æ°å¹´ã®ãããã¤
ãã¼ãå士ãã¼ãã«è³åè³ããã§ã¨ããããã¾ã
ã決æç§å¦ã®ããããã§ãã¼ãå士ã®ç 究ææãç´¹ä»ãã¦ãã¾ããããã¤ãã®ç¯ã«åãã¦äººé¡ã®æ´å²ã«ã¤ãã¦æ¸ãã¦ãã¾ããã第4ç« ç¬¬ä¸ç¯ã転è¼ãã¾ããä»ã®ç¯ã«ã¤ãã¦é¢å¿ãããæ¹ã¯ãã決æç§å¦ã®ããããããã²ãä¸èªãã ããã
第4ç« ãç§ãã¡ã¯ã©ãããæ¥ã¦ãã©ãã¸è¡ãã®ãï¼
4.1 ã6ä¸å¹´åã«äººé¡ãæã«å ¥ããè å¨ã®è½åã¨ã¯ï¼
âããã¯ç´6ä¸å¹´åã«ã¢ããªã«ãåºã¦ä¸çä¸ã«åºããããã®å¾ä»æ¥ã«è³ãã¾ã§äººå£ãå¢ããç¶ãã¦ãããããã¦ãã®6ä¸å¹´éãéããç§å¦ãè¸è¡ãçºå±ããã¦ææãç¯ããç£æ¥ã貿æãçºå±ããã¦å°çè¦æ¨¡ã®å¸å ´ãç¯ããå°çç°å¢ã大ããå¤ããåãæã«å ¥ããã
âãã£ãä¸ç¨®ã§ããã¾ã§å°çç°å¢ãå¤ããçç©ã¯ãçå½ã®æ´å²ä¸åãã¦ã ãããã¯ããã6ä¸å¹´ã®éã«ãã©ããã£ã¦ããã»ã©ã®åãæã«å ¥ããã®ã ãããã
âãã®è¬ã解ãæãããããããã²ãã ã®ç 究ããå¾ããã¦ãããæ¬ç¯ã§ã¯ãã®ææ°ã®ææãç´¹ä»ããããã¨ãã種ã®é©ç°çè½åã®èæ¯ã«ã¤ãã¦èãã¦ã¿ããã
ãã¢ã³ãã«ã¿ã¼ã«äººã¨ã®åºä¼ã
ãããï¼ãã¢ã»ãµãã¨ã³ã¹ï¼ãã¯ã¢ããªã«ã§é²åããç´6ä¸å¹´åã«ã¢ããªã«ãåºã¦å°çå ¨ä½ã«ã²ããã£ãã®ã ããå®ã¯ããããå ã«ã¢ããªã«ãåºã¦ã¦ã¼ã©ã·ã¢å¤§é¸ã«ã²ããã£ããã¢å±ã®åç³äººé¡ãå°ãªãã¨ã2種ãããã¨ãåãã£ã¦ããã
âãã®ä¸æ¹ã¯ã西ã¢ã¸ã¢ããã¨ã¼ãããã«ããã¦åºãã£ãããã¢ã³ãã«ã¿ã¼ã«äººãã§ããã1856å¹´ã«ç·æ§ã®éª¨æ ¼ããã¤ãã®ãã¢ã³ãã«æ¸è°·ã§çºè¦ããã¦ä»¥å¾ãã¨ã¼ãããåå°ã西ã¢ã¸ã¢ããå¤ãã®éª¨æ ¼åç³ãçºæããã¦ããï¼ï¼ï¼ã
âãã®ãã¢ã³ãã«ã¿ã¼ã«äººã¯ãç´4ä¸å¹´åã«çµ¶æ» ãããç´4ä¸5000å¹´åã«èµ·ããã¨ã¼ãããã¸ã®ããã®åå¸æ¡å¤§ããã¢ã³ãã«ã¿ã¼ã«äººãçµ¶æ» ã«è¿½ãè¾¼ãã å¯è½æ§ãé«ããã両è ã®åå¸ãæ¥è§¦ããã¨ãã«ãã£ããä½ãèµ·ããã®ããããåãã£ã¦ããªãã£ãã
âãã¢ã³ãã«ã¿ã¼ã«äººã®éª¨æ ¼åç³ã«ã¯ããã¢ã³ãã«ã¿ã¼ã«äººã®DNAãæ®ã£ã¦ããããã®DNAé åã決å®ã§ããã°ããã¢ã³ãã«ã¿ã¼ã«äººã¨ããã¨ã®éããæããã«ãªãããã¢ã³ãã«ã¿ã¼ã«äººããªãçµ¶æ» ããããããã¯ãªãæ¥éã«å°çå ¨ä½ã«åºãã£ããããªã©ã®çåã«çãããã¨ãã§ãããããããªãã
âããèãã¦ããã¢ã³ãã«ã¿ã¼ã«äººã®DNAé å決å®ã¨ããå°é£ãªèª²é¡ã«æãã ã®ããããã¯ã¹ãã©ã³ã¯é²å人é¡å¦ç 究æã®ã¹ã´ã¡ã³ãã»ãã¼ãå士ã ã
âãã¢ã³ãã«ã¿ã¼ã«äººã®éª¨ããå¾ãããDNAååã¯ãç´°ããæçåãã¦ããã®ã§ããã®é å決å®ã¯å°é£ããããããããããã¼ãå士ã¯æè¡çæ¹è¯ãéãã2010å¹´ã«ã¤ãã«ãã¢ã³ãã«ã¿ã¼ã«äººã®å ¨ã²ãã é åï¼éºä¼æ å ±ãæ¸ããã¾ããDNAååã®å ¨é åï¼ããµã¤ã¨ã³ã¹èªã®è«æã§å ¬è¡¨ããï¼ï¼ï¼ã
âãã®é åãä¸çåå°ã®ããã®ã²ãã é åã¨æ¯ã¹ãçµæãã¨ã¼ãããã®ç¾ä»£äººéå£ã§ã¯ãã²ãã ã®1ï½4%ã®é åããã¢ã³ãã«ã¿ã¼ã«äººã«ç±æ¥ãããã¨ãåãã£ããä¸æ¹ãã¢ããªã«ã®ããã®ã²ãã ä¸ã«ã¯ãã¢ã³ãã«ã¿ã¼ã«äººã«ç±æ¥ããé åã¯è¦ã¤ãããªãã£ããã¤ã¾ããã¨ã¼ãããã«é²åºããããã¯ããã¢ã³ãã«ã¿ã¼ã«äººã¨äº¤éãããã®éºä¼åã®ä¸é¨ãåãè¾¼ãã§ããã®ã ã
ããã½ã¯äººã¨ã交éãã¦ãã
âãã®ããã¢ã³ãã«ã¿ã¼ã«äººã²ãã ããã¸ã§ã¯ããé²è¡ãã¦ããããªãã®ãã¨ã ã西ã·ããªã¢ã®ããã½ã¯æ´çªã§2008å¹´ã«çºè¦ãããåã©ãã®æ骨ã®ãµã³ãã«ããã¼ãå士ã®ãã¨ã«å±ããããã
âãã®éª¨ããä¸é¨ã®DNAé åã決å®ãããã¼ãå士ã¯é©æããããã®é åã¯ããã¢ã³ãã«ã¿ã¼ã«äººã¨ãããã¨ãç°ãªããã®ã ã£ãã®ã ã
ãããã½ã¯äººãã¨åä»ãããããã®åç³äººé¡ã®ã²ãã é åãã¾ã2010å¹´ã«æ±ºå®ãããä¸çåå°ã®ããã®ã²ãã é åã¨æ¯è¼ãããï¼ï¼ï¼ã
âãã®çµæãã¡ã©ãã·ã¢ï¼ãã¥ã¼ã®ãã¢ã¨ãã®æ±å´ã®å³¶å¶¼ï¼ã®å ä½æ°éå£ã®ã²ãã ä¸ã«ã¯ãããã½ã¯äººç±æ¥ã®é åã4ï½6%åå¨ãããã¨ãæããã«ãªã£ããããã¯ããã½ã¯äººã¨ã交éãã¦ããã®ã§ããã
âã¤ã¾ããããã¯ãã¢ã³ãã«ã¿ã¼ã«äººã»ããã½ã¯äººããããã®éºä¼åãã¨ãããã ãé種ãã¨ãããã¨ã«ãªãã
âããã¾ã§ã®ç 究å²ã¯ããã¼ãå士ã«ããèä½ããã¢ã³ãã«ã¿ã¼ã«äººã¯ç§ãã¡ã¨äº¤é ãããï¼ï¼ï¼ã«ããããã¨æããã¦ããã®ã§ãèå³ãããããæ¹ã¯ãã²ä¸èªããããããã®èä½ãåºçããããã¨ããç 究ã¯çå®ã«é²å±ãã¦ããã
