµå±ããã¯ã»ã¤ãã³ç¾å°ã§ã¯æ¡ç¨ãããªãã£ãã
ã¨ãããããã¯ãæ±åã¢ã¸ã¢ã®ãã³ç
è延ãé£ãæ¢ããæ¹æ³ã¯ãªãã¨èãããããããã§äººã
ã¯ãå¾æ¥ã®ã¢ã©ãã«ç¨®ãã£ãã«ã«ä»£ããããã£ã¨ä¸å¤«ãªã³ã¼ãã¼ãã®æ¢ç´¢ãã¯ãããã
ãªããªã«
æåã«è¦ã¤ãã£ãã®ã¯ C. libericaããªããªã«ç¨®ã§ããã1874å¹´ã«çºè¦ããããªããªã«ã¯ãã¤ã³ãã§ã®è©¦é¨æ ½å¹ã®çµæãã³ã¼ãã¼ãã³ç ã«å¯¾ããèæ§ãæã£ã¦ãããã¨ãå¤æããã¢ã©ãã«ã«ä»£ãããã®ã¨ãã¦æå¾ ããããâ¦ãããããã®æå¾ ã¯é·ãã¯ç¶ããªãã£ããå½åã¯ç¢ºãã«ãã³ç ã«æµæãããªããªã«ã§ãã£ãããæ°å¹´å¾ã«ã¯ããã³ç ã®é¤é£ã«ãªã£ã¦ãã¾ãã
å¾ã«å¤ã£ããã¨ã ããã³ã¼ãã¼ãã³ç ã«ã¯ããã¤ãã®ãåããåå¨ããã®ã ãç¾å¨ã¾ã§ã«ãã³ã¼ãã¼ãã³ç ã«ã¯IãXXXXã®40種é¡ãã®åãç¥ããã¦ãããå½åãæ±åã¢ã¸ã¢ã«è延ããåã®ã³ã¼ãã¼ãã³ç ã«å¯¾ãããªããªã«ç¨®ã¯æµææ§ãæã£ã¦ãããã次ã ã¨ç¾ããæ°åãã³ç ã«å¯¾ãã¦ã¯ç¡åã ã£ãã®ã ããªããªã«ã¯ãä¸å種ãã¨ãå¼ã°ããããã«ãä¸çä¸ã®ç£å°ãã注ç®ããã¦ãããã®ã®ããã®æ大ã®æã¡å³ã ã£ãã¯ãã®èç æ§ãå½¹ã«ç«ããªããªãã¨ãè¦åãããããªããªã£ã¦ãã£ã*3ã
ããã¹ã¿
ããã¦19ä¸ç´ã®æ«ã«ããã¹ã¿ï¼ã«ããã©ã¼ã©ç¨®ï¼ãçºè¦ãããããã®çºè¦ã®çµç·¯ã«ã¤ãã¦ã¯ã以åã®è¨äºï¼http://d.hatena.ne.jp/coffee_tambe/20100510ï¼ã«è²ããã
ã¨ããããã¨ãã¼ã«ã»ãã¼ã©ã³ããéãããèæ¨ãå ¥æãããã«ã®ã¼ï¼ããªã¥ãã»ã«ï¼ã®åè¸ä¼ç¤¾ã¯ããã®æ¨ãã³ã¼ãã¼ãã³ç ã«æå¹ã§ãããããããªãã¨ããè¦è¾¼ã¿ãä»ããã¨ã1902å¹´ã«ã¯ã¸ã£ã¯ã§ã®ç¾å°æ ½å¹è©¦é¨ã«ä¹ãåºããããã®çµæããã®ç¨®ãå ¨ã¦ã®ãã³ç ã«å¯¾ãã¦åªããèç æ§ã示ããã¨ãæããã«ããã®ã§ããã
ãã¦ãã®ãåªããèç æ§ãã®ããã¹ã¿ã ããæ®å¿µãªãã¨ã«ãã®é¦å³ä¸ã§ã®å質ã¯ãåªãããã¨ã¯ãããªãã£ãâ¦ããã©ããããã©ããªè³ªã®æªãã¢ã©ãã«ãããããã«å£ã£ããã®ã§ãããªãã£ããè¦å³ã¨æ¸ã¿ãå¼·ãããããç¬ç¹ã®ç°èãããããããªã³ã¼ãã¼è±ããåããªããã®ã ã£ãã®ã§ããã
