April 19, 1966

Filed Oct. 31, 1960 35 Sheets-Sheet .

INVENTOR.
April 19, 1966 J. L. RAYCES 3,247,367
SOLAR SIMUATOR
Filed Oct. 3, 1960 3 Sheets-Sheet 2

INVENTOR.
/l?Z Z. ZqZe5
April 19, 1966 J. L. RAYCES 3,247,367
SOLAR SIMULATOR
Filed Oct. 31, 1960 3 Sheets-Sheet 3

INVENTOR.
/Zaza Z. Aa/ces
United States Patent Office 3,247,367
Patented Apr. 19, 1966
2
cal system used for projecting the rays from the light
3,247,367 Source itself onto this area must not only collimate the
SOLAR SIMULATOR light (i.e., make the light rays parallel) but must also satisfy
Juan Luis Rayces, Westport, Conn., assignor to The what is known as the sine condition. Further, in order to
Perkin-Elmer Corporation, Norwalk, Comm., a corpo approximate the illumination intensity of the sun over
ration of New York
Filed Oct. 31, 1960, Ser. No. 66,102 such a large volume, not only must the light source be
9 Claims. (Cl. 240-41.3) extremely bright itself, but the optical system used there
with must be quite "fast.” Since the relative "speed” of
This invention relates to a large artificial illumination an optical system depends upon both the focal length and
system intended to be used as an artificial Sun in the the aperture of the system, both these quantities must be
testing of space vehicles and similar equipment. More considered when determining the parameters of the op
specifically, the invention comprises a more or less planar tical system; and the choice thereof will in part determine
array of a large number of modular units, each unit hav the nature of the lamp source strength required. On
ing a light source and a collimating system and being of the other hand, since there are commercially available
such luminous power and quantity that the total array of 15 only a limited number of powerful light sources provid
these modular units has the approximate intensity of the ing the type of spectral distribution and intensity desired,
Sl. the entire system must be designed with the goal of adapt
Ever since man has first attempted to penetrate outer ing the optical system to the lamp, as well as vice versa.
space, a device has been needed for testing space vehicles Thus, since the aperture ratio (the ratio of focal length
as to solar radiation effects without subjecting them to 20 to clear aperture) of the optical system determines the
the risk of loss normally attendant upon their being fired relative speed of the optical system and since the intensity
into and through the upper regions of the atmosphere. required is extremely large, all practical means for mak
The technological problem of constructing a solar simula ing the optical system aperture ratio quite small (so that
tor, able to approximate the great intensity of sun radia the optical system is "fast') must be utilized. Similarly,
tion that a space vehicle would actually encounter on such a light source of great brilliance must be utilized so that
a flight, particularly at the higher altitudes of the at the required optical system aperture ratio (F-number) re
mosphere and beyond, is extremely difficult. Neverthe mains obtainable.
less, as space technology has developed, the need for Such Since no commercially available single light source can
a solar simulator has become so great that such an in approximate the brightness of the sun over a sufficiently
strument must be considered practical even though its 30 large area to illuminate a 20 by 20 by 20 foot cube as
cost should be quite high. required, the invention uses plural light sources and a
In order to approximate the actual effect of the sun composite or modular optical system; that is, an array of
upon a space vehicle, a solar simulator must conform light sources each having its own optical system. There
to the specifications of sunlight reaching such a vehicle fore, the present invention utilizes a large number (say
in outer space in a number of ways. Thus, the spectral 200 or so) of comparatively small, powerful gaseous or
make-up of the radiation emanating from the solar simu carbon arc lamps, each having a complete optical sys
lator must be substantially the same as that of sunlight tem associated therewith.
before it has been filtered through any appreciable amount An object of the invention is, therefore, the provision
of atmospheric air. Further, since the sun's rays reach 40
of an artificial light projector for producing substan
ing the vicinity of the earth are substantially parallel, the tially the same spectral make-up, parallelism of light rays,
solar simulator must also emit almost parallel rays. The and intensity and uniformity of illumination as that of
intensity of the emitted radiation must also be substan solar radiation in the vicinity of the earth, which projec
tially the same as that of sunlight over a large cross tor is capable of evenly illuminating a 20 by 20 by 20
sectional area and over a range of distances from the foot cube.
solar simulator in order to be capable of evenly illuminat A further object of the invention is the provision of
ing a space vehicle of reasonably large size over its en such an artificial sun as above described which is prac
tire exposed surface both in frontal plane and in depth. tical to manufacture.