æ°ãã«æãããã交éã®çµç·¯
â2016å¹´3æ17æ¥ã«ã¯ãããã½ã¯äººã»ãã¢ã³ãã«ã¿ã¼ã«äººã¨ãã交éã®æ´å²ãã²ãã æ å ±ã®è©³ç´°ãªçµ±è¨å¦ç解æã«ãã£ã¦è§£æããè«æãããµã¤ã¨ã³ã¹èªã«æ²è¼ãããï¼ï¼ï¼ã
âã¯ã·ã³ãã³å¤§å¦ã®Vernotå士ããçºè¡¨ãããã®è«æã«ããã°ãããã¯ãã¢ã³ãã«ã¿ã¼ã«äººã¨å°ãªãã¨ã3åãããã½ã¯äººã¨1å交éãããããã®åç³äººé¡ããéºä¼åãåãè¾¼ãã§ãæ°ããç°å¢ã«é©å¿ããã
âããã¨ãã¢ã³ãã«ã¿ã¼ã«äººã¨ã®æåã®äº¤éã®çè·¡ã¯ãã¨ã¼ãããã»æ±ã¢ã¸ã¢ã»ã¡ã©ãã·ã¢ã®äººé¡éå£ã«å ±éãã¦ããã®ã§ãããã®ç¥å ãç´6ä¸å¹´åã«ã¢ããªã«ãã西ã¢ã¸ã¢ã«é²åºããã¨ãã«èµ·ããã¨èããããã
âã¨ã¼ãããã¨æ±ã¢ã¸ã¢ã®äººé¡éå£ã®ã²ãã ã«ã¯ããã¢ã³ãã«ã¿ã¼ã«äººã¨ã®2åç®ã®äº¤éã示ãçè·¡ããããããã®çè·¡ã¯ã¡ã©ãã·ã¢ã®å ä½æ°ã²ãã ã«ã¯ãªãããããã£ã¦ãããããã¡ã©ãã·ã¢ã®å ä½æ°ã®ç¥å ã¯2åç®ã®äº¤éãèµ·ããåã«è¥¿ã¢ã¸ã¢ãé¢ããã¡ã©ãã·ã¢ã«ãã©ãã¤ãéç¨ã§ãããã½ã¯äººã¨ã®äº¤éãçµé¨ããã«éããªãã
â西ã¢ã¸ã¢ããæ±ã«åãã£ãã¡ã©ãã·ã¢ã®å ä½æ°ã®ç¥å ã¯ãããããè¹ã使ã£ã¦æ²¿å²¸é¨ã移åãããã®ã¨æãããï¼ï¼ï¼ã
âãªããªããèå¤å¦ã®è¨¼æ ã«ããã°ãããã®ç¥å éå£ããªã¼ã¹ãã©ãªã¢ã«ä¾µå ¥ãã大åã®æè¢é¡ï¼ã«ã³ã¬ã«ã¼ã®ä»²éï¼ã®ç¨®ã次ã ã«æ» ã¼ããã®ã¯ãç´4ä¸6000å¹´åã§ããï¼ï¼ï¼ãã¤ã¾ãã西ã¢ã¸ã¢ãããªã¼ã¹ãã©ãªã¢ã¸ã®ããéå£ã®ç§»ä½ã¯ãããã1ä¸4000å¹´ã®éã«èµ·ããã®ã ããã®ç´ æ©ã移åãå¯è½ã«ããã®ã¯ãè¹ã使ãæè¡ã ããã
âä¸æ¹ãæ±ã¢ã¸ã¢ã®äººé¡éå£ã«ã¯ãä¸è¨ã®2åã¨ã¯å¥ã®ï¼3åç®ã®ï¼ãã¢ã³ãã«ã¿ã¼ã«äººã¨ã®äº¤éã®çè·¡ãããï¼ï¼ï¼ãã¡ã©ãã·ã¢ã«åãã£ãéå£ã¨ã¯å¥ã®éå£ããå°ãé ãã¦æ±ã¢ã¸ã¢ã«åºããéç¨ã§ããã®3åç®ã®äº¤éãèµ·ããã®ã ãããæ¥æ¬äººãå«ãæ±ã¢ã¸ã¢ã®äººé¡éå£ã¯ããã¢ã³ãã«ã¿ã¼ã«äººã¨éå»ã«å°ãªãã¨ã3åã®äº¤éãçµé¨ããé種ã®åå«ãªã®ã§ããã
交éã«ããç°å¢é©å¿åãåä¸
âãã®ãããªç¨®é交éã¯ãæ¤ç©ã§ã¯å¤ãããç¥ããã¦ãããç§ã¯æ¤ç©ã®ç 究ããã¹ã¿ã¼ãããã®ã§ãéã£ãå°åã«éé¢ããã¦é²åãã種ãåºä¼ãã°ã交éããã®ã¯å½ããåã§ãããã¨ãããç¥ã£ã¦ããã
âããããç§ãå¦çã ã£ã40å¹´åã«ã¯ãåç©ã®ç¨®ã¯çæ®çã«éé¢ããã¦ãããã®ï¼äºãã«äº¤éããªããã®ï¼ã¨ããèããæ¯é çã ã£ãããã®åºå®è¦³å¿µã¯ãã種ãã¨ããæ¦å¿µã«ä¸å¤æ§ãç´è¡æ§ãæ±ãã人éã®å¿ççå¾åã¨çµã³ã¤ãã¦ããï¼ï¼ï¼ã
âåãç¥å ããåããã2ã¤ã®éå£ãå°ççã«éé¢ããã¦éã£ãç°å¢ã§æ®ããã°ãèªç¶é¸æã«ãã£ã¦ããããã®ç°å¢ã¸ã®é©å¿ãçããããã¦éã£ãæ§è³ªãé²åããããã®ããã«ãã¦ç°ãªãé²åã®éçãæ©ãã éå£ãã2次çã«æ¥è§¦ãããã¨ã¯ãçç©é²åã®éç¨ã§ã¯ãã°ãã°èµ·ããããã®ãããªæ¥è§¦ãèµ·ããã¨ãã2ã¤ã®éå£ã®éã«ã¯ãã°ãã°äº¤éãèµ·ããéºä¼åãå ¥ãæ··ããã
âä»æ¥ã§ã¯ããã®ãããªäº¤éã«ãã£ã¦ãé©å¿é²åãå éããããã¨ãåãã£ã¦ããã1.1ç¯ã§ç´¹ä»ããããã«ãææ§çæ®ã«ããéºä¼åã®çµã¿æãã¯ãè«å¤§ãªæ°ã®çµã¿åãããä½ãåºãããã®ãçµã¿åãããã®å¤æ§æ§ãé©å¿é²åãå éããã®ã ã
âæ°ããç°å¢ã«é²åºããããã¸ã®é©å¿ãè¿«ããã種ã«ã¨ã£ã¦ã¯ããã§ã«ãã®ç°å¢ã«é©å¿ããå¥ã®ç¨®ã¨äº¤éãã¦ããã®ç¨®ããé©å¿çãªéºä¼åãåãè¾¼ããã¨ããå¹çã®è¯ãé²åã®æ段ãªã®ã§ããã
âå®éã«ããã¢ã³ãã«ã¿ã¼ã«äººããããã®éå£ã«åãè¾¼ã¾ããéºä¼åã«ã¯ãç®èãå ç«ç³»ã®éºä¼åãªã©ãç°å¢é©å¿ã«è²¢ç®ããã¨èãããããã®ãè¦ã¤ãã£ã¦ããã
ãã¢ã³ãã«ã¿ã¼ã«äººã¯ãããããè¨èªè½åãå£ã£ã¦ããï¼
âãããä¸æ¹ã§ã交éã§åãåãéºä¼åã®ä¸ã«ã¯ãããå£ã£ããã®ï¼é©å¿åº¦ãä½ããã®ï¼ããã°ãã°ããããã®ãããªéºä¼åã¯ã交éã®ãã¨ã§ãèªç¶é¸æã«ãã£ã¦æ¬¡ç¬¬ã«éå£ããåãé¤ããã¦ããã
âãã¢ã³ãã«ã¿ã¼ã«äººã¨ã®äº¤éã®çè·¡ããç¾ä»£äººéå£ã®ã²ãã é åã®ããã1ï½4%ã«ããè¦ãããªãã¨ããäºå®ã¯ããã¢ã³ãã«ã¿ã¼ã«äººããåãåã£ãéºä¼åã®å¤§åãèªç¶é¸æã«ãã£ã¦åãé¤ããããã¨ã示åãã¦ããã
âVernotå士ãã¯ããã¢ã³ãã«ã¿ã¼ã«äººãããã½ã¯äººã¨ããã®ã²ãã ã®é åãæ¯è¼ãããã¨ã§ã交éå¾ã«ããã®éºä¼åãå¼·ãé¸ã³åºãããé åï¼ãã¢ã³ãã«ã¿ã¼ã«äººãããã½ã¯äººã®éºä¼åãé¸æãããé åï¼ãç¹å®ããæ¹æ³ãéçºããã