å½ç¶ããã®ã¾ã¾ã§ã¯ä½¿ãç©ã«ãªããªãã¨ãããã¨ã§ãé«å質ã®ã¢ã©ãã«ã¨ã®äº¤é å®é¨ãè¡ããããã¢ã©ãã«ã¨ããã¹ã¿ã®ãåã®åããä½ãããã®ä¸ããã¢ã©ãã«ã®å質ã®é«ãã¨ãããã¹ã¿ã®èç æ§ã®é«ãã®ä¸¡æ¹ãæã£ãåå«ãé¸æãããã¨ããã®ã§ããããããããã®è©¦ã¿ã¯æåããªãã£ãããã®çç±ã¯ãã£ã¨å¾ã«ãªã£ã¦å¤ã£ãã®ã ãâ¦â¦ããã§ä¸ã¤æãåºãã¦æ¬²ãããã¢ã©ãã«ã¨ããã¹ã¿ã®æè²ä½ã®æ°ãç°ãªããã¨ããã¢ã©ãã«ã¯44æ¬ã®æè²ä½ãæã¤ååä½ã«ç¸å½*4ããããã¹ã¿ã¯22æ¬ã®æè²ä½ãæã¤äºåä½ã§ããããã®ä¸¡è ã交é ãããå ´åããã®ãåã®åããã§ãããã¨ã¯ã§ããã®ã ããããã¯é常ãä¸åä½ã«ãªããããã¦ä¸åä½ã®æ¤ç©ã§ã¯ãæ¸æ°åè£ãæ£å¸¸ã«è¡ãããªããããã種ç¡ããã«ãªãã®ã ããã®ãã¨ã¯ãä¾ãã°ç¨®ç¡ãã¹ã¤ã«ã種ç¡ãããã¦ã®ä½åºã§å¿ç¨ããã¦ããâ¦â¦ãããã®æç©ã§ã¯ã種ç¡ããã«ãªããã¨ã§é£ã¹ããããªãã®ã ãããä½ã®åé¡ããªãã®ã ããã³ã¼ãã¼ã§ã¯ããã¯ãããªããã³ã¼ãã¼è±ã¯ã種å*5ããå©ç¨ããã®ã ããã種ã®ãªãã³ã¼ãã¼ã®å®ã§ã¯ããããå®ã£ãã¨ããã§å½¹ã«ç«ããªããã種ç¡ãã³ã¼ãã¼ãã«ãªã£ã¦ããã£ã¦ã¯ã話ã«ãªããªãã®ã ã
ãããã¦ããããã¹ã¿ã®èç æ§ã¨ã¢ã©ãã«ã®é«å質ããå ¼ãåããã³ã¼ãã¼ããã®ä½è£½ã¯ï¼ãã®æç¹ã§ã¯ï¼ä¸æããããªãã£ããããã§ãã¸ã£ã¯ã¯ãè¦ãã¦æ¸ããããã¹ã¿ã¸ã®è»¢ä½ã¨ãããã¾ãã«ãè¦æ¸ã®ã決æãä¸ããã¨ã«ãªããããã¦ãåæ§ã«ä½å°ã§ã®æ ½å¹ãä¸å¿ã«è¡ãããã³ç ã®è¢«å®³ãåºã¾ã£ãã¤ã³ãããããã ãããã¢ããªã«ã«è³ãã¾ã§ãããã¹ã¿æ ½å¹ã¯åºãã£ã¦ãããã¨ã«ãªãã
*1:ãã ããã®å¾ãããã«å対ãã説ãå±ããããâ¦æçµçã«ã¯ã¦ã©ã¼ããæ£ããã£ãã®ã ã
*2:å®éã·ã§ã¼ãããªã¼ãããã°ã被害ã¯å°ãããªããã¨ãå¾ã«å ±åããããç´æ¥é¨æ»´ããããã«ãããªããããã¨è¨ãããã
*3:å¯ä¸ã®ä¾å¤ã¯ãã¨ãã»ã«ãµãã§ããã
*4:ç°è³ªååä½ãè¤äºåä½ã¨ã
*5:å³å¯ã«ã¯ç¨®åãã種ç®ãé¤ããèä¹³
