Chapter 4: Katutubong Panukat na Sikolohikal: Emotional Stability Pagkamapagkumbaba/ Humility

Indigenous Personality Measurement Pagkamasayahin/ Cheerfulness Pagkamatapat/

Honesty Pagkamatiyaga/ Patience Pagkaresponsable/
This chapter discusses the need for culturally relevant
Responsibility Porma KS/ Form KS (Intelligence and
tools for testing and assessment in non-Western
creativity) –40 items which assess: Pagkamalikhain/
countries, such as the Philippines where it has been a
Creativity Pagkamapagsapalaran/ Risk Taking
common practice to adopt and translate psychological
Pagkamasikap/ Achievement Orientation
tests originally developed in Western countries. This
Pagkamatalino/ Intelligence.
general approach assumes that Western theories and
tools are universally applicable. Apart from the How was the PPP developed?
challenges of establishing equivalence between the
Sixteen (16) of the traits included in the PPP were
original Western tests and the translated tests, the
identified on the basis of the results of a survey which
general approach has been queried on the lack of
asked a heterogeneous group of persons: (a) to
relevance of some universal constructs that may be
describe themselves, someone they liked and
imposed on the local population. The indigenization
someone they disliked; (b) to define traits mentioned;
movement in psychology arose in response to the
and (c) to provide a description of a behavior that
imposed general approach. Several indigenization
exemplified a particular trait.
responses in cognitive and personality assessment are
presented to illustrate the introduction of general 425 items in the form of statements were constructed
constructs and measures. for the 16 traits identified by the survey and 3 others
which were a personal interest to the author were
Filipino Made Psychological Test PANUKAT NG
included (for a total of 19 traits across the three forms)
PAGKATAONG PILIPINO (PPP) Annadaisy J. Carlota, UP
–the items were pretested on a sample comparable to
Department of Psychology
the survey respondents.
ANNADAISY J. CARLOTA was a full-time faculty
Pretest scores were analyzed using item-total
member of the Department of Psychology in the
correlations -for every dimension, the relevant items
University of the Philippines (UP Diliman) from 1965
were correlated with the subtotal scores yielded by
until 2012. She has also served as Chair of the
the group of items constituting the subtest of that
Department and as Director of the Office of
dimension.
Admissions. Ms. Carlota continues to teach as Lecturer
in the same university. The courses she teaches include The internal consistency reliabilities for varying
psychological measurement, psychological assessment, subgroups of items for each subtest, the initial item
developmental psychology and research methods. Ms. pool was reduced to 220 items; after further
Carlota has an A.B. (Psychology) degree from the examination of subtest reliability coefficients, the total
University of the Philippines and Ph.D. and M.A. number of items was reduced to the present 210
degrees in Psychology from the University of Illinois in (across the 19 subscales).
Urbana Champaign.
How is the PPP used?
What does the PPP measure? The PPP assesses 19
a. Target users of the PPP: Age range of 13 years
dimensions grouped as follows, each group
and older
comprising:
b. Uses of the PPP: For research, for screening
Porma K/ Form K(Personality dimensions relevant to for employment, screening for acceptance into
interpersonal relationships) –90 items which assess programs, for counseling
the following: Pagkamaalalahanin/ Thoughtfulness c. b. Uses of the PPP: For research, for screening
Pagkamadaldal/ Social Curiosity Pagkamagalang/ for employment, screening for acceptance into
Respectfulness Pagkamaramdamin/ Sensitiveness programs, for counseling.
Pagkamasunurin/ Obedience Pagkamatulungin/ d. Administration of the PPP
Helpfulness Pagkamaunawain/ Capacity to be 1. The test may be administered to
Understanding Pagkapalakaibigan/ Sociability groups or to individual; for test takers
who are proficient in reading and
Porma S/ Form S(Personal traits) –80 items which
writing in Pilipino and/or English, the
assess: Pagkamaayos/ Orderliness Pagkamahinahon/
test may be self - administered. Test
booklets are reusable; responses are b. For educational institutions, the PPP may also
written on answer sheets. be accessed through the services of the Center
2. All three forms may be administered for Educational Measurement (CEM.
as a set to produce a 19-trait
personality profile; or each form may
PANUKAT NG UGALI AT PAGKATAO
be administered individually for a Dr. Virgilio G. Enriquez sought to construct a test in
profile on a selected cluster of traits; Filipino that measured Filipinooriented traits,
or items pertaining to traits of interest behaviors, and attitudes, primarily to identify inventive
may be selected from across the talent, the main objective of a National Science and
different forms and combined into a Development Board (NSDB)-sponsored research
single test form project in the early 1970s. The research team wrote
3. Each of the longer forms (Form K and items to measure personality characteristics judged by
Form S) usually takes 20 to 30 minutes them to be salient for Filipinos, which were culled
to administer; Form KS in 10 to 20 from Filipino dictionaries, proverbs, social science
minutes. If all three forms (total of 210 studies, word associations, and interviews with college
items) are administered, it usually students and other informants. The resulting test, the
takes about 50 minutes to 1 hour Panukat ng Ugali at Pagkatao (PUP), was presented to
(maximum of 1 and 30 minutes) to the international scientific community in 1981 (in the
complete the testing. International Conference on Personality Assessment),
4. Scoring of the PPP: The scoring of the after which work on the test continued over the years.
PPP is done manually with the use of In its present form, the 160-item PUP is in Filipino with
scoring stencil English translations for all of its items, 141 items of
a. Each item is scored on a 5 point which are organized into 24 trait scales and 2 validity
scale -positively stated items are scales. The scales have an average of 6 items.
scored 5 to 1 from the Lubos na Respondents indicate their level of agreement with
sumasang-ayon/ Strongly agree to each item using a 5-point bipolar scale (Hinding-hindi
the Lubos na di sumasang-ayon/ or definitely no, Hindi or no, Walang masabi or nothing
Strongly disagree; scoring is to say, Totoo or true, and Totoong totoo or definitely
reversed for negatively stated true). In addition, there are 19 “identifier items” on
items. self-claimed personality traits which were included in
b. The total score for each the PUP for personality research purposes.
personality trait is obtained by
The PUP’s validity scales indicate a respondent’s
summating the scores from the
tendency to deny basic truths (Pagkakaila) and to
relevant items of for that
reject cultural values typically held by Filipinos
particular trait.
(Kaugalian). When a test taker’s responses on items
Interpreting the PPP belonging to these 2 scales indicate these response
tendencies, his or her responses on the rest of the
a. The PPP has two types of norms that may used
items are no longer analyzed or interpreted.
for the interpretation of scores obtained:
percentiles, and normalized standardized English translations of the scale names indicate that
scores with a mean of 50 and a standard the PUP seeks to measure the following traits:
deviation of 10. ambition, coyness or unapproachability, thriftiness,
b. A graphic personality profile maybe drawn on perseverance, guts/daring, thoughtfulness,
the profile chart on the first page of the respectfulness, shyness, creativity, generosity, humility,
answer sheet. self-control/restraint, criticalness, sensitiveness,
helpfulness, inquisitiveness, belligerence, low
How is the PPP accessed?
tolerance for teasing, responsibleness, fickle-
a. Available for purchase -A PPP set includes the mindedness, non-risk-taking, excessive conformity,
following: reusable test booklets, answer moodiness, and stubbornness. These scales have been
sheets, scoring stencils and a test manual clustered into 5 personality domains corresponding to
through the UP Department of Psychology. the cross-culturally validated Big 5 personality factors
of extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and consensual, that has organized findings related to
emotional stability, and intellect or openness to work, health, intimate relationships, creativity, political
experience. attitudes, problem behaviors, psychopathology, etc.