âããã¦ãã®æ¹æ³ãç¨ãã¦ãããã®ç¬¬7æè²ä½ã®ä¸é¨ã«ããã¢ã³ãã«ã¿ã¼ã«äººãããã½ã¯äººã¨ã®äº¤éã®çè·¡ãå®å ¨ã«æ¶ãã¦ããé åããããã¨ãçºè¦ããï¼ï¼ï¼ãè¤æ°åã®äº¤éã®çè·¡ãåãé åã§å®å ¨ã«æ¶ãã¦ãããã¨ããããã®é åã§ã¯èªç¶é¸æã«ãã£ã¦ããã®éºä¼åã ããé¸ã³åºãããã¨èããããã
âããã¦ãã®é åã«ã¯ãã¨ã¦ãèå³æ·±ãéºä¼åã®é åãå«ã¾ãã¦ãããè¨èªéºä¼åã¨ãããããFOXP2ãããèªéçã«é¢ä¿ããéºä¼åãããé åã ã£ãã®ã ã
âFOXP2ã¯ãè¨èªé害ã®ãã家系ã®ç 究ããçºè¦ãããéºä¼åã§ãããFOXP2ã®å¤ç°ã家ææ§ï¼éºä¼æ§ï¼è¨èªé害ãå¼ãèµ·ãããã¨ãããã£ã¦ããã
âã¾ãããã³ãã³ã¸ã¼ã¨ããã®FOXP2éºä¼åã®éã«ã¯2åã®éè¦ãªé åå·®ããããããã®FOXP2éºä¼åããã¦ã¹ã«å°å ¥ããã¨ãã¦ã¹ã®å¦ç¿è½åãåä¸ããï¼ï¼ï¼ããããã®è¨¼æ ãããFOXP2ã¯ããã«ãããè¨èªè½åã®é²åã«é¢ä¿ãã¦ããã¨èãããã¦ããã
âãã ãããã¢ã³ãã«ã¿ã¼ã«äººã¨ããã®FOXP2ã®é åã¯ä¸è´ãã¦ããã®ã§ããã¢ã³ãã«ã¿ã¼ã«äººã¨ã®äº¤éã®çè·¡ãå®å ¨ã«æ¶ãããããåå ã¯ãFOXP2èªä½ã§ã¯ãªãï¼ï¼ï¼ãããããããã®FOXP2éºä¼åã®å¨è¾ºã«ãFOXP2ã®èª¿ç¯ã«é¢é£ããå¥ã®éºä¼åãããããããèªç¶é¸æãåããå¯è½æ§ãé«ãã
âãã®ããã«ãã¾ã çµè«ãåºãã段éã§ã¯ãªãã®ã ããVernotå士ãã®ç 究ã¯ããã¢ã³ãã«ã¿ã¼ã«äººã¨ããã®éã«ãè¨èªã社ä¼æ§ã®çºéã«é¢ããéè¦ãªéºä¼çéãããã£ãå¯è½æ§ãå¼·ã示åãã¦ããã
6ä¸å¹´åã®å¤§ç§»åãåã«ããã«èµ·ããå¤é©
âãã¢ã³ãã«ã¿ã¼ã«äººã¯ãããã¨åãé åã®FOXP2ãæã£ã¦ãããåã®æ§é ãä¼¼ã¦ããã®ã§ãããç¨åº¦ã®è¨èªè½åãæã£ã¦ããã«éããªãããããããã¢ã³ãã«ã¿ã¼ã«äººãæ®ããã¦ããæ´çªã«ã¯ãã¨ã¼ãããã«é²åºããããï¼ã¯ããããªã³äººï¼ãæãããããªå£ç»ããå¯è¬åã¨ã¨ãã«æ»è ãåè¬ãã確å®ãªè¨¼æ ã¯è¦ã¤ãã£ã¦ããªãï¼ï¼ï¼ï¼ããããã®éãã¯ããã¢ã³ãã«ã¿ã¼ã«äººã¨ããã®éã®è¨èªè½åã®å·®ã«é¢ä¿ãã¦ããã¨èããããï¼ï¼ï¼ï¼ã
âDNAé åã®è¨¼æ ããããããã¢ããªã«ãåºã¦ã¨ã¼ããããã¢ã¸ã¢ã¸ã®ç§»ä½ãéå§ããã®ã¯ç´6ä¸å¹´åã ã¨èããããããèå¤å¦çãªéºè·¡ã®è¨¼æ ã«ããã°ãç´10ä¸å¹´åã«ãã¬ã´ã¡ã³ãå°æ¹ï¼ç¾å¨ã®ã¬ããã³ä»è¿ï¼ã«é²åºãããã¢ã³ãã«ã¿ã¼ã«äººã¨ä¸ç·ã«æ®ããã¦ããã
âããããã®éºè·¡ã§ã¯ãç´7ä¸5000å¹´åã«ããã¯æ¶å¤±ããåã³ãã¢ã³ãã«ã¿ã¼ã«äººã ãã®æ代ãç¶ããï¼ï¼ï¼ï¼ãã¤ã¾ããæåã«ã¢ããªã«ãåºã¦ã¬ããã³ã«å°éããããã¯ããã¢ã³ãã«ã¿ã¼ã«äººã¨ã®ç«¶äºã«æããå¯è½æ§ãé«ãã
âãã®å¾ãç´6ä¸å¹´åã«ããã®å¤§ç§»ä½ãéå§ãããã10ä¸å¹´åã®ã¬ããã³é²åºããç´4ä¸å¹´ã®ãã®éã«ãããã«ä½ããã®ã¤ããã¼ã·ã§ã³ãèµ·ãããè¹ã製é ããæè¡ããå£ç»ãæãè½åããæ»è ãåè¬ããå¿æ§ãããã¯çºéãããã®ã ããããã®å¤åãæ¯ããã®ã¯ãè¨èªè½åã®é«åº¦åã ã¨èããããï¼ï¼ï¼ï¼ã
è¨èªã使ãããªãåªä½æ§
âè¨èªã使ããã¨ã«ã¯ãæ°ã ã®å¹ç¨ãããï¼ï¼ï¼ãï¼ï¼ï¼ã第1ã«ãè¨èªã¯è¤éãªæ¨è«ãå¯è½ã«ãããè¨èªã«ããã³ãã¥ãã±ã¼ã·ã§ã³ãéãã¦ã人ã¯ç¸æãä½ãèãã¦ããããæ¨è«ãããã®æ¨è«ã«ãã¨ã¥ãã¦ç¸æã®ææãææ ã«åãããããã¨ãã§ãããæ¨è«ãå¯è½ã«ããæèè½åèªä½ã¯è¨èªä»¥åã«é²åããã¨èãããã¦ããããè¨èªã®ä½¿ç¨ã«ãã£ã¦ç¸æã®è¨èã®è£ãèãããããªè¤éãªæèãå¯è½ã«ãªã£ãã
â第2ã«ãè¨èªã¯æ¦å¿µãè±ãã«ããã人éã¯è¨èªã使ããªãã¦ãäºç©ãç¾è±¡ãæ¦å¿µåã§ãããããã¨ãã°è²ãããããå¤ãã®è¨èã使ããã¨ã§ãä¸çãããè±ãã«èªèã§ãããã¾ããæ¨ã»èã»ç£ã»é³¥ãªã©ã®åé¡çæ¦å¿µã使ããã¨ã§ãå¤æ§ãªå¯¾è±¡ãããå°æ°ã®è¦ç´ ã«è¦ç´ããä¸çãããã·ã³ãã«ã«ç解ã§ããããã®æ¦å¿µåã¯ãæ°ã«ããå®éåã®åæã§ããã
âæ°ã¯ã対象ã®å ·ä½æ§ãæ¨è±¡ããæ°çå´é¢ã®ã¿ãæ¦å¿µåãããã®ã§ããããã®æ¦å¿µåã«ãã£ã¦äººã¯ãäºç©ãæ°ãããã¨ãã§ããã対象ãç³ã§ããããéã§ããããããã¡ãã«ããããã¨ããåèªã§æ°ãããã¨ãã§ããã®ã ã
âè¨èªã使ããªãæèã§ã¯ã人éã¯ããã¡ãã«ããããããã¨ããæ¦å¿µãã使ããªããã¨ãåãã£ã¦ããããããã以ä¸ã®æ°éçãªè¨èªãæã¤ãã¨ã§ã¯ããã¦ãããå¤ãã®éã®éã®é¢ä¿ãç解ããäºç©ã測éãããã¨ãå¯è½ã«ãªã£ãã