第äºæ¬¡ãã³ç ãã³ãããã¯
ãã¦æ±åã¢ã¸ã¢ãè¦æ¸ã®æ±ºæãããä¸æ¹ã§ããã®æ©æµãåããå°åãããããã©ã¸ã«ãã¯ããã¨ããä¸å米諸å½ã ã19ä¸ç´æ«ãã20ä¸ç´åãã«ããã¦ãæ±åã¢ã¸ã¢ããã¢ããªã«ã¸ã¨è¢«å®³ãæ¡å¤§ãã¦ãã£ãããä¸åç±³ããè¦ãã¨ããã¯å¤§æ´ã®åããã®ãã¾ãã«ã対岸ã®ç«äºãã§ãããªãã£ããæ±åã¢ã¸ã¢ãä½å質ã®ããã¹ã¿ã¸ã¨åãæ¿ãã¦ããä¸ãä¸åç±³ã¯ãé«å質ãã売ãã®ã¢ã©ãã«ã®çç£ãç¶ãã¦ãã£ãã®ã ã
ããããã»ã¤ãã³ã§ã®çºçããã»ã¼100å¹´ãçµã£ã1970å¹´ããã©ã¸ã«ã§ã¨ãã¨ãä¸åç±³åã®ã³ã¼ãã¼ãã³ç çºçãå ±åããããããã¦ç´10å¹´éã®ãã¡ã«ãã³ãã³ãã¢ããã¡ãã·ã³ã«è³ãä¸å米諸å½ã§ããã³ç ã®çºçãè¦ãããããã«ãªã£ãã®ã *1ã
ãããã¦ãä¸åç±³ã§ããã¤ã¦æ±åã¢ã¸ã¢ãããããããã«ãè¦æ¸ã®é¸æãè¿«ããããã¨ã«ãªãâ¦â¦ãã¤ã¦ã¸ã£ã¯ãããããããã«ä½å質ãªããã¹ã¿ã«è»¢ä½ããã®ããããã¨ãã»ã¤ãã³ãããããããã«ã³ã¼ãã¼ãã®ãã®ãããããã¦ãã¾ãã®ãã
ãããä¸åç±³ã«ã¨ã£ã¦å¹¸ããªãã¨ã«ã100å¹´ã¨ããææ¥ã®ãããã§ããã®ã¨ãã¯å¥ã®é¸æè¢ãåå¨ãã¦ããããã®æ±ºãæã«ãªã£ãã®ã¯ãä¸ã¤ã¯ãã³ç ã«æå¹ãªè¾²è¬ã®éçºãããä¸ã¤ã¯æ°ããªãèãã³ç å種ã®çºè¦ã§ãã£ããæå¹ãªè¾²è¬ã«ã¤ãã¦ã®è©³ç´°ã¯å¾ã®æ©ä¼ã«è²ãã*2ãè¾²è¬ãåå¨ãããããã§ãç£å°ã¾ããã¨ãä¸æ°ã«å£æ» ããäºæ ã¯é¿ãããã¨ãã§ããããã ããè¾²è¬ã使ãç¶ãããã¨ã¯çç£ã³ã¹ããä¸ãããã¨ã«ãã¤ãªããããã®ãããèãã³ç å種ã«åã³ä¸çã®æ³¨ç®ãéã¾ããã¨ã«ãªãã
ç¶ãã¦ããæ¢ç´¢ã¨ãã£ã¢ã¼ã«ã®å¥è·¡
話ã¯50å¹´è¿ãé¡ã£ã¦1925å¹´ãã¤ã³ãã§ãCoffee Board of Indiaãè¨ç«ãããããã®å½æãæ¢ã«ããã¹ã¿ã«å¯¾ããè©ä¾¡ã¯å°ã«è½ã¡ããã¥ã¼ã¨ã¼ã¯ã§ã®åå¼ã1912å¹´ã«ã¯åæ¢ãã¦ããããããã®èæ¯ããããã§ã«ããã³ç ãè延ãã¦ãããã¤ã³ãã§ãèãã³ç å種ã®æ¢ç´¢ã¨è²ç¨®ã¯ç¶ç¶çã«è¡ããã¦ããã®ã§ããããã®éç¨ã§ããã¤ãã®æç¨ãªå種ãè¦ãã ãããã