In addition to the 24 personality scales and 2 validity Scales of the Mapa ng Loob
scales, 19 items were designed to assess culturally
 Neuroticism – Hina ng Loob,
relevant behaviors and attitudes for use as criterion
Pagkamaramdamin, Pagkamapag-alala,
variables in personality research studies, such as
Pagkasumpungin
gambling behavior: “I am prone to gambling,” drinking
 Extraversion – Pagkamasayahin,
behavior: “I am prone to drinking alcohol,” praying
Pagkapalakaibigan, Pagkamasigla,
behavior: “I do not forget to pray, even when I have no
Pagkamadaldal
particular wish or problem,” and accident-proneness:
“I don’t know why, but I often get hurt or meet  Openness to Experience – Kakaibang pag-iisip,
accidents.” Hilig sa Bagong Kaalaman, Pagkamakasining,
Pagkamaharaya
The PUP is scored either manually, using 15 scoring  Agreeableness – Pagkadimayabang,
acetates, or using the computerized system developed Pagkamapagtiwala, Pagkamaunawain,
for scoring the test. The test takes about 30-45 Pagkamapagparaya
minutes to finish.  Conscientiousness – Pagkamasikap,
Pagkamapagplano, Pagkaresponsable,
MASAKLAW NA PANUKAT NG LOOB
Pagkamaingat
The Masaklaw na Panukat ng Loob (Mapa ng Loob) is a
Significance of the Study
188-item personality inventory that operationalizes
the Five-Factor Model with Filipino trait constructs. It  The Mapa: sought to measure its target constructs,
is made up of four facets per factor, two interstitial but also the five factors
scales (N and A, A and C), and a Social Desirability
scale. Each of the scales, except for the SD scale, is Method
made up of 8 items. The inventory, constructed from  Participants: Two hundred forty-five (245)
2010 to 2013 by the Personality Research Laboratory introductory psychology students from UP Diliman,
of the UP Department of Psychology, is available in
both online and pen-and-paper formats. Preliminary  Instruments: the Mapa ng Loob and the PPP
norms based on 384 college students from Metro Procedure: The participants were administered the
Manila and a Luzon university, and 190 adults from online version of the Mapa at the beginning of the
Metro Manila, are available. Reliability, validity, and semester.
factor structure evidence for the scales are adequate.
Locally- Developed Psychological Tests by
 Started in 2010, completed in 2013: 5 semesters Cipres – Ortega and Guanzon – Lapena
 Administered to more than 4,000 participants during Cipres-Ortega and Guanzon-Lapeña (1997)
scale development documented and organized the information on both
published and unpublished work in the area of
 Total sample mostly of students from UP Diliman, but psychological measurement, and saw a recent upsurge
final sample made up also of students from 3 other in the development of indigenous psychological
institutions in Metro Manila and Luzon, plus an adult measures. Interest has grown by leaps and bounds
sample: N=576 from the handful of tests in educational psychology
 188 items: 22 scales with 8 items each, 12-item which were locally developed in the1950s, to the
Social Desirability scale interest in personality testing of the projective type in
the 1960s.
 The Five-Factor Model: A breakthrough model
They further noted that ‘‘the 1970s saw tests
Put an end to 40 years of inquiry into the structure of developed in creativity, selfperception, personality and
the trait universe: Neuroticism, Extraversion, vocational testing, and the 1980s an increased interest
Openness to Experience, Agreeableness, in personality testing, with a number of researchers
Conscientiousness  A powerful model, comprehensive doing studies on the Filipino child and the Filipino
adolescent. And in the 1990s, tests were developed to indigenous psychological measures during the last five
measure a wide variety of Filipino characteristics – years. Interests has grown by leaps and bound from
katalinuhan [intelligence], pagkarelihiyoso [religiosity], the handful of tests in educational psychology, which
kaasalang-sekswal [sexual behavior], kakayahang where locally-developed in the 1950s, to the interest
magdala ng tension [ability to handle stress], in personality testing of the projective type in the
pagkamabahala [anxiety],kahustuhang emosyonal 1960s.
[emotional stability], kakayahang berbal sa Filipino
[verbal ability in Filipino], Filipino management style,
dementia screening, empathy, and trustworthiness, to
name a few’’ (Cipres-Ortega & GuanzonLapeña, 1997
obtain order, meaning and directions for
research’’(Torres, 1982, p. 171).1976; Ramos,1977).

