2024/11/11ã12 ã«è¡ããã JPAAWG 7th General Meeting ã§çºè¡¨ããè³æã§ã https://meetings.jpaawg.org/
by Colony of Gamers è¨äºä½ææç¹ã§ã¯ã¢ããã°ã¬ã¼ãçã®ãCounter-Strike 2ãã¨ãã¦PCã²ã¼ã ãã©ãããã©ã¼ã ã»Steamã§é ä¿¡ããã¦ãããCounter-Strike: Global Offensive(CSGO)ãã¯ã2012å¹´ã®ãªãªã¼ã¹ä»¥æ¥é·å¹´ã«ãããã²ã¼ãã¼ã«æããã¦ããFPSã§ãããããªCSGOã§æ¨ªè¡ãã¦ãããã¼ããåªããæ©è»¢ã§é§éããæ¹æ³ããèåã²ã¼ã ãµã¼ãã¼ã®è¨ç«è ãå ¬éãã¦ãã¾ãã How we Outsmarted CSGO Cheaters with IdentityLogger - Mo Beigi https://mobeigi.com/blog/gaming/how-we-outsmarted-csgo-cheaters-with-identitylogger/ ä»åãCSGOã®ãã¼ã¿ã¼ãæ²æ» ããã¢ã¤ãã¢ãå ¬éããã®ã¯ãã½ããã¦ã§ã¢
Webãµã¼ãã¼ã§ä½¿ããµã¼ãã¼è¨¼ææ¸ã®çºè¡æ°ãä¸çæå¤ã®èªè¨¼å±Let's Encryptï¼ã¬ããã¨ã³ã¯ãªããï¼ã¯2024å¹´7æ23æ¥ãè¡æçãªå£°æãçºè¡¨ããããµã¼ãã¼è¨¼ææ¸ã®æå¹æ§ã確èªããã¡ã¸ã£ã¼ãªãããã³ã«ãOCSPï¼Online Certificate Status Protocolï¼ãã®ãµãã¼ããçµäºããæåã示ããã®ã ã
Miggo Securityã¯2024å¹´8æ20æ¥ï¼ç¾å°æéï¼ãAWSã®ã¢ããªã±ã¼ã·ã§ã³ãã¼ããã©ã³ãµã¼ï¼ALBï¼ã«é大ãªã»ãã¥ãªãã£èå¼±(ãããããï¼æ§ãALBeastããããã¨çºè¡¨ãããALBeastã¯ALBãèªè¨¼æ©è½ã¨ãã¦ä½¿ç¨ããã¢ããªã±ã¼ã·ã§ã³ã«ããã¦èªè¨¼ãã¤ãã¹ãå¯è½ã«ãããã®ã ãå½±é¿ãåããã¢ããªã±ã¼ã·ã§ã³ã¯1ä¸5000以ä¸ã«ããã¶ã AWS ALBã®èªè¨¼æ©è½ã«é ããèå¼±æ§ãALBeastã ãã ããAWSã¯èå¼±æ§ã¨ã¯èªãããããµã¼ãã¹ã¯æå³ãããéãã«åãã¦ãããã¨è¿°ã¹ãããã®çç±ã¯ä½ããã¾ããALBeastãæªç¨ãããã¨ã©ã®ãããªå±éºæ§ãããã®ã ãããã ALBeastã¯ALBã®èªè¨¼ã¡ã«ããºã ã«ä¾åãã¦ããã¤ã³ã¿ã¼ãããã«å ¬éãããã¢ããªã±ã¼ã·ã§ã³ã«ããã¦ãæ»æè ãèªè¨¼ãæ¿èªã®ããã»ã¹ããã¤ãã¹ã§ããæ§æãã¼ã¹ã®æ¬ é¥ã¨ããã¦ãããæªç¨ãããå ´åã¯ä¸æ£ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ããã¼ã¿ä¾µå®³ãæ