ã±ã³ãï¼Kentï¼ã¯ãã¤ã³ãã§æ ½å¹ããã¦ãããã£ãã«ã®ä¸ã§æ¯è¼çãèãã³ç ã®ãã®ã¨ãã¦è¦ã¤ãã£ããããªã¼ã«ãã±ã³ããã¨ãå¼ã°ããã¤ã³ãç±æ¥ã®å種ã¨ãã¦ã¯æããæãå¤ããã®ã®ä¸ã¤ã§ãããï¼ãã ãããã³ç 以åã®å種ã¨ã®é¢ä¿æ§ã¯ä¸æã§ãããï¼ãå質ã¨ãã¦ã¯ãã£ãã«ã«è¿ããã®ã§ãã£ãããããã¦æ°åãã³ç ã®åã«å±ããã
ã¾ããSã©ã¤ã³ãã¨å¼ã°ããèç æ§å種ãéçºããããæåã«è¦ã¤ãã£ãã®ã¯ãS.288ã¨å¼ã°ããèç å種ã§ãããèãã³ç æ§ã示ããã¨ã§æ³¨ç®ãããããçµå®ã¯ä¸å®å®ã§ãããããã«ãããæ°åãã³ç ã«ã¯ç¡åã§ãã£ããå¾ã«ããã®S.288ã¯ãå½æã¤ã³ãã®è¾²åã§è¿ãã«æ ½å¹ãã¦ããã¢ã©ãã«ã¨ãªããªã«ãèªç¶ã«äº¤éãã¦åºæ¥ãé種ã§ãããã¨ãå¤æãã¦ãããã¾ããã®ã±ã³ãã¨S.288ã交é ããããã®ãS.795ã¨å¼ã³ãçµå®ãå®å®ã«ãªãããã³ç èæ§ãåä¸ãããããã¯ããã®å¾çºçããæ°åãã³ç ã®åã«å±ãã¦ããã
ããã«1950å¹´é ããã¯ãå¤ãã®å½ãååããå½¢ã§ãèãã³ç ã®å種ãæ±ãã¦ã¨ããªãã¢éç種ããã®æ¢ç´¢ãè¡ããããæçµçã«ãæ°å種é¡ã«ãä¸ããµã³ãã«ãã¨ããªãã¢ããæ¡åãããããã®ä¸ã§ãã¢ã¬ããã«ãã¡ãªã©ãä¸é¨ã®ãã³ç ã«èæ§ãæã¤ãã¨ãæããã«ãªã£ããç¾å¨ããé«å質ã³ã¼ãã¼ãã®ä»£è¡¨æ ¼ã¨ãã¦ããããªã©ã§æ ½å¹ããã¦ãããã²ã¤ã·ã£ãããå ã ã¯ãã®ã¨ãã«ã¨ããªãã¢ã§æ¡åããããã®ã§ãããä¸é¨ã®ãã³ç ã«æå¹ãªãã¨ãå ±åããã¦ãã*1ããããããããã®ã¨ããªãã¢éç種ç±æ¥ã®å種群ããå ¨ã¦ã®ãã³ç ã«å¯¾ãã¦æå¹ã ã£ãããã§ã¯ãªããåé¡ã®è§£æ±ºã«ã¯è³ããªãã£ãã
ãããã¦æ¢ç´¢ãé£èªããä¸ãã¨ãã¨ããæä¸ä¸»ãã¨ãå¼ã¹ããã®ãè¦ã¤ãã£ãâ¦æ®å¿µãªããã¤ã³ã以å¤ã®æã«ãã£ã¦ã1927å¹´ããã«ãã¬ã«é æ±ãã£ã¢ã¼ã«ã®å人農åã§è¦ã¤ãã£ã¦ããä¸æ¬ã®ã³ã¼ãã¼ãããããã³ç ã«æå¹ã§ãããã¨ãå¤æããã®ã ããã®æ¨ã¯ããã¹ã¿ã¨ç°ãªããã¢ã©ãã«ã¨äº¤é ãããã¨ãå¯è½ã§ãã£ããå¾ã«ããã®æ¨ã¯ãã¾ãã¾ï¼åä½ã«ãªã£ãï¼ååããï¼ããã¹ã¿ã¨ãã¢ã©ãã«ã¨ã®éã«çãã交é種ï¼ãã¤ããªããï¼ã§ãããã¨ãå¤æããããã£ã¢ã¼ã«ããããã¯è±åã§ããã£ã¢ã¼ã«ã»ãã¤ããªãã Timor Hybridãããã«ãã¬ã«èªã§ããã¤ããªãã»ãã»ãã£ã¢ã¼ã« Hybrido de Timor, HdTãã¨å¼ã°ããããã«ãªã£ãã