Therefore, the solar simulator must approximate the Another object is the provision of such a solar simula
sunlight reaching the area adjacent the outer reaches of 50 tor composed of modular units, thereby reducing the
the earth's atmospheric air envelope in all of the follow weight of the entire system and also allowing repetitive
ing ways: (1) spectral make-up; (2) Substantial parallel manufacturing techniques to be applied thereto.
ism of the light rays; (3) intensity of radiant energy Another object of the invention is the provision of
content; and (4) uniformity of intensity over a volume such a solar simulator which is corrected for the second
sufficiently large to include the entire space vehicle. 55 ary, but, nevertheless, substantial errors in uniformity of
Meeting all of these specifications at the same time is illumination which would be caused by chromatic and
extremely difficult. For example, in order to approximate spherical aberrations and nonconformity to the sine con
the spectrum of the sun over the more important parts dition.
thereof, the solar simulator of the present invention has
been so constructed as to require little filtering to attain 60
Further objects and features of the invention will be ob
the same spectral curve as the sun from 0.2 to 10 microns vious to one skilled in the art upon perusing the following
in wavelength. Further, since the sun is an extremely bril specification and upon studying the accompanying draw
liant body (the brightness being about 1.65X105 candle ings forming a part thereof, in which:
power per square centimeter), the solar simulator must F.G. 1 shows the effect of chromatic aberration on the
necessarily have an extremely powerful light source or 65 evenness of spectral composition of the area illuminated;
sources in order to be able to illuminate a reasonably FG. 2 is a perspective view of the optical system used
large area (approximately 20 by 20 feet) with substan with each light Source module, showing the relationship
tially the same illumination as that produced by the sun of the four optical Subassemblies of which it is composed;
in outer space. FIG. 3 is a schematic plan view of the single light
It can be shown that in order for the illumination ema 70 source and multiple optical system shown in F.G. 2; and
nating from the solar simulator to be uniform over such a FIG. 4 is an elevational schematic view of part of the
large area and for an axial depth of, say, 20 feet, the opti entire solar simulator, showing the arrangement of the
3,247,867
4.
various light sources and the final optical elements of the red because of the contribution of both optical systems 20
System associated therewith. and 22. Therefore, in order for a composite system to
Before describing the structure of a preferred embodi illuminate a volume with substantially uniform spectral
ment of the inventive solar simulator, certain advantage content light, the optical sub-assemblies making up the
ous characteristics of the invention will be explained by composite must be corrected for chromatic aberration.
reference to the various figures in the drawing. Since in the present application the volume illuminated
In understanding why a large array of modular units is by the solar simulator as a whole must have substantially
employed in the invention, it should be borne in mind uniform radiation over a large volume as to both intensity
that the area of a collimated light beam emanating from and spectral composition, the optical system is chroma
an optical system can be no larger than the clear aperture O tically corrected.
of the last element thereof. Since enlarging the clear The preferred system utilized in the module for each
aperture of the lens without changing its focal length in arc lamp is best seen in FIGURE 2, wherein four optical
creases the thickness along the optical axis in direct pro Sub-assemblies are shown grouped about each such light
portion to the diameter thereof, it can be seen that source. Thus mirror 30 relay lens 50, and final lens 60
the increase of optical material needed for a lens of a 5 form only one of four similarly numbered (except for
diameter twice that of another lens is actually eight primes) optical Sub-assemblies utilized with each arc
times. That is, if the clear aperture of a small lens is lamp A.