æè¡ä¸èª²ã®ææã§ãã2019å¹´11æãAmazon EC2ã®Instance Metadata Service v2(IMDSv2)ãçºè¡¨ããã¾ããã ã»ãã¥ãªãã£å¼·åã®ããã®ã¢ããã§ãããã©ããã¦ãã©ã®ããã«ãã¦ã»ãã¥ãªãã£å¼·åã«ãªãã®ãããã³ã¨ããªãæ¹ãããããããã¾ããã å½æ稿ã§ã¯ä¸è¨ã®å ¬å¼ããã°ãæ訳ãã¦ãIMDSv2ãã©ã®ããã«ã»ãã¥ãªãã£å¼·åã«ã¤ãªããã®ãç°¡åã«è§£èª¬ãããã¨æãã¾ãã Add defense in depth against open firewalls, reverse proxies, and SSRF vulnerabilities with enhancements to the EC2 Instance Metadata Service åºæ¬çã«ä¸è¨ããã°ã®æ訳ï¼æç²ãã¦è¨³ãããã®ï¼ã§ãããä¸é¨è£è¶³ããã¦ãã¾ãã 1. ãã¤ã³ã ããã©ã«ãã§ã¯IMD
対象èªè æ§ã ãªãããã¯ã㸠AWS ã¢ã«ã¦ã³ããç°å¢ãæä¾ãã SRE / CCoE ãã¼ã ãæ³å®ãã¦ãã¾ãã ãã«ãAWSã¢ã«ã¦ã³ãç°å¢ SRE / CCoE ã¯åãããã¯ããå®å ¨ãã¤ä¾¿å©ã« AWS ãå©ç¨ã§ãããããAWS ã¢ã«ã¦ã³ãã®è¨å®ã»æãåºããå¨è¾ºã³ã³ãã¼ãã³ãã®æä¾ï¼è¸ã¿å°ã»ID管çã»ãã°åé etc...ï¼ãè¡ãã¾ãã åå¥ãããã¯ãã®åºç¤è¨è¨ãæ§ç¯ã¯è¡ãã¾ããã ç§ã®æ å½æ¡ä»¶ã§ã¯ 100 以ä¸ã® AWS ã¢ã«ã¦ã³ããæä¾ãã¦ãã¾ããããã§ãå¤ãã¨ã¯è¨ãããä¾ãã° NTT ãã³ã¢ã§ã¯ 2,000 以ä¸ã® AWS ã¢ã«ã¦ã³ãã管ç[1]ãã¦ããããã§ãã ã»ãã¥ãªãã£å¯¾å¿æ¹é ã»ãã¥ãªãã£ã°ã«ã¼ãã®å ¨éæ¾ã S3 ãã±ããã®ãããªãã¯å ¬éãªã©ãAWS ãªã½ã¼ã¹ã®ä¸é©åãªè¨å®ã«ã¤ãã¦ã®å¯¾å¿ãèãã¾ãã ã²ã¼ãå IAM ããªã·ã¼ããµã¼ãã¹ã³ã³ããã¼ã«ããªã·ã¼ (SCP) ã§
ã¯ããã« ã¯ããã¾ãã¦ãã»ãã¥ãªãã£ã¨ã³ã¸ãã¢ã®Satoki (@satoki00) ã§ããä»åã¯ãã©ã¦ã¶ã®éçºè ãã¼ã«ã®ãããã¯ã¼ã¯ã¿ãããé ãã¦ãWebãµã¤ãå ã®æ å ±ãéä¿¡ããææ³ãã¾ã¨ãã¾ããæè¬Exfiltrationã¨ãããã¤ã§ããä¸ã«ã¯CSPã®å¶éãBypassããããã«ç¨ãããããã¯ããã¯ãããã¾ããCTFãªã©ã§å®å ¨ã«ä½¿ã£ã¦ãã ããã åæ çºç«¯ã¯Webä¸ã§ããã¹ãã®æåæ°ãã«ã¦ã³ãã§ãããµã¤ããééããéã®è©±ã§ããã«ã¦ã³ã対象ã®ããã¹ããã¼ã¿ããµã¤ãéå¶ (ããµã¤ããæ¹ç«ããæ»æè ) ã«çã¿åããã¦ããªããã¨ããè°è«ãå·»ãèµ·ãã£ã¦ãã¾ããããçã¿åããã¦ããªããå´ã®ä¸»å¼µã¯ããã©ã¦ã¶ã®éçºè ãã¼ã«ã®ãããã¯ã¼ã¯ã¿ãã«ãªã¯ã¨ã¹ããéä¿¡ãã形跡ããªãã¨ãããã®ã§ããããã㧠ãã©ã¦ã¶ã®éçºè ãã¼ã«ã®ãããã¯ã¼ã¯ã¿ãã«è¡¨ç¤ºããªããã°å¤é¨ã¸ãã¼ã¿ãéä¿¡ãã¦ããªãã®ãï¼ ã¨ãã£ãçåã