âè¹ã製é ããã«ã¯ãããç¨åº¦ã®æ¸¬éãå¿ è¦ãªã®ã§ãç´6ä¸å¹´åã®ããã«ã¯æ°ã«é¢ããããªãé«åº¦ãªèªå½ãããªãã£ã¦ããã¯ãã ãæ»è ãå¯è¬åã¨ã¨ãã«åè¬ããç¿æ £ãã¾ãããæ»ãã¨ããæ¦å¿µããæ»è ã®ä¸çã¸ã®æ¨è«ããã£ããã¨ãç©èªã£ã¦ããã
â第3ã«ãè¨èªã¯ç¥èãèç©ããä¼éãããã¨ãå¯è½ã«ãããè¨èªã¯ã¾ããéå£ãå ±æããã«ã¼ã«ã決ãããã¨ãå¯è½ã«ãããããã¦ãéå£å ã§ã®é«åº¦ãªåæ¥ã«ãã¨ã¥ãååè¡åãå¯è½ã«ããããã®ãããªè¨èªãåºç¤ã«ããéå£ã®ååè¡åã«ããã¦ãããããããã¯ãã¢ã³ãã«ã¿ã¼ã«äººã¨ã®ç«¶äºã«ããã¦ã大ããªåªä½æ§ãç²å¾ããã«éããªãããã®åªä½æ§ã¯ãããããã®ã²ãã ç 究ã§ããã«æ¤è¨¼ããã¦ãããã¨ã ããã
âããã¯è¨èªãç²å¾ãããã¨ã§æ¨è«è½åãé«ããç§å¦ã»æè¡ãçºå±ãããã¤ãã«èªåãã¡ã®é²åã®æ´å²ãç解ãã¯ããããããã¦ãç§ãã¡ã«ããã®æ´»åãå°çç°å¢ã«å¤§ããªå½±é¿ãä¸ãã¦ãããã¨ãç解ããã«è³ã£ããè¨èªã使ããã¨ã§ãç§ãã¡ã¯äººé¡ç¤¾ä¼ã®æªæ¥ã«ã¤ãã¦ãããã¾ãã¾ãªå¯è½æ§ãèãããã¨ãã§ããããããã®å¯è½æ§ã®ä¸ãããããè¯ãé¸æè¢ãé¸ã³åºãä½æ¥ã«ããã¦ããè¨èªã¯æ¬ ãããªãã
âç§ãã¡ã¯è¨èªãæ¥å¸¸çã«ä½æ°ãªã使ã£ã¦ãããããã®è¨èªã使ãããªãè½åã¯ãå®ã¯é©ç°çãªè½åãªã®ã ãã²ãã ç§å¦ã¯ãã®é©ç°çãªè½åã®èæ¯ãã¾ã ã»ã¨ãã©è§£æã§ãã¦ããªãããFOXP2ãå«ãé åã®ç 究ãããè¿ãå°æ¥ã«å¤§ããªçºè¦ãçã¾ããå¯è½æ§ãããã
âãã¢ã³ãã«ã¿ã¼ã«äººãããã½ã¯äººã¨äº¤éãã¦ãããã®é åã ãã¯ã¾ã£ããå¤åããªãã£ããã¨ããããã®é åã«ã¯ãããããããçç±ã説æãã大ããªç§å¯ãé ããã¦ããããã ããã®ç§å¯ã解ãããæ¥ãå¾ ã¡é ããã
ããã«å¦ã³ãã人ã®ããã«
ããã®é²åã«ã¤ãã¦ããã«å¦ã¶ããã§ã¯ãã¾ãã人é¡é²åã®700ä¸å¹´ãï¼ï¼ï¼ãèªãã®ãè¯ãã ãããèªå£²æ°èè¨è ã«ããèä½ã§ããã2005å¹´ã¾ã§ã®ç 究ã®ææãå¤ãã®å³ãåçãç¨ãã¦ãããããã解説ããã¦ãããå¥åæ¥çµãµã¤ã¨ã³ã¹ãåç³ã¨ã²ãã ã§æ¢ã人é¡ã®èµ·æºã¨æ¡æ£ãï¼ï¼ï¼ï¼ã«ã¯ã2006å¹´ãã2013å¹´ã«ããã¦æ¥çµãµã¤ã¨ã³ã¹ã«æ²è¼ããã20ç·¨ã®è¨äºï¼ãã¡19ç·¨ã¯Scientific Americanèªã«æ²è¼ãããè¨äºã®ç¿»è¨³ï¼ãåé²ããã¦ããã2006年以å¾ã®ç 究ã®é²å±ãå¦ã¶ãã¨ãã§ãããããããã®ã«ã©ã¼åçãå³ãè¦è¦çãªç解ãå©ãã¦ãããã
è¨èªã®èµ·æºã«ã¤ãã¦æ¸ãããæ¬ã®ä¸ã§ã¯ãã¹ãã£ã¼ãã³ã»ããºã³ï¼èï¼ãæããã¢ã³ãã«ã¿ã¼ã«ã(12)ãæ ¼æ®µã«é¢ç½ããèè ã¯ãåèªã¨ææ³ã«ãã¨ã¥ãè¨èªã®å段éã¨ãã¦ãããé³æ¥½çãªè¨èªã§ãããHmmmmmãããã¢ã³ãã«ã¿ã¼ã«äººãç²å¾ãã¦ããã¨ããã¦ãã¼ã¯ãªä»®èª¬ãæå±ãã¦ãããããã¦ãç´ç«äºè¶³æ©è¡ã®é²åã«ã¨ããªã£ã¦ãªãºã ãã¨ãããã®èªç¥çè½åãç²å¾ããããã¨ã§ããHmmmmmãï¼Holistic, manipulative, multi-modal, musical and mimetic; å ¨ä½çãæä½çãå¤æ§å¼ãé³æ¥½çã模å£çè¨èªï¼ããµããµãããæå³ããè±èªã¨ããããã¼ãã³ã°ï¼ãçºéããã¨èãã¦ããã人é¡å¦ãèå¤å¦ã®ææãé§ä½¿ããç·»å¯ãªèå¯ã¨ãé³æ¥½ããªãºã ã®å½¹å²ã«ã¤ãã¦ã®å¤§èãªæ¨è«ãçµã¿åããã人é¡å²ã«ã¤ãã¦ã®é åçãªãã¸ã§ã³ãæ示ãã¦ãããã¾ããåå®æã®èµ·æºããéå£ã«ããé³æ¥½æ´»åã®æ義ãªã©ãèå³æ·±ã話é¡ãæºè¼ã ã人é¡å²ã«ã¤ãã¦å¦ã¶ããã§ã¯ãå¿ èªã®ä¸åã§ãããè¨èªã«ã¤ãã¦ããã«ç解ãæ·±ããã«ã¯ãã¹ãã£ã¼ãã³ã»ãã³ã«ã¼èãè¨èªãçã¿ã ãæ¬è½ãï¼ï¼ï¼ï¼ã¨ãæèããè¨èªãï¼ï¼ï¼ï¼ãèªãããã¹ãã£ã¼ãã³ã»ãã³ã«ã¼ã¯ããã§ã ã¹ãã¼ã®è¨èªçè«ãå«ããéå»ã®è¨èªç 究ãæ¹å¤çã«ç¶æ¿ããªãããé²åå¿çå¦çãªè¦ç¹ãã¨ãããã¦è¨èªç 究ã«åãçµãã§ãããããã«ãå¿ã®ä»çµã¿ãï¼ï¼ï¼ï¼ãèªãã°ãæèãå¿ã¨è¨èªã®é¢ä¿ãããæ·±ãç解ã§ããã
å¼ç¨æç®
ï¼ï¼ï¼ä¸äºèª ï¼2005ï¼ã人é¡é²åã®700ä¸å¹´ãæ¸ãæãããããããã®èµ·æºããè¬è«ç¤¾ç¾ä»£æ°æ¸
ï¼ï¼ï¼Green RE et al. (2010) A Draft Sequence of the Neandertal Genome. Science 328: 710-722.
ï¼ï¼ï¼Reich D et al. (2010) Genetic history of an archaic hominin group from Denisova Cave in Siberia. Nature 468: 1053-1060.