ãã®ãã£ã¢ã¼ã«ã¯ãããã¹ã¿ã®æã¤èãã³ç æ§ãå®å ¨ã«åãç¶ãã§ãã*2ããã¹ã¦ã®ã³ã¼ãã¼ãã³ç ã«å¯¾ãã¦åªããèç æ§ãçºæ®ãããä¸æ¹ããã®å質ã¯ç´ç²ãªããã¹ã¿ããã¯è¥å¹²ã¾ããã¨ããç¨åº¦ã§ãããªãããã®ã¾ã¾ã§ã¯åå価å¤ããªããã¨ã¯æããã ã£ããããããããã§ãã¢ã©ãã«ã¨äº¤é å¯è½ãã¨ããæ§è³ªãéè¦ã«ãªã£ã¦ãããããã¹ã¿çºè¦ã®å½åã¯ããããããããªãã£ããããã¹ã¿ã¨ã¢ã©ãã«ã®ä¸¡æ¹ã®é·æãæã£ããåã®åã®éçºãå¯è½ã«ãªã£ãããã§ããããã£ã¢ã¼ã«ããã親ã®çæ¹ãã«ãããã¢ã©ãã«ã¨äº¤é ããã¦ãããæ»ã交é ãã¨ããææ³ã§ãèãã³ç æ§æ¤ç©ã®éçºãè¡ããã¦ãã£ãã
æåã«ãå®ç¨å¯è½ãªãåã®åããåºæ¥ãã®ã¯1959å¹´ããã«ãã¬ã«ã®è©¦é¨å ´ã§ãã£ããå½æãä¸ç±³ã§ä¸»æµã«ãªã£ã¦ããç®æ§å種ãã«ãã¥ã¼ã©ãã¨ããã£ã¢ã¼ã«ãã®éã«åºæ¥ãåã®åã§ããã«ãã¢ã¼ã«ï¼ã¾ãã¯ã«ãã£ã¢ã¼ã«ï¼ãã¨åä»ããããã1970年以éããã®ã«ãã¢ã¼ã«ã¨ãã®åå«ã¨ãã¦çã¾ããããã¤ããªãããããä¸åç±³ã§ã®ãä¸è¬çãªãå種ã«ãªã£ã¦ããã®ã§ããã
ã³ãã³ãã¢ã§ã¯ãããã«ã«ãã¢ã¼ã«ãã«ãã¥ã¼ã©ã«æ»ã交é ããå種ãã´ã¡ãªã¨ãã»ã³ãã³ãã¢ãï¼ãããã¯åã«ãã³ãã³ãã¢ãï¼ã主æµã«ãªã£ããã¾ãæ°å風åçã«ã«ãã¥ã¼ã©ãé©ããªãã£ãï¼ã«ãã¥ã¼ã©ã§ã¯ååãªçç£éãå¾ããã¦ããªãã£ãï¼ãã©ã¸ã«ã§ã¯ãã«ãã¥ã¼ã©åæ§ã«ç®æ§ã ããã風åã«é©åãã¦ããã«ãã¥ã¢ã¤ãã´ã£ã©ãµã«ãã¨ã«ãã¢ã¼ã«ã®äº¤é ã«ããããµã«ãã¢ã¼ã«ããªããã³ããã¥ããªã©ã®èæ§å種ãä½è£½ããããã¾ããã«ãã¢ã¼ã«ãçã¾ããåçãå¿ç¨ãã¦ããã£ã¢ã¼ã«ã¨ã¯å¥ã®ãã¤ããªããã§ããã¤ã«ãã¥ãªã©ãä½è£½ãããããããã¦äººçºçã«çã¾ããã¢ã©ãã«ã¨ããã¹ã¿ã®ãã¤ããªããã¯ãã¢ã©ãã¹ã¿ãã¨ãç·ç§°ããã¦ããã