æ¦è¦ Polyfill.ioã¨ããåºãå©ç¨ããã¦ããJavaScriptã©ã¤ãã©ãªã«ãã«ã¦ã§ã¢ãæ··å ¥ãããäºä»¶ãçºçãã¾ããããã®Polyfill.ioã¯ãã¦ã§ããµã¤ããç°ãªããã©ã¦ã¶ã§æ£ããåä½ããããã®äºææ§ãæä¾ããã³ã¼ããæä¾ãã¦ãã¾ãã äºä»¶ã®æ¦è¦ è²·åã¨ãã«ã¦ã§ã¢ã®æ³¨å ¥: 2024å¹´2æãPolyfill.ioã®ãã¡ã¤ã³ã¨GitHubã¢ã«ã¦ã³ããä¸å½ã®ä¼æ¥Funnullã«è²·åããã¾ããããã®å¾ããã®ã©ã¤ãã©ãªã«ãã«ã¦ã§ã¢ãæ³¨å ¥ããã¾ããâã å½±é¿: ãã«ã¦ã§ã¢ã¯ãcdn.polyfill.ioããæä¾ãããã¹ã¯ãªããã«å«ã¾ãããããå©ç¨ãã¦ããç´100,000ã®ã¦ã§ããµã¤ãã«å½±é¿ãåã¼ãã¾ãããã¦ã¼ã¶ã¼ããããã®ã¦ã§ããµã¤ãã訪ããã¨ããã«ã¦ã§ã¢ãå®è¡ããããã¼ã¿çé£ãä¸æ£ãªãªãã¤ã¬ã¯ããªã©ã®è¢«å®³ãçºçããå¯è½æ§ãããã¾ããâã æ¤åºã¨å¯¾å¿: ã»ãã¥ãªãã£ä¼æ¥ã®Sansecãã
ã¯ããã« ããã«ã¡ã¯ãTechouse ã®äººæãã©ãããã©ã¼ã äºæ¥é¨ã§ãµã¼ãã¼ãµã¤ãã¨ã³ã¸ãã¢ãæ å½ãã¦ãã imayayoh ã¨ç³ãã¾ãã Techouse ã§ã¯åäºæ¥é¨ã§ã¨ã³ã¸ãã¢ãã¤ã³ãã©ã®ç£è¦ã¨ãã¦ãAWSã»å¤é¨ãµã¼ãã¹çã®ã°ã©ãã¢ãã¿ãªã³ã°ãå®æ½ãã¦ãã¾ããã¢ãã¿ãªã³ã°ã§ã¯ä¸è¨ã«éç¹ãç½®ãã¦ãããã¤ã³ãã©æ§æã®è¦ç´ããé害対å¿ã®å ´ã¨ãã¦æ´»ç¨ãã¦ãã¾ãã ãµã¼ãã¹éç¨ã«ååãªã¹ããã¯ã§ã¤ã³ãã©ãæ§æããã¦ããã æé©ãªã³ã¹ãã§ãµã¼ãã¹ãéç¨ããã¦ããã ã¤ã³ãã©ã»å¤é¨ãµã¼ãã¹ã§é大ãªåé¡ãçºçãã¦ããªãã æ¬æ¥ã¯ã¢ãã¿ãªã³ã°ã®å®æ½ã§å³æ対å¿ã§ãããã©ãã«ã®ä¸ä¾ã¨ãã¦ãApplication Load Balancer (ALB) ã¸ã®è¬ã®å¤§éã¢ã¯ã»ã¹æ»æãç´¹ä»ãã¾ãã ã³ã¹ãã¢ãã¿ãªã³ã° å¼ç¤¾ã®ãµã¼ãã¹ã§ã¯ã¤ã³ãã©ã« AWS ã使ç¨ãã¦ãããã¢ãã¿ãªã³ã°ã§ã¯ AWS Billing