ï¼ï¼ï¼Paavo S (2014) Neanderthal Man: In Serach of Lost Genomes. Basic Books. ã¹ã´ã¡ã³ãã»ãã¼ãï¼èï¼ãéä¸é¦æ¹åï¼è¨³ï¼ããã¢ã³ãã«ã¿ã¼ã«äººã¯ç§ãã¡ã¨äº¤é ãããæèæ¥ç§
ï¼ï¼ï¼Vernot B et al.(2016) Excavating Neandertal and Denisovan DNA from the genomes of Melanesian individuals. Science 352:235-239.
ï¼ï¼ï¼âæµ·é¨é½ä»ï¼2016ï¼ãæ¥æ¬äººã¯ã©ãããæ¥ãã®ãï¼ãæèæ¥ç§
ï¼ï¼ï¼ããã®ç¥å éå£ããªã¼ã¹ãã©ãªã¢ã«ä¾µå ¥ãã大åã®æè¢é¡ï¼ã«ã³ã¬ã«ã¼ã®ä»²éï¼ã®ç¨®ã次ã ã«æ» ã¼ããã®ã¯ãç´4ä¸5000å¹´åã§ãã
ï¼ï¼ï¼Yoon CK () Naming Nature: The Clash between Instinct and Science. Princeton University Press. ãã£ãã«ã»ããµã¯ã»ã¨ã¼ã³ï¼èï¼ãä¸ä¸ä¿¡å®ã»éä¸é¦æ¹åï¼è¨³ï¼ãèªç¶ãåã¥ããããªãçç©åé¡ã§ã¯ç´è¦³ã¨ç§å¦ãè¡çªããã®ããNTTåºç
ï¼ï¼ï¼Coop et al (2008)The Timing of Selection at the Human FOXP2 Gene. Molecular Biology and Evolution 25:1257â1259
ï¼ï¼ï¼ï¼Dibble HL wt al. (2015) A critical look at evidence from La Chapelle-aux-Saints supporting an intentional Neandertal burial. Journal of Archaeological Science 53: 649â657.
ï¼ï¼ï¼ï¼â Mithen S (2005) The Singing Neandertathals: The Origin of Music, Language, Mind and Body.Weidenfeld & Nicolson.ã¹ãã£ã¼ãã³ã»ããºã³ï¼èï¼ãçè°·æ·³åï¼è¨³ï¼ãæããã¢ã³ãã«ã¿ã¼ã«ãæ©å·æ¸æ¿
ï¼ï¼ï¼ï¼Shea JJ ï¼2003ï¼ The middle paleolithic of the east Mediterranean Levant. Journal of World Prehistory 17: 313-394
ï¼ï¼ï¼ï¼Pinker, S (1994) The Language Instince: How the Mind Creates Language. Allen Lane.ã¹ãã£ã¼ãã³ã»ãã³ã«ã¼ ãè¨èªãçã¿ã ãæ¬è½ãä¸ã»ä¸ã»ä¸ãæ¤ç°ç´å訳ãNHKããã¯ã¹
ï¼ï¼ï¼ï¼Pinker, S (2007) The Stuff of Thought: Language as a Window into Human NatureãPenguin. ã¹ãã£ã¼ãã³ã»ãã³ã«ã¼ ï¼èï¼å¹¾å³¶ 幸å ã»æ¡å 篤å (訳)ãæèããè¨èªâããã¨ã°ã®æå³ããã人éæ§ã«è¿«ããä¸ã»ä¸ã»ä¸ãNHKããã¯ã¹
ï¼ï¼ï¼ï¼ç¯ ç°è¬ä¸ï¼ç·¨ï¼ï¼2013ï¼ãåç³ã¨ã²ãã ã§æ¢ã人é¡ã®èµ·æºã¨æ¡æ£ãå¥åæ¥çµãµã¤ã¨ã³ã¹
ï¼ï¼ï¼ï¼Pinker, S (1997) How the mind works.Norton. ã¹ãã£ã¼ãã³ã»ãã³ã«ã¼ ãå¿ã®ä»çµã¿ã人éé¢ä¿ã«ã©ãé¢ããããä¸ã»ä¸Â æ¤ç°ç´å訳ãã¡ãã¾å¦è¸æ庫
Â
ã決æç§å¦ã®ãããã第4ç« ã§ã¯ä»¥ä¸ã®ï¼ã¤ã®ç¯ãç¶ãã¾ãã
4.2 ãéå»6ä¸å¹´ã®éã人é¡ã®é²åã¯å éãã
4.3 ãã¨ã¼ãããã®äººãã¡ã¯ãªãè¿ä»£åã®å é§è ã«ãªããã®ãï¼
4.4ãä¸ç®çç¶ï¼ãã®200å¹´ã§ä¸çã¯ã©ãå¤ãã£ãã®ã
4.5 æ¿æ²»ç対ç«ãã©ãããã°ä¹ãè¶ãããããï¼
Â
Â
çç©å¤æ§æ§ã¨èªç¶å ±çåæ§æ³ã«é¢ããã·ã³ãã¸ã¦ã
é£æ²«ææã»ç©ºæ°ææã»ã¨ã¢ãã¾ã«ææã®åºæºã®ããã¾ãã
é£æ²«ï¼é£æ²«ç²åï¼droplets, ã¨ã¢ãã¾ã«aerosols=ã¨ã¢ãã¾ã«ç²åaerosol particlesã¨ããç¨èªã®ä½¿ãæ¹ã«ã¤ãã¦è¥ãæ£ããããã§ãé£æ²«ææã»ç©ºæ°ææã»ã¨ã¢ãã¾ã«ææã®åºæºã®ããã¾ããã«ã¤ãã¦ãç§ãç解ãã¦ãããã¨ãæ¸ãã¾ããããééããããã°ãææãã ããããã®è¨äºãæ¸ãçç±ã¯ãæ¨å¹´2æ以æ¥ãæ°åã³ããã¦ã¤ã«ã¹ã«é¢ããæ å ±çºä¿¡ãç¶ãã¦ãããç§å¦è ã¨ãã¦ãã®è¡çºãç¶ãã以ä¸ãééãããã£ã¦ã¯ãªããªãããã§ãã以ä¸ã«æ¸ãè¨äºã¯ç§ã®ç解ãå ¬éæ¤è¨¼ããããã®ãã®ãªã®ã§ãæ¤è¨¼ä»¥åã®è¨äºã ã¨ãããã¨ããäºæ¿ã®ããã§ãèªã¿ãã ãããã¨ã¯ãããç§ãªãã«è«æãèªãã§ã調ã¹ãããã§è¨äºãæ¸ãã¦ãã¾ãã
æ¨å¹´2æã«æ°åã³ããã¦ã¤ã«ã¹ã«é¢ããè«æãèªã¿å§ãã¦ããã«æ°ã¥ããçåãããã¤ãããã¾ãã
ï¼ï¼ï¼é£æ²«ææã¨ç©ºæ°ææãåããåºæºã¨ãã¦ãç²åå¾5μmãç¨ãããã¦ããããããã¯å¦¥å½ãªã®ãï¼