ãã®ããã«ãã¦ä¸åç±³ã§ã¯ãã¸ã£ã¯ãã»ã¤ãã³ã®è½ãè¸ããã¨ãªããè¾ããã¦ãã¢ã©ãã«ï¼ã®è¡ãåãç¶ãã å種ï¼ãã®æ ½å¹ãç¶ç¶ãããã¨ã«æåããã®ã§ããã
*1:ãã®ããã1970年以éã®ãã³ç æµè¡æã«ãããããªã©ã§èãã³ç å種ã¨ãã¦ä¸é¨ã®è¾²åã«åä¸ãããããã®å¾ãåç©«æ§ã®ä½ããã注ç®ãããªããªã£ã¦ããããç¬ç¹ã®é¦å³ã«æ³¨ç®ããã¦ãåçºæããããä»ã«è³ã£ã¦ãã
*2:ã³ã¼ãã¼ãã³ç ã«å¯¾ããèæ§éºä¼åâ¦ããã§ãããéºä¼åãã¯geneã§ãªããå¤å ¸éºä¼å¦ä¸ã§ã®ãéºä¼åãã§alleleã«è¿ãæå³ã ãâ¦ã¯ãããã¾ã§ã«9種é¡è¦ã¤ãã£ã¦ãããSH1-SH9ã¨å¼ã°ãã¦ããããã®ãã¡ã©ã®çµã¿åãããæã¤ãã§ãã³ç èæ§ã¯ç°ãªããSH5ã¯ã»ã¨ãã©ã®èæ§å種ã«è¦ãããå®ã¯ãã«ãã³ãSH5ã ãã¯æã£ã¦ãããSH2ã¯ã±ã³ãã«ç±æ¥ããSH1,4ã¯ã«ãã¡ãã²ã¤ã·ã£ãªã©ã®ã¨ããªãã¢éç種ã«è¦ããããSH3ã¯S.288ã«è¦ãããªããªã«ã«ç±æ¥ããã¨èãããããããã¹ã¿ã®èæ§ã¯SH5,6,7,8,9ã«ç±æ¥ãããã£ã¢ã¼ã«ã«ã¯ãã®ãã¹ã¦ãä¿åããã¦ããããã ãããã以å¤ã«ãèæ§ã«é¢ä¸ããéºä¼åãåå¨ããã¨ãè¨ããã¦ããã
ã¹ãã·ã£ã«ã㣠vs ã³ã¢ãã£ãã£ã¨ãã¦ã®èç å種
ãããä¸æ¹ã§ããã®ããã¤ããªãããã®æ®åã¯ãã¢ã¡ãªã«ãæ¥æ¬ãã¨ã¼ããããªã©ã®æ¶è²»å½ããã¯å¿ ãããæè¿ãããã¨ã¯è¨ãããããã®ã ã£ãã®ãäºå®ã ããããæ»ã交é ãã¦ãå ã®ã¢ã©ãã«ã«è¿ã¥ãããã¨ã¯è¨ã£ã¦ããè¥å¹²ã®é¦å³ä¸ã®éãã¯çãããããããã¯ãå質ã®ä½ä¸ãã¨è¦ãªããããã¾ãã³ã¼ãã¼ãã³ç ã«å¯¾ããè¾²è¬ã®ä½¿ç¨ãåå ã¨ãããããã§ãã¼ã«èãã®å¢å *1ãå ãããã70年代以éãä¸åç±³ã®ã³ã¼ãã¼ã®å質ã¯è½ã¡ããã¨è©ä¾¡ãã¦ããè ã¯ãå°ãªãããåå¨ãã¦ããã
è¿å¹´ã®ãã¹ãã·ã£ã«ãã£ã³ã¼ãã¼ããã¼ã ã¯ãå ã ãããã®ãã³ã¼ãã¼ã®ä½å質åãã«å¯¾ããã¢ã³ããã¼ã¼ã¨ãã¦è²ã£ã¦ããã¨ããå´é¢ããããããã¦ãã®å´é¢ããè¦ãã°ãä¸åç±³ãèãã³ç ã®ããã«è¡ã£ãããã¤ããªããã®å°å ¥ããèãã³ç è¾²è¬ã®å°å ¥ãã®ä¸¡æ¹ãããã¹ãã·ã£ã«ãã£ã®æµãã¨è¦ãªãã¦ãéé£ãæ»æã®å¯¾è±¡ã¨ãã¦ããè ãåå¨ãããã¨ããã¾ãäºå®ã§ããã