equal to C and the thickness of the lens is T, then a As is best seen in FIG. 3, in order to accomplish the
large lens, having a clear aperture of 2C would have a desirable, in fact essential, uniformity and achromatism of
thickness of .2T. The beam of collimated light which 20 the individual sub-assemblies and therefore of the module
could emanate from this larger lens would be equal in composed thereof, a few optical niceties have been in
area to 4 (the square of 2), but the amount of material coporated into the system. Thus, mirror 30 is a Mangin
necessary to form the lens would be equal to the cube of 2 mirror. In other words, mirror 30 is made up of mirror
or 8. On the other hand, four lenses of the same di surface 34 coated on the back of negative lens 32 so
ameter (C) as the smaller lens could be utilized in the that this mirror 30 has both reflecting and refracting prop
manner shown at the extreme right in FIGURE 2 to yield erties. As can be seen in FIGURE 3, the converging
substantially the same combined clear aperture as the power of mirror 30 is more than sufficient to collimate the
aforementioned larger lens without increasing the thick light rays 26, 28 from arc lamp A, so that the light rays
ness of any one of the individual lenses. The optical 36, 38 actually converge to a theoretical point 42 ad
material utilized in an array of four lenses such as 30 jacent field stop 40, cross, reach lens 50 as rays 46,
shown at the right in FIGURE 2 is therefore one-half of 48, and then emerge therefrom as 56, 58 before reach
that required for a single lens having the same focal ing last lens element 60. Although the positioning and
length and having a diameter equal to the diameter of relative strength of lenses 50 and 60 must necessarily
the four lenses combined. In an optical system having be such as to collimate the emerging light rays 66, 68,
an exit clear aperture of approximately 20 feet square, the relative position and positive dioptric power of lenses
this saving in material is obviously of no small con 50 and 66 are also so, chosen that the concave lens 32
sequence. Further, FIGURE 4 shows how this principle (having negative dioptric power) of the Mangin mirror
of departmentalizing the last optical element of the sys conteracts their spectrum-dispersing effect. The exact
tem can be carried forward to make a large optical sur curvatures of lens element 32, relay lens 50, and final lens
face from groups of four of single lenses. In fact al 40 60 are so chosen that the Conrady condition for achro
though FIGURE 4 only shows a portion of the lens groups matism is met with the use of only one optical material.
utilized, when it is remembered that approximately .200 Therefore, the optical system is semi-apochromatic, i.e.,
such quadrauple lens groups are actually employed, it is the modular optical system is substantially corrected for
quite apparent that a single lens of 20 foot diameter chromatism over a very large spectral range.
would necessarily require an immense amount of optical Although the concept of using modules to form a com
material compared to that actually utilized in the in posite whole has been carried forward so that each light
vention. Source has four complete optical sub-assemblies associated
The fact that the collimated rays emanating from the therewith (see FIGURE 2), a single additional collect
last elements of the optical system must also evenly ing mirror 80, composed of spherical blank 84 and front
illuminate the entire area to the right of these elements 50 silvering 82, is employed for focusing the rays 76 eman
is diagrammatically illustrated by the fact that the rays ating in a backward direction from the arc or spark 72
emanating from the last lenses (66 and 60') in FIGURE of the arc lamp A (see FIG. 3). The curvature of the
3 are all evenly spaced from each other. It can be shown backing mirror 80 and its relative position from spark
that the necessary and sufficient condition for an optical 72 is so chosen that the spark is reimaged substantially
system to collimate evenly a beam of light (i.e. illuminate 55 upon itself as 72’. Since the actual illuminating spark
with equal intensity over an area) is that the optical is quite small, back collecting mirror 80 is preferably
system itself conforms to the sine condition. Expressed positioned as close as possible thereto and therefore has
algebraically, the sine condition states that if the equal a very short focal length so as to gather most of the
distances between each of the parallel emergent rays shown light rays which would otherwise be wasted. Since image
in FIGURE 3 is h, then: 60 72 is closely adjacent and in substantially the same plane
as the original spark 72, the optical system previously de
Scribed (i.e., elements 30, 40, 50, and 60) affects the
image 72' in Substantially the same manner as the original
where a, b, c and dare the angles (as measured from the Spark 72. Thus, the light which would otherwise be
optical axis) of the rays as they leave the light source. 65 wasted from the spark 72 is preserved and sent through
FiG. 1 schematically shows the effect of chromatic the optical system in the same manner as previously de
aberration on the uniformity of illumination of a vol scribed, thus making available a large fraction of the
ume lit by a modular collimating system. Thus, optical light admitted by lamp A.