ã¤ãã«ãããã¯ãã§ããããã«ãªã£ãï¼Amazon GuardDuty Malware Protection for Amazon S3ãçºè¡¨ããã¾ããï¼ #AWSreInforce Amazon GuardDutyã§å¾ æã®ãã«ã¦ã§ã¢ã«å¯¾ããä¿è·æ©è½ããªãªã¼ã¹ããã¾ããï¼ä¿¡é ¼ã§ããªããªãã¸ã§ã¯ããS3ã«ã¢ãããã¼ãããç°å¢ãªãã¬ã³ã¬ã³æ´»ç¨ãã¦ããã¾ãããï¼ ããã«ã¡ã¯ãè¼ç°ã§ãã ã¿ãªãããAWSä¸ã§ã®ãã«ã¦ã§ã¢ãã§ãã¯ãã¦ã¾ããï¼(æ¨æ¶ AWS re:Inforce 2024ã§å¾ æã®S3ã«å¯¾ãããã¤ãã£ããªãã«ã¦ã§ã¢æ¤åºã¨ä¿è·ã®æ©è½ã§ãããAmazon GuardDuty Malware Protection for Amazon S3ãããªãªã¼ã¹ããã¾ããï¼ Detect malware in new object uploads to Amazon S3 with Amazon Gua
ã¯ããã« ã»ãã¥ãªãã£ã¨ã³ã¸ãã¢ã®é½è¤ãã¨azaraã§ããä»åã¯ãä¸å¯æè°ãªContent-Typeã®å¤ã¨ãã¯ã©ã¦ãæ代ã§ã®ã»ãã¥ãªãã£ãªã¹ã¯ã«ã¤ãã¦ã話ããã¾ãã æ¬ããã°ã¯ã2024 å¹´ 3 æ 30 æ¥ã«éå¬ããã BSides Tokyo ã§ç»å£ããéã®çºè¡¨ã«ã¤ãã¦ãã¾ã¨ãããã®ã§ãã ã¾ããããã°è³æåã«ããããContent-Type ã®åä½ãä»æ§ã«ãã©ã¼ã«ã¹ããå½¢ã§åç·¨ãè¡ããç»å£æã«å£é ã§è£è¶³ããå 容ã®è¿½è¨ãå¿ è¦ã«å¿ããè£è¶³ãè¡ãªã£ã¦ãã¾ãã ã¾ããæ¬ããã°ã§è§£èª¬ããã BSides Tokyoã§ã®çºè¡¨ã®ããä¸ã¤ã®é¡ã§ããããªãã¸ã§ã¯ãã¹ãã¬ã¼ã¸ã«ã¤ãã¦ã¯ã以ä¸ã®ããã°ãã確èªããããã¨ãå¯è½ã§ãã®ã§ãã覧ãã ããã blog.flatt.tech ãªãä»ããã®åé¡ãåãä¸ããã®ãï¼ å¾æ¥ã®ãã¡ã¤ã«ã¢ãããã¼ãã«ããã¦ãContent-Type ã®å¤ãä»»æã®å¤ã«è¨å®ãããã¨
Intro CSRF ã¨ããå¤ã®æ»æãããããã®æ»æããå¤(ãã«ãã)ãã®ãã®ã«ãããã¨ãã§ãããã©ãããã©ã¼ã ã®é²åã®èæ¯ãããCookie ã SameSite Lax by Default ã«ãªã£ãããã ãã¨ãã解説ãè¦ããã¨ãããã 確ãã«ãç¾å®çã«ããã«ãã£ã¦æ»æã®æç«ã¯é£ãããªããæããã¦ãããµã¼ãã¹ããããããããããã¯ãã©ãããã©ã¼ã ãç¨æãã対çã®æ¬è³ªããè¨ãã¨ã解éãå°ãããã¦ããã¨è¨ããã ããã ä»åã¯ããCSRF ãã©ããã¦æç«ãã¦ããã®ãããæ¯ãè¿ããã¨ã§ãæ¬å½ã«ãã©ãããã©ã¼ã ã«è¶³ãã¦ããªãã£ããã®ã¨ããããè£ã£ã¦ãã£ãçµç·¯ãæ¬å½ã«ãã¹ã対çã¯ä½ã§ãããã解説ãã¦ããã çµæã¨ãã¦è¦ãã¦ããã®ã¯ãä»ãµã¼ãã¹ãå®è£ ããä¸ã§ã®ããã¼ã¹ã(not ãã¹ã)ã¨ãªããã©ã¯ãã£ã¹ã ã¨çè ã¯èãã¦ããã CSRF æç«ã®æ¡ä»¶ ä¾ãã°ãæ»æè ãç¨æãã attack.examp