â¦â¦ç©äºãããã¾ã§åç´ã«èãããã人ã¯ããã£ã¨æ¬äººã¯å¹¸ããªãã ããã¨æããããããç¾å®ãã¯ãããªã«åç´ãªãã®ã§ã¯ãªãããã¤ããªããå種ã¨è¾²è¬ããã®ããããçæ¹ãæ¬ ãã¦ããã ãã§ããä»ã®ããã«ãã³ã¼ãã¼ã飲ããæ¯æ¥ããç¶ãã¦ããã¨ããä¿è¨¼ã¯å ¨ããªãã®ã â¦â¦ããã«è¨ããªããã³ã¼ãã¼ãã³ç ã®è å¨ã¯ä»ããªããç¾å¨é²è¡å½¢ã§ç¶ãã¦ããâ¦ä¾ãã°ãæ¨å¹´ã®3æé ã«ãã³ãã³ãã¢ã§ãã³ç ãçºçãããããªãæ°åã®çºçãï¼ã¨ãã¦è¦åãåºããããããã ã
ã¾ããèç å種ã ãããã¨ããã ãã§ããã®å種ãä½ãè©ä¾¡ãããããªãèªç§°ã»ã¹ãã·ã£ã«ãã£ã³ã¼ãã¼ã®å°é家ããããããã ããããã«ã¤ãã¦ãæµ èãªèãã ãã¨éãæãã¦ãããããç¾å¨ãã³ã¼ãã¼ã®çç£å°ã§ã¯å®ã«ãã¾ãã¾ãªå種ãéçºããã¦ããããã®ä¸ã§ã¯ãã¤ããªããã®è©ä¾¡ãå¾ã ã«ä¸ããã¤ã¤ããããããã®ãããã¹ã¿ã§ããæ°´æ´å¼ã®å°å ¥ãªã©ã«ãã£ã¦ããã®ç¬èªã®æã¡å³ããåæ§ãã®ä¸ã¤ã¨ãã¦è©ä¾¡ãããã¨ããåãããã*2ã®ã ããèç å種ã§ãããã¹ã¿ã®æ§è³ªãåãç¶ãã§ãããã¨ãããã¨ããç絡çã«ãï¼ä½å質ãã¨èããã®ã§ã¯ãªããããã¾ã§èªåã®èã¨é¼»ã§ãå質ã®é«ãããè©ä¾¡ã§ãã¦ãããåãã¦ãçã®å°é家ãã¨å¼ã¹ãã®ã§ã¯ãªãã ãããã
â¦â¦ã¨ã¾ããæå¾ã¯ä½ã ããå®æãªãã¼ã ããæ¹å¤ãããããªç· ãã«ãªã£ãããå®ã¯ããã¾ãããããã®ã¯ã¬ã©ã«åããªãã®ã§ããã®ãããã«ãã¦ãããããå¾ã¯ãçãããåã èãã¦ã»ãããã¨ãããã¨ã§ã
*1:2,4,6-ããªã¯ãããã§ãã¼ã«ã2,4,6-ããªã¯ããã¢ãã½ã¼ã«ãªã©ã®å¡©åãã§ãã¼ã«ååç©ãåå ã¨è¨ãããããããã¯è¾²è¬ã«ç±æ¥ããå¡©ç´ ååç©ãããåå£ä¸ã®ã«ããä½ãåºããã®ã¨èãããã¦ããâ¦â¦å人çã«ã¯ãè¾²è¬ä»¥å¤ã«ãããã¹ã¿ã«ãããã¯ããã²ã³é ¸éã®å¤ãã®ããã«çããé¨åãããã ããã¨èãããã
*2:ã¾ããã¡ãããæãªããã®ããã¹ã¿ããåæ§çãã¨è¨ããã¦ãå°ãããã§â¦ãåæ§ãã¨ã¯ä¾¿å©ãªè¨èã ãããã¡ãã¨å質è©ä¾¡ã§ããªã人ã使ãã¨å¤±ç¬ç©ã«ãªããããªãã®ã§è¦æ³¨æã ã