WHOã§ã¯ãå¾5μm以ä¸ã®é£æ²«ç²ådropletsã«ããææãé£æ²«æædroplet transmissionãå¾5μmæªæºã®ãé£æ²«æ ¸ãdroplet nucleiã«ããææã空æ°ææariborne transmissionã¨å®ç¾©ãã¦ãããå¤ãã®è«æã§ãã®åºæºãå¼ç¨ãããã¾ãå¼ç¨ãªãã§æ¡ç¨ããã¦ãã¾ããé£æ²«æ ¸ã¯é£æ²«ç²åããæ°´åãè¸çºããç¶æ ã®ãã¨ã§ããå¾5μmæªæºã ã¨ããã«æ°´åãè¸çºãã¦é£æ²«æ ¸ã«ãªãã¨èª¬æããã¦ãã¾ãããæ¬å½ã«ãããªã®ãï¼ãè«æã調ã¹ãã¨ã¢ãã¾ã«ã«è©³ããå人ã«ãå°ãã¾ãããçµè«ã¨ãã¦ãæ°´åãä¿æããå¾5μmæªæºã®ç²åã¯åå¨ããããã§ãããããã§ããã¨ããã¾ããªãã¨ããæ¸ããªãã®ã¯ããã®ãã¨ã証æ ã ã¦ãè«æã¯ã¾ã 確èªã§ãã¦ããªãããã§ããç§ã®èª¿ã¹æ¹ã足ããªãã®ããããã¾ããããåªåããç¯å²ã§ã¯çºè¦ã§ãã¾ããã§ããããã®ç¹ã«é¢é£ãã¦ã以ä¸ã®çåãæµ®ãã³ã¾ããã
ï¼ï¼ï¼æ°åã³ããã¦ã¤ã«ã¹ã¯ç©ºæ°ææããªããã¨ããã®ã¯æ¬å½ãï¼
è«æã調ã¹ã¦ã¿ãã¨ãã¤ã³ãã«ã¨ã³ã¶ã¦ã¤ã«ã¹ã¯å¾5μm以ä¸ã®ç²åã«ãå«ã¾ãããã¨ãããããããã®ç²åã«ããææãçããã¨ãã証æ ãããã¤ãçºè¡¨ããã¦ãã¾ããããããã®è«æã§ã¯ãã¨ã¢ãã¾ã«ææaerosol transmissionã¨ããç¨èªã使ããã¦ãã¾ãããã¨ãã°ä»¥ä¸ã®è«æï¼
Cowling BJ et al. (2013) Â Aerosol transmission is an important mode of influenza A virus spread. Nature Communications 4:1935.
ãã®è«æã§ã¯ãã¾ãå¤å ¸çãªå¾5μmåºæºãæ¸ããã¦ãã¾ãã
A distinction is typically made between larger droplets that are believed to settle to ground within 1â2 m, versus smaller droplet nuclei particles with aerodynamic diameter below 5 μm that can remain airborne for longer periods but may desiccate quickly, depending on environmental conditions.
ãã®ããã§ã
These latter particles are also referred to as aerosols and retain infectivity.
ã¨æ¸ãããè«æã®ã¿ã¤ãã«ã®ããã«Aerosol transmission ã¨ããç¨èªã使ããã¦ãã¾ãããã®å®ç¾©ã§ã¯ãAerosol transmission ï¼ç©ºæ°ææairborne transmissionã§ããããã¦ãé£æ²«ææã¨ã¨ã¢ãã¾ã«ææï¼ç©ºæ°ææï¼ã®æ¯çã¯ã»ã¼åã ã ããã¨ããçµè«ãä¸ãã¦ãã¾ãã
ãã®ãããªè«æãåºã¦ããã®ã§ãæ°åã³ããã¦ã¤ã«ã¹ã«ã¤ãã¦ãã¨ã¢ãã¾ã«ææï¼ç©ºæ°ææï¼ãèµ·ããã®ã§ã¯ãªããã¨èãã¾ããããããå½æã¯ã¨ã¢ãã¾ã«ææï¼ç©ºæ°ææï¼ã®å¯è½æ§ã¯ä½ãã¨ããè¦è§£ãå°é家ããçºè¡¨ããã¦ããã®ã§ãéå°é家ã®ç§ãããã«ç°ãã¨ãªããçºä¿¡ããããã¨ã¯æ§ãã¾ããã
ä¸æ¹ã§ãããã²ã¨ã¤ã®çåãçãã¾ããã
ï¼ï¼ï¼å¾5μm以ä¸ã®ç²åã¯ã¨ã¢ãã¾ã«ã§ã¯ãªãã®ãï¼
å¾30ï½40μmãããã®è±ç²ã§ãã¨ã¢ãã¾ã«åãã¾ãã®ã§ãå¾5μmæªæºã¨ããåºæºãã大ããªç²åã§ããããªãé·æé空æ°ä¸ãæ¼ãã®ã§ã¯ãªããã¨æãã¾ããããã®çåã«ã¤ãã¦ã¯ä»¥ä¸ã®è«æã§ããç¨åº¦è§£æ±ºãã¾ããã
Teiller R (2009) Aerosol transmission of influenza A virus: a review of new studies. J. R. Soc. Interface 6, S783âS790.
The settling velocity in still air can be calculated using Stokesâ law (Hinds 1999); for example, a 3 m fall takes 4 min for a 20 μm particle (aerodynamic diameter), 17 min for
10 μm and 67 min for 5 μm.
ããã«ãå¾5μmã®ç²åã¯67åé空æ°ä¸ãæ¼ãã¨ããè¨ç®çµæãæ¸ããã¦ãã¾ãã67åé空æ°ä¸ãæ¼ãç²åãªãã¨ã¢ãã¾ã«ç²åã¨ã¿ãªãã¦ããã®ã§ã¯ãªãããã¨èãã¦èªã¿é²ãã¨ã以ä¸ã®è¨è¿°ãããã¾ããã
There is essential agreement that particles with an aerodynamic diameter of 5 mm or less are aerosols, whereas particles >20 μm would be large droplets. Some authors define aerosols as <10 μm or even <20 μm (Knight 1973; Treanor 2005); particles between 5 and 15 to 20 μm have also been termed âintermediateâ.
