CHAPTER 2

METHODOLOGY

This chapter outlines the research design, the population and sample selection,

and the instruments used in the study. It also details the procedures for data collection

and the statistical treatments applied for data analysis. Together, these components

provide a comprehensive framework for the research methodology.

Research Design

This study will employ the quantitative research design utilizing the descriptive

correlational approach. Quantitative research is regarded as the organized inquiry about

phenomenon through collection of numerical data and execution of statistical,

mathematical, or computational techniques. The source of quantitative research is

positivism paradigm that advocates for approaches embedded in statistical breakdown

that involves other strategies like inferential statistics, testing of hypothesis,

mathematical exposition, experimental and quasi-experimental design randomization,

blinding, structured protocols, and questionnaires with restricted variety of prearranged

answers (Slevitch, 2017).

Moreover, a descriptive approach involves collections of quantitative information

that can be tabulated along a continuum in numerical forms, such as scores on a test. It

involves gathering data describing events and then organizing, tabulating, depicting,

and describing the data collection (Glass & Hopkins, 2018). On the other hand,

correlational approach seeks to ascertain relationships between two or more variables.

It examines whether an increase or decrease in one variable corresponds to an

increase or decrease in another variable (Peters, 2017).

Apparently, this research design alongside its approaches is appropriate because

it will determine and describe the variables of this study which are the coping responses

and online learning achievement. It will utilize the weighted mean test since this aims to

measure the levels of coping responses towards COVID-19 and the online learning

achievement of the students. Also, it could test and determine the existing relationships

of the variables of this study. It was an appropriate design to use in determining the

significance of the relationship between coping responses and the online learning

achievement of the respondents.

Population and Sample

The respondents of this study will be senior high school students from selected

public senior high schools in Tagum City Division for the school year 2021-2022. Criteria

in choosing the respondents are the following: (1) should be a bona fide senior high

school student in a public secondary school of Tagum City Division for SY 2021-2022;

(2) should be enrolled in an online class or section of the school they are in; (3) should

have taken any PE subject for at least two quarters.

The study will employ simple random sampling technique. Simple random

sampling is a type of probability sampling in which the researcher randomly selects a

subset of participants from a population. Each member of the population has an equal

chance of being selected. Data is then collected from as large a percentage as possible

of this random subset (Smith, 2019).

The total population of online class students in Tagum City Division is 1, 545.

School A has 250 students; School B with 756 students; School C with 154 students;
and School D with 385 students. In the computation of the sample size, the Slovin’s

formula will be used with a margin of error which is 5%.

n = N / (1+Ne²)

In each school, the said formula will be used in computing the desired sample

size from each of them. The following table shows the distribution of respondents.

Table 1. Distribution of Respondents

School Population Size Sample Size
(N) (n)
A 250 154
B 756 262
C 154 111
D 385 196
Total 1545 723

Research Instruments

This study will use two adapted research questionnaires as instruments. These

questionnaires are chosen as appropriate tools according to the focus of the study. The

two research instruments will be submitted to the experts for validation. The research

questionnaires will also be assessed for reliability by conducting a pilot test to a group of

not less than 35 students from one of the public senior high schools in Tagum City who

are not part of the study. Then, data will be tabulated to get the Cronbach alpha value.

Coping Responses towards COVID-19 Questionnaire (Carver, 2020). Coping

Orientation to Problems Experienced Inventory (Brief-COPE) by Carver (2020) is a 28

item self-report questionnaire designed to measure effective and ineffective ways to

cope with a stressful life event. In this study, the students will be asked to rate each item

on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 for ‘‘strongly disagree’’ to 5 for ‘‘strongly agree’’.

For interpretation, the range means, description, and interpretation below will be used.
Range of Means Descriptive Interpretation
Equivalent

4.20 – 5.00 Very High This means that the coping

response towards COVID-19
is manifested at all times.

3.40 – 4.19 High This means that the coping

response towards COVID-19
is manifested most of the
time.

2.60 – 3.39 Moderate This means that the coping

response towards COVID-19
is manifested occasionally.

1.80 – 2.59 Low This means that the coping

response towards COVID-19
is manifested in few
instances.

1.00 – 1.79 Very Low This means that the coping

response towards COVID-19
is not manifested at
all.