Discussions on New Developed

Indigenous/Local Psychological Tests
The area of Filipino Personality is the richest ground
from which local concepts and values were discovered.
Hand and hand with this is indiginazation of
psychological testing in the Philippines.

Reviews on the status of Philippine psychological

measurement in the 1970s and 1980s pointed out the
twin problems of the inapplicability of foreign-made
test and the absence of locally developed tests. Carlota
(1980) noted several trends in personality
measurement, citing developments in the areas of
personality testing, and the measurement of abilities
and aptitudes, and of deviant behavior. Guanzon
(1985) criticized the tendency of local tests users to
use foreign –made tests as it were “lock, stock, and
barrel” with no attempt to adapt these tests through
item or test modification, test translation or
development of local norms.

Enriquez and his associates developed the Panukat ng

Ugali at Pagkatao (PUP) (Measure of Character and
Personality) in 1975. This test utilized dimensions of
personality that are relevant to Filipinos. In the history
of Philippine psychological measurement, Enriquez’s
PUP clearly stands out as probably the first instrument
that is culturally sensitive in its assessment of the
Filipino personality.

Psychological testing is maybe in Western origin,

however, the substance of PUP originated from an
indigenous understanding of the Filipinos. The tests
administration procedures of the PUP were also
adapted to Filipino ways (Enriquez & Guanzon, 1985).
The PUP was later followed by other indigenous
personality measures.

Cipres-Ortega and Guanzon-Lapeña (1997) have given

an evidence of an upsurge in the development of