è¦ããã«ãé£æ²«ç²åã¨ã¨ã¢ãã¾ã«ç²åã®åºå¥ã¯åºæºæ¬¡ç¬¬ã¨ãããã¨ã§ããæè¿çºè¡¨ããã以ä¸ã®è«æï¼IDAããã«ããç´¹ä»ããã ããè«æï¼ã§ã¯ã<100 μmãã¨ã¢ãã¾ã«ããããã大ãããã®ãé£æ²«ç²ådropletsã¨ãã¦ãã¾ãã
Wang CC et al. (2021) Airborne transmission of respiratory viruses. Science 373:Â eabd9149
ç§ã«ã¯ã以ä¸ã®åãæ±ãã妥å½ã«æãã¾ãã
Gralton et al. (2011) The role of particle size in aerosolised pathogen transmission: A review. Journal of Infection 61: 1â13.
This indicates that expelled particles carrying pathogens do not exclusively disperse by airborne or droplet transmission but avail of both methods simultaneously and current dichotomous infection control precautions should be updated to include measures to contain both modes of aerosolised transmission.
é¦è¨³ï¼ãã®ãã¨ã¯ãç åä½ãéã¶æåºãããç²åã¯ã空æ°ææãé£æ²«ææãã®ã©ã¡ããã ãã§æ¡æ£ããã®ã§ã¯ãªãã両æ¹ã®æ¹æ³ãåæã«å©ç¨ãã¦ãããã¨ã示ãã¦ãããç¾å¨ã®äºåæ³ã«ããææäºé²çã¯ãã¨ã¢ãã¾ã«åããææaerosolised transmissionã®ä¸¡æ¹ã®ã¢ã¼ããæå¶ãã対çãå«ãããã«æ´æ°ãããã¹ãã§ããã
ãã®è«æã¯ã空æ°ææãé£æ²«ææãã¨ã¢ãã¾ã«åããç²åã«ããææã§ããã¨ããç解ã®ä¸ã§ã空æ°ææã¨é£æ²«ææã®äºåæ³ã¯é©åã§ã¯ãªãã¨ä¸»å¼µãã¦ãã¾ãã
ç§ããé£æ²«ã¯ã¨ã¢ãã¾ã«ãã¨ããè¨ãæ¹ãããã®ã¯ããã®èãã«ãã¨ã¥ããã®ã§ããæ£ç¢ºã«ã¯ãå¾æ¥é£æ²«ç²åã¨å¼ã°ãã¦ãããã®ã¯ã¨ã¢ãã¾ã«åããç²åã§ãããã¨ããæå³ã§ããWang CC et al. (2021) ã®<100 μmãã¨ã¢ãã¾ã«ã¨ã¿ãªãå®ç¾©ã ã¨ãä¼è©±ãå³ã§å£ããåºãç²åã®ã»ã¨ãã©ããã®å®ç¾©ãæºããã®ã§ãGralton et al. (2011) ã¨çµè«ã¯ã»ã¼åãã§ãã
ä¼è©±ãå³ã§å£ããåºãç²åã®ãµã¤ãºåå¸ã«ã¤ãã¦ã¯ããã¤ãç 究ãããã¾ããã
Chao et al. (2009) Characterization of expiration airjets and droplet size distributions immediately at the mouth opening. Aerosol Science 40: 122â133.
ã«ããã°ãå£ããåºãç²åã®å¤§é¨åã¯100μmæªæºã§ããChao et al. (2009) ã¯ãããã®ç²åã«å¯¾ãã¦é£æ²«ç²ådropletsã¨ããç¨èªãç¨ãã¦ãã¾ãããWang CC et al. (2021) ã®å®ç¾©ã ã¨ã¨ã¢ãã¾ã«ã§ãã
çµè«ã¨ãã¦ãå£ããåºãç²åã®å¤§é¨åãå ãã100μmæªæºã®ç²åããé£æ²«ç²åã¨å¼ã¶ãã¨ã¢ãã¾ã«ã¨å¼ã¶ããããã¯å®ç¾©æ¬¡ç¬¬ã§ããä¼è©±ãå³ã§å£ããåºãç²åãå«ãã æ°ä½ãã¨ã¢ãã¾ã«ã§ããããã®ä¸ã«ã¯å¤§å°ãã¾ãã¾ãªç²åãå«ã¾ãã大ãããã®ã¯ãã¿ããã«è½ä¸ããå°ãããã®ã¯ãã¿ããã«é£æ²«æ ¸ã«ç§»è¡ãããããã®ç¶æ å¤åã¯é£ç¶çã ãã¨ããç解ã§ããã®ã§ã¯ãªãã§ããããã
Â
ã¨ã¢ãã¾ã«ã®å®ç¾©
é£æ²«ã¯ã¨ã¢ãã¾ã«ã ã¨ãã¤ã¼ãããããããã¯éãã¨ãããææãåãã¦ããé£æ²«ã¯ã¨ã¢ãã¾ã«ãã¨ããå¼·æ ãªè¨äºãæ¸ãã¾ãããããããã¨ã¢ãã¾ã«ã«é¢ãã¦ç§ã®ç解ãé©åã§ãªããã¨ãå¤æããã®ã§ãè¨äºãå ¨é¢æ¹è¨ãã¾ãã
ç§ã¯åã ã®ã¨ã¢ãã¾ã«ç²åãã¨ã¢ãã¾ã«aerosolsã¨ã¯è¨ããªãã¨ç解ãã¦ãã¾ãããã¨ã¢ãã¾ã«ã¯ç²åã¨æ°ä½ã®æ··åä½ã®ãã¨ã§ãããåã ã®ç²åã¯aerosol particlesã ã¨ç解ãã¦ãã¾ããããããã
ã¨ã¢ãã¾ã«ããã£ã¢ã®è§£èª¬
ã«ããã°
ãã¨ã¢ãã¾ã«ã¯ã空æ°ä¸ã«å¾®å°ãªæ¶²ä½ç²åï¼dropletï¼ãåºä½ç²åï¼particleï¼ãæµ®éãã¦ããåæ£ç³»ããããã¯æµ®éãã¦ããç²åãã®ãã®ãæå³ãããå¾è ã®ããã«ãå¾®ç²åãã®ãã®ãæå³ããå ´åã«ã¯ãã¨ã¢ãã¾ã«ç²åï¼aerosol particlesï¼ã¨ãã¶ãã¨ãããããé常ã¯ããããåºå¥ããã«ç¨ãããã¨ãå¤ããã
ã¨æè¨ããã¦ãã¾ãã
ãããç¾å¨å°é家ãç¨ãã¦ããå®ç¾©ã¨ãããã¾ããã®ã§ã以å¾ãã®å®ç¾©ã«å¾ãã¾ãã
ãªããã¦ã£ãããã£ã¢æ¥æ¬èªçã«ã¯
ããªãä¿ã«ãå¾®ç²åã®ãã¨ãã¨ã¢ãã¾ã«ã¨å¼ã¶ãã¨ããããééãã§ãããã
ã¨æ¸ããã¦ãã¾ããæ¥æ¬èªçã¯ã¨ãã©ãééã£ã¦ããã®ã§ããã¤ãè±èªçãæ¯è¼åç §ããããã«ãã¦ãã¾ãããè±èªçã§ã
