Chapter 3
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
This chapter features a thorough discussion of the research design and
methodology used in this study. It presents details on the research methods and
tools used in gathering relevant data and information, data sources, participants,
and formulation and validation of instruments.
Research Design
This study will use a descriptive research design in data collection. Survey
research uses surveys to gather data about varying subjects. This data aims to
know the extent to which different conditions can be obtained among these
subjects. According to McCombes (2019), descriptive research design will be
used when the researcher aims to define characteristics, frequencies, trends,
and categories and it answers the what, where, when and how questions. It will
be used in analyzing, interpreting, and obtaining information about the current
state of the event of phenomena to describe what exists with respect to
variables, conditions or a situation. Researchers will use the descriptive research
design used to obtain information and data from the participant of said research.
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Research Methodology
A semi-structured survey called: “Process-Issues for Organizing Research
in Distance Education: Interview Schedule” was used to collect data. Items
comprising the survey schedule researchers Selecting Research Areas and
Research Design Approaches in Distance Education: Process issues were
written and structured to encourage respondents to focus on particular topics on
processissues such as: selecting priority areas of research, issues related to
quantitative versus qualitative research, processes of enhancing different types
of research, and issues on selecting appropriate methodology of research in
distance education. The survey schedules also included openended questions,
so respondents could elaborate on points of interest.
Participants
The research respondents of this study were the 20 senior high school
TVL students from Libon Community College this school year 2021 – 2022. This
study will use purposive sampling to identify participants. Convenience sampling
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is defined as a method adopted by researchers where they collect market
research data from a conveniently available pool of respondents. It is the most
commonly used sampling technique as it’s incredibly prompt, uncomplicated, and
economical. In many cases, members are readily approachable to be a part of
the sample. Participants were selected because they had knowledge and
experience relevant to the current study.
Sampling Technique
The researchers will use convenience sampling as sampling technique,
convenience sampling is a type of nonprobability sampling in which people are
sampled simply because they are "convenient" sources of data for researchers.
Researchers use convenience sampling in situations where additional inputs are
not necessary for the principal research. One of the most common examples of
convenience sampling within developmental science is the use of student
volunteers as study participants. The key advantages of convenience sampling
are that it is cheap, efficient, and simple to implement. The results of the
convenience sampling cannot be generalized to the target population because of
the potential bias of the sampling technique due to under-representation of
subgroups in the sample in comparison to the population of interest. The bias of
the sample cannot be measured. Convenience sampling is allowed in
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quantitative research. Convenience sampling is prone to the challenge of
representativeness, the researcher must ensure the sample is relatively a
reflection of the population of the study.
Data gathering tools/instruments
In gathering the data, the researchers will use the survey form in which
the participants will provide their answers. This instrument will be allowed to
obtain valid responses of TVL students. Survey research is defined as "the
collection of information from a sample of individuals through their responses to
questions" (Check & Schutt, 2012, p. 160). This type of research allows for a
variety of methods to recruit participants, collect data, and utilize various
methods of instrumentation. The survey form is a list of interviewer questions.
The survey form is based on the specific questions in the problem statement the
main instrument to be used in collecting the essential information needed in this
research. The survey form will be used to collect the concrete answers of the
participants on the common challenges encountered by the participants in
distance learning modalities, the challenge of slow internet, the challenge of
financial problem, the lack of time in the module or the lack of material. need to
be used in the module. The data that the researchers will gather will serve as
information in answering the problem statement.
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Research instrument’s preparation and validation
In preparing the survey questionnaire, the researchers referred to the
reviewed relevant literature and studies as reference to generate questions. The
researchers also identified several books and other related materials. Questions
that can be answered by their prepared experiences. Researchers will ask
knowledgeable people to find out if it contains the standard of good survey
question. After the survey questionnaire is passed for validation, the final form
will be computerized. Researchers will conduct a questionnaire to test the
effectiveness of the tool. It focused on the challenges encountered in distance
learning modalities among TVL student in terms of slow internet connection,
financial problem, lack of time and lack of materials composed of twelve (12)
items for the three variables.
In administering the survey questionnaire, the researchers will use the
available time to avoid disruption to the participants and their teachers.
Researchers will follow minimum protocol and health standards.
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Statistical treatment of data
The data gathered in this study were subjected to statistical analysis.
Both descriptive and inferential statistics were utilized. According to Jansen and
Warren (2020), quantitative analysis is powered by statistical analysis methods.
There are two main “branches” of statistical methods that are used – descriptive
statistics and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics focus on describing the
sample, while inferential statistics aim to make predictions about the population,
based on the findings within the sample.
The descriptive statistical tools include:
Weighted Mean. It was used to determine the mean of students ’perceptions of
the challenges encountered in distance learning modalities related to the student,
learning-related factors, and socio-economic factors.
Frequency and Percentage. They were used to interpret the challenges
encountered in the distance learning modalities of the student-respondents. In
this column, list the percentage of the frequency. To do this, divide the frequency
by the total number of results and multiply by 100. In this case, the frequency of
the first row is 1 and the total number of results is 5. The percentage would then
be 5.0.
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Scaling and Quantification
The following question is said to have adapted a 5 point Likert's scale
there are 5 options for the respondents to choose from.
ITEMS STRONGLY AGREE NEUTRAL DISAGREE STRONGLY
AGREE DISAGREE
1. The
distance
learning
modalities
are neat
and easy to
understand.
2. Distance
learning has
helped me
to learn.
3. I finish
the module
according to
the stated
schedule.
4. I answer
the module
honestly.
5. The
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materials
needed to
answer the
module are
sufficient.
Notes:
Ben Davis, (2021), What is descriptive research design and example,
https://www.mvorganizing.org/what-is-descriptive-research-design-and-example-
3/
Research Methodology, (2020), Purposive sampling, https://research-
methodology.net/sampling-in-primary-data-collection/purposive-sampling/
Jansen and Warren (2020), Quantitative Data Analysis 101:,
https://gradcoach.com/quantitative-data-analysis-methods/
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