Systems 20 and 22, uncorrected for chromatic aberra The principle of departmentalizing is expanded as can
tion will have the tendency of focusing blue light in a 70 be seen in FIGS. 2, 3 and especially 4, to compose a very
narrower beam than red light if the average wavelength. large light projector composed of many light sources, each
of light (i.e. yellow-green) is exactly collimated. There having a plurality of (namely four) optical sub-assemblies
fore, areas such as 13 and 14 will tend to be much utilized therewith. Thus, the principle of sub-dividing in
more rich in blue than in red light; areas 15 and 16 would order to make feasible the creation of a large clear aper
be richer in red, and area 18 would be doubly rich in 75 ture in each one of the modules (see FIG. 2), as well
8,247,367 .
5. 6
as in the general array of modules (see FIG. 4) has been ably, the left-hand surface thereof should also be either
utilized to reduce the amount and weight of the optical plane or else concave (as seen from the left in FIG. 3)
material sufficiently to ailow the final lens array 60 to be for the same reason. Thus, the center of curvature of
Self-supporting. the right-hand surface of the final lenses is on the (left
The arrangement of the modules 100 relative to each hand) side of the lens closer to light source; and the
other is best perceived by a comparison of FIGURE 4 center of curvature of the left-hand surface of these lenses
and FIGURE 2. As can be seen in these two figures, the is either on this same light source side or else at infinity
final lenses 60, 60', 60', and 60', form groups of four, (when this left-hand surface is plane). Since a center
interlocking with adjacent groups of four to yield finally of curvature at infinity means there is no (real) center
the honeycomb-like structure shown in FIGURE 4, which O of curvature, both of these surfaces may be said to have
is not only in one plane but also composed of closely their center of curvature (if any) on the side of the lens
fitting pieces of optical material. The relative positions of closer to the light source.
some of the arc lamps A and the various relay lenses, 50, Thus, the invention provides an extremely fast optical
50, 50' and 50' are also illustrated in FIG. 4. system, requiring for each lamp a minimum of costly
Therefore, the present invention provides, by utilizing optical material (for example, fused silica), thereby sav
a plurality of modules each of which is in turn composed ing great cost and weight, alleviating mounting difficulties,
of essentially four optical systems and one lamp, an arti and making practical the manufacture of the honeycomb
ficial light projector of such great intensity and close of hexagonal final lenses 60 of substantially one-piece con
approximation to the sun's radiation as to parallelism struction except for mounting means between lenses and
and spectral make-up of the radiation that the system is 20 groupS.
capable of illuminating a 20 by 20 by 20 foot cube. The The invention therefore succeeds in overcoming an ex
apparent parallelism of the sun's rays in the vicinity of tremely difficult technological problem with only a mini
the earth is best measured by the fact that the sun sub mum of optical material, high approximation of the radi
tends an angle of approximately 30 minutes from a point ant energy of the sun (the aforementioned Osram arc
at the outer reaches of the earth's atmosphere; the indi 25 lamp, although similar in spectral make-up to that of the
vidual light sources of the invention will subtend an angle sun, should be further filtered), and although utilizing a
of 53 minutes if the following specifications are followed. large number of modular units, nevertheless, is practical
The lamp source is an Osram XBO 2001 arc lamp of even though relatively expensive to manufacture. Thus,
1800 watt power and having a brightness of 5 times 104 although in order to illuminate the 20 by 20 by 20 foot
candle power/