ãAerosol is defined as a suspension system of solid or liquid particles in a gas. An aerosol includes both the particles and the suspending gas, which is usually air.ã
ã¨æ¸ããã¦ããããããèªãéããã¨ã¢ãã¾ã«ã¯ã·ã¹ãã ã§ãã£ã¦ãåã ã®particleã¯aerosolã§ã¯ãªãã¨ç解ããã¾ãã
æ¥æ¬ã¨ã¢ãã¾ã«å¦ä¼ã®ã¦ã§ããã¼ã¸ãã§ã
ãæ°ä½ä¸ã«æµ®éããå¾®å°ãªæ¶²ä½ã¾ãã¯åºä½ã®ç²åã¨å¨å²ã®æ°ä½ã®æ··åä½ãã¨ã¢ãã¾ã«(aerosol)ã¨è¨ãã¾ããã
ã¨æ¸ããã¦ãã¾ãããã®ã»ããç§ã®å°éã«è¿ãåéã§ã¨ã¢ãã¾ã«ã«ã¤ãã¦æ¸ãããè«æãèªãã çµé¨ã®ç¯å²ã§ã¯ãåã ã®ç²åãã¨ã¢ãã¾ã«ã¨æ¸ããè«æãç¥ãã¾ãããããã§ãå»å¦åéã§åã ã®ç²åãã¨ã¢ãã¾ã«ã¨å¼ãã§ããã®ã¯ç¹æ®ãªç¨æ³ã¨æã£ã¦ãã¾ããããã®ç¹ã¯èª¤è§£ã§ããã®ã§ãè¨æ£ãã¾ãã
ãããã¦ãé£æ²«ã¨é£æ²«ç²åãåºå¥ããç¨æ³ã¯ããã¾ããç§ã¯ãé£æ²«ã¯é£æ²«ç²åã»é£æ²«æ ¸ãå«ãããã¾ãã¾ãªç²åãå«ã¾ããã¨ã¢ãã¾ã«ãã¨ããç解ããã¦ãã¾ãããããã®ç¨æ³ã¯æ··ä¹±ãæããã¨ããããã¾ããã以å¾ãã¨ã¢ãã¾ã«ï¼ã¨ã¢ãã¾ã«ç²åãã¨åãããã«ãé£æ²«ï¼é£æ²«ç²åï¼dropletsã¨ããç¨æ³ã使ãã¾ãã
ãã®ããã«ãç¨èªã®æ··ä¹±ãé¿ããããã«è¥ããã ããããã§ãå»å¦ç³»è«æã«ããã¦é£æ²«ã¨ã¨ã¢ãã¾ã«ã®åºæºãå®ã¾ã£ã¦ããªããã¨ã«ã¤ãã¦ã次ã®è¨äºã§æ¸ãã¾ããé·ããªãã®ã§ãã²ã¨ã¾ãããã§è¨äºãåºåãã¾ãã
Â
å¤§æ¿ å ¬åã®æ¯è¦³
å¤§æ¿ å ¬åç¾è¡é¤¨å¨è¾ºã«ã¯å¨æ¥ç¨®ã«ã³ãµã¤ã¿ã³ãããèªçãã¦ãã¾ããæ°´è·¯ã樹æãããã¾ãããã®ã¨ãªã¢ã®æ¯è¦³ã®åç»ãæ®ã£ã¦ãã¦ãã¤ã³ã¹ã¿ã°ã©ã ã«ããã¾ããã
楽観çãªäººã»ã©äºé²è¡åããã¦ããªã
æ°åã³ããã¦ã¤ã«ã¹ææçæµè¡ä¸ã®å¿ççç¶æ³ã»äºé²è¡åã¨æ§æ ¼ã®é¢é£ã«ã¤ãã¦èª¿ã¹ãç 究ã®çµæããæ¨æ¥PLOS ONEèªã«å ¬è¡¨ããã¾ããã
æ°åã³ããã¦ã¤ã«ã¹ææçã®ç·æ¥äºæ 宣è¨çºåºç´å¾ã®2020å¹´4æ8æ¥ãããªã³ã©ã¤ã³èª¿æ»ãéå§ãã第ä¸åã®èª¿æ»ã§ã¯æ¥æ¬å ¨å½ãã1856åã®æå¹åçãå¾ã¾ããããã®å¾6æä¸æ¬ã¾ã§æ¯é±èª¿æ»ãå®æ½ãã10ååã®æç³»åãã¼ã¿ãå¾ã¾ããããä»åã®è«æã¯ç¬¬ä¸åã®èª¿æ»çµæãåæãããã®ã§ãããã®ç 究ã§ã¯ãå¸æ°ã®æ§æ ¼ãäºé²è¡åãå¿ççè² æ ï¼ã¹ãã¬ã¹ã»ä¸å®ã»æãã¤ãªã©ï¼ã«å½±é¿ããã®ã§ã¯ãªãããã¨ããç¹ã«æ³¨ç®ãã¾ããã人ã®æ§æ ¼ã«ã¯ãç¥çµè³ªã»å¤åæ§ã»å調æ§ã»è¯å¿æ§ã»éæ¾æ§ã¨ããï¼ã¤ã®åºæ¬å åï¼ããã°ï¼ï¼ããããã¨ãããã£ã¦ãã¾ãããããã¯ããããã人éã®ååè¡åã¨ã¨ãã«ãããããå¤æ§åãä¿ãé¸æå§ã®ä¸ã§é²åããæ§è³ªã§ãããããã®æ§æ ¼å åã«ããã¦ãã人ã¯ãããã¦å¤æ§ã§ãããã®å¤æ§æ§ï¼å人差ï¼ã«æ³¨ç®ããæ¬ç 究ã®çµæãï¼ã¤ã®æ§æ ¼å åã¯ãã¹ã¦äºé²è¡åã«ææã«é¢ä¿ãã¦ãã¾ãããç¥çµè³ªã»å¤åæ§ã»å調æ§ã»è¯å¿æ§ã»éæ¾æ§ã®ããããã«ããã¦å¾åãå¼·ã人ã»ã©äºé²è¡åã®ã¬ãã«ãé«ãã¨ããçµæãå¾ããã¾ããããã®ãããªå人差ããææãªã¹ã¯ã®éããçãã§ããå¯è½æ§ãããã¾ããç¥çµè³ªå¾åãå¼±ã人ï¼ï¼æ¥½è¦³çãªäººï¼ãå¤åæ§å¾åãå¼±ã人ï¼ï¼ä»äººã®è©ä¾¡ãæ°ã«ããªã人ï¼ãå調æ§ãä½ã人ã¯ãäºé²è¡åããã£ããã¨ãããã«ãèªè¦ãå¼·ãã¦ã»ãããè¯å¿æ§ã¯èªå¶å¿ã¨é¢ä¿ãå¼·ãæ§æ ¼å åã§ããèªå¶å¿ãå¼±ã人ã¯ãèªåã§ã¯ãªããªãäºé²è¡åãã¨ããªãå¯è½æ§ãããã¾ããå¨å²ã®ãµãã¼ããå¿ è¦ã§ããããéæ¾æ§ã¯ç¥è欲ã¨é¢ä¿ãã¦ãã¾ããææã®ååãªã©ããã¾ãæ°ã«ããã人ã¯ãäºé²è¡åã¬ãã«ãä½ãããããã¾ãããæè²ã®æ©ä¼ãå¢ãããäºé²ã«é¢ããæ£ç¢ºãªç¥èãæ®åãããã¨ãéè¦ã ã¨èãã¾ããè«ææ稿å¾ã«ããããã®çµæã«ã¤ãã¦ããã«åæãé²ãã¦ãã¾ããï¼ã¤ã®æ§æ ¼å åã¯ãå ååæã¨ããæ¹æ³ã§è©ä¾¡ããã¦ãã¾ãããã®æ¹æ³ã¯ãæ§æ ¼å åéã®ç¸é¢ã許ãã¦ãã¾ããè¡åçæ å¦çã«ã¯ãï¼ã¤ã®æ§æ ¼å åéã®ç¸é¢ãæ°ã«ãªãã¾ããç¸é¢ããã¤ãã¹ãªããã¬ã¼ããªããããã¨èãããã¾ãããã®ç¸é¢ã«ã¤ãã¦èª¿ã¹ã¦ã¿ãã¨ããã¯ããã¬ã¼ããªããè¦ã¤ããã¾ããããã®ç¹ã¯ãåºç¤ç§å¦çã«ãææ対çä¸ãéè¦ã¨èããåæä½æ¥ãé²ãã¦ããã¨ããã§ããçµæãæ©ãè«æã«ã¾ã¨ãããã¨æãã¾ãããæ¬æ¥ã®çµ¶æ» å±æ§æ¤ç©èª¿æ»ãç¹å¿æã«å ¥ãã¤ã¤ãããæéã足ãã¾ããã