ãã®ã¨ã³ããªã§ã¯ãTime-based SQLã¤ã³ã¸ã§ã¯ã·ã§ã³ãããªãã¡æéå·®ãå©ç¨ããSQLã¤ã³ã¸ã§ã¯ã·ã§ã³ãæå¤ã«å®ç¨çã ã£ãã¨ããå ±åããã¾ãããã¢æ åããã§ãã ã¯ããã« Time-based SQL Injectionã¨ããæ»æãããã¾ããããã¯ãã©ã¤ã³ãSQLã¤ã³ã¸ã§ã¯ã·ã§ã³ã®ä¸ç¨®ã§ãããæ¡ä»¶ã®å ´åã«ä¸å®æéï¼ä¾ãã°5ç§ï¼ã¹ãªã¼ãããããã§ãªãæã¨ã®å¿çæéã®å·®ã§æ å ±ãçããã¨ãããã®ã§ãã1åã®HTTPãªã¯ã¨ã¹ãã§1ãããã®æ å ±ãå¾ãããã®ã§ããããç©ã¿éãããã¨ã«ãã£ã¦ããããã§ãæ å ±ãçããã¯ãã§ãâ¦çè«çã«ã¯ã ãããããçå±ã¯ããã§ããæéãæããããããããã¨ãããã¨ã§ãæ·±ãã¯è¿½ã£ããã¦ãã¾ããã§ãããSQLã¤ã³ã¸ã§ã¯ã·ã§ã³ã®æ¤æ»ã«ã¯æå¹ã§ããæªç¨ã¨ãã¦ã®å®ç¨æ§ã¯ãã¾ããªãã¨èãã¦ããã®ã§ãã ãã£ãã ãã£ããã¯ã以ä¸ã®Yahoo!ç¥æµè¢ã«ä»¥ä¸ã®è³ªåã§ãã SQL
Cross Origin ã®æã® Cookie éä¿¡ Cross Origin ã®å ´å㯠CORS é¢é£ã®ããããè¨å®ãã fetch é¢æ°ã§ããã° credentials ãªãã·ã§ã³ã« include ãè¨å®ããªã㨠Cookie ã¯éä¿¡ããã¾ãã Cross Site ã®å ´åã¯ããã« SameSite å±æ§ã« None ãè¨å®ããå¿ è¦ãããã¾ã SameSiteã«è¨å®ããå¤ Same Site ã«è¨å®ã§ããå¤ã¯ Strict, Lax(ããã©ã«ã), None ã®3種é¡ããã¾ãã Cross Site ãªã¯ã¨ã¹ãæã« Strict ã 㨠Cookie ã¯éä¿¡ããã¾ãããNone ã§ããã° Cookie ãéä¿¡ããã¾ã ããã©ã«ãã§ãã Lax ã ã¨ãããã¬ãã«ããã²ã¼ã·ã§ã³ã®æã®ã¿ Cookie ãéä¿¡ãã¾ãããããã¬ãã«ããã²ã¼ã·ã§ã³ã¨ã¯ãWEBãã©ã¦ã¶ã®URLãã¼ã®URLã¨ã表示ã
ã¯ããã« Cookie ã®å®å ¨ãªè¨å®ã«ã¤ãã¦èª¿ã¹ã¦ããã¨ç»å ´ãã SameSite å±æ§ã¯ãGoogle Chrome ã®ä»æ§å¤æ´ã®è©±ããããè³ã«ãããã¨ãããæ¹ãå°ãªããªãã¨æãã¾ãã Cookie ã«ã¯ SameSite å±æ§ã¨ééããããè¨å®ã¨ã㦠Domain å±æ§ããããçæ¹ã ãè¨å®ããã°ããã®ããã©ã使ãåãããã®ãªã®ããä¸è¦åããã«ããã®ã§ã¯ãªãã§ããããã çµè« çµè«ã¨ãã¦ã¯ãCookie ã® Domain å±æ§ã¯éä¿¡ãå ãã®å¶éãSameSite ã¯éä¿¡ãå ãã®å¶éã¨ããéãã§ãã Domain å±æ§ã¯ Cookie ãéãå ãè¨å®ãããã®ã§ã誤ã£ã¦è¨å®ããã¨ç¬¬ä¸è ã®ãµã¤ãã« Cookie ãéä¿¡ãããã¨ã«ãªããã»ãã·ã§ã³ãã¤ã¸ã£ãã¯ãçºçããå¯è½æ§ãããã¾ãã SameSite å±æ§ã¯ Cookie ãéä¿¡ãããã¨ã«ãªããµã¤ããæå®ããå±æ§ã§ãCSRF æ»æã«å¯¾ãããã