Parental Involvement (Grover, 2015). Meanwhile, dependent variable of this

study – the parental involvement – will be measured through an adapted questionnaire

called A Validation of the Family Involvement Questionnaire-High School Version by

Grover (2015). This questionnaire is a 40-item scale that was designed to gather

information about the nature and level of parents’ participation in their teenager’s school

and academic work. In this study, the students will be asked to rate each item on a 5-

point Likert scale ranging from 1 for ‘‘strongly disagree’’ to 5 for ‘‘strongly agree’’. For

interpretation, the range means, description, and interpretation below were used.
Range of Means Descriptive Interpretation
Equivalent

4.20 – 5.00 Very High This means that parental

involvement is manifested at
all times.

3.40 – 4.19 High This means that parental

involvement is manifested
most of the time.

2.60 – 3.39 Moderate This means that parental

involvement is manifested
occasionally.

1.80 – 2.59 Low This means that parental

involvement is manifested in
few instances.

1.00 – 1.79 Very Low This means that parental

involvement is not manifested
at
all.

Data Collection Procedure

Preparation of the Questionnaires. The researchers will begin by designing

questionnaires that align with the study's objectives and variables. This process

includes selecting appropriate question formats, wording, and scales to ensure that the

items accurately capture the intended data and minimize ambiguity.

Validation of the Questionnaires. To ensure the accuracy and reliability of the

questionnaires, the researchers will seek validation from subject matter experts or

experienced educators in the field. This step involves collecting feedback on the

relevance, clarity, and alignment of each item with the study’s goals and making

necessary revisions based on the validators' recommendations.

Conduct of the Outline Defense. The research team will present an outline of

the study, including the research objectives, methodology, and data collection

instruments, to a panel of reviewers. The purpose of this defense is to receive

constructive feedback, ensure alignment with academic standards, and confirm the

feasibility of the data collection procedures.

Permission to Conduct the Study. The researchers will formally request

permission from the school head of Tagum City Regional Academy for Senior High

School to conduct the study in the school. This involves submitting letters or forms,

explaining the study’s objectives, and obtaining written consent to access the intended

participants and resources.

Conduct of a Pilot Study. A pilot study will be conducted to test the

questionnaires on a smaller sample that is similar to the target population. This step is

critical for identifying any issues with question clarity, response rates, or logistical

aspects of the data collection process. Adjustments will be made based on the findings

to improve the instrument’s effectiveness.

Communication with the Target Organization/Institution. After receiving the

necessary permissions, the researchers will establish clear communication channels

with the administration of TCRASHS. This step includes coordinating with key contacts

for participant scheduling, explaining the data collection process, and setting

expectations for the research timeline.

Data Gathering. The researchers will administer the questionnaires to the

study’s respondents. They will ensure that respondents understand the instructions,

address any questions, and maintain a neutral environment to avoid influencing

responses. All ethical standards, such as informed consent and confidentiality, will be

strictly followed.

Tallying and Tabulation of the Gathered Data. After collecting the completed

questionnaires, the researchers will organize and tally the data. This step includes

encoding responses, cleaning the dataset, and tabulating it in preparation for statistical

analysis. Careful attention will be given to data accuracy to maintain the integrity of the

research findings.

Statistical Treatment of Data

The results will be analyzed and interpreted accordingly, utilizing the following

appropriate statistical tools.

Mean. This is also known as an arithmetic mean, a value that helps summarizing

an entire set of numbers (Smith, 2022). The statistical tool will be used to measure the

level of the computational thinking skills and the motivated strategies of Grade 11 STEM

students. Specifically, this will be used to answer research questions 1 and 2.

Standard Deviation. A standard deviation is a statistic that measures the

dispersion of a dataset relative to its mean (Green, 2022). This statistical tool will be

used to quantify how much the scores are spread out or close to the mean. This will be

used to answer questions 1, 2, and 3.

Pearson r. The Pearson product-moment correlation, commonly called Pearson-

r, is the most widely used to measure correlation (Davis, 2023). This statistical tool will

be used to determine the significant relationship between the computational thinking

skills and the motivated strategies of Grade 11 STEM students. This will be used to

answer research questions 3.