SPF ã¬ã³ã¼ãã§è¨±å¯ããã¦ãã IPã¢ãã¬ã¹ã®å®æ ãã¯ã©ã¦ãããããã·çã®å ±ç¨ãµã¼ãã¹ã®ãã®ã§ããã±ã¼ã¹ã¯å¤ãããããã® IPã¢ãã¬ã¹ã第ä¸è ã«ãã£ã¦å©ç¨ã§ããå¯è½æ§ããããã¨ãæªç¨ããSPF èªè¨¼ã passãçµæçã« DMARC èªè¨¼ã¾ã§ pass ãã¦è©ç§°ã¡ã¼ã«ãéä¿¡ã§ãã¦ãã¾ããã¨ãææããè«æãå ¬éããã¦ãã¾ãã ãã®è«æã§ã¯ãä¸è¨ã®ãã㪠SPF ã®èå¼±ãªå±éã«å¯¾ããæ»æææ³ã BreakSPF ã¨å¼ã³ãé¢é£ãããããã³ã«ãåºç¤ã®å®è£ ã«å¯¾ããåæã¨å ±ã«ããã®å 容ãä½ç³»çã«ã¾ã¨ãããã¦ãã¾ãã æ¬è¨äºã§ã¯ããã®è«æãåç §ããªãããç°¡åã«æ¦è¦ãã¾ã¨ãã¦ããã¾ãã æ¬è¨äºã«ã¤ãã¾ãã¦ã(å½ãµã¤ãã¨ãã¦ã¯) å¤ãã®ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ããã ãã¦ãããã㧠(ã¡ãã£ã¨ããã£ã¦ã¾) ããã¾ãã¨ã«å¤§å¤ããããããã¨ã«è²ã ã¨ã·ã§ã¢ããã ãããããããã§ãã ããã§ãè¨äºã®å 容ã¨ä¸é¨éè¤ãã¾ãããã§ããã
RFC9460ãåºã¾ãã æ¨å¹´ããã®ã¨ã³ã¸ãã¢ããã°ã§HTTPSã¬ã³ã¼ãã«ã¤ãã¦ã¨ãããã¾ããããããæ¸ããã¨ãã¯HTTPSã¬ã³ã¼ãã¯ã¾ã ã¤ã³ã¿ã¼ããããã©ããã ã£ãã®ã§ããã2023å¹´11æãã¤ãã«RFC9460ã¨ãã¦æ¨æºåããã¾ããã RFCã«ã¯ãªã£ããã©æ¥æ¬èªã®è©³ããè¨äºã¯ã¾ã å°ãªããéè¦ããããªã¼ã¨æã£ã¦æ¹ãã¦è§£èª¬ãæ¸ãã¯ããããã§ãããã ãã ãã¨ã¯ã½é·ããªã£ã¦æ¸ããæ¬äººãèªãã§ãç ãã¦éå±ãªå 容ã«ãªã£ã¦ãã¾ãã¾ãããã®ã§ãæ¸ãããã®ã¯ã°ã£ããæ¨ã¦ã¾ããã ããããã°ãã¾ãã3å¹´åãDNS Summer Day 2021ã§çºè¡¨ãããã¬ã¼ã³è³æãããã¾ããããããRFCã«ãªã£ãç¾å¨ã®å 容ã«ãããã¦ã¢ãããã¼ãããã»ããã¦ã£ã¨ãã°ããããããããããã§ãã ã¨ãããã¨ã§ãå çä¿®æ£ããè³æãç½®ãã¦ããã¾ããDNSå±ããã¯ã¨ããããå ¨é¨èªãã§ããã¦ãã ãããWebå±ããã¯ååã ãç解ãã¦ã
ãªãªã¼ã¹ãé害æ å ±ãªã©ã®ãµã¼ãã¹ã®ãç¥ãã
ææ°ã®äººæ°ã¨ã³ããªã¼ã®é ä¿¡
å¦çãå®è¡ä¸ã§ã
j次ã®ããã¯ãã¼ã¯
kåã®ããã¯ãã¼ã¯
lãã¨ã§èªã
eã³ã¡ã³ãä¸è¦§ãéã
oãã¼ã¸ãéã
{{#tags}}- {{label}}
{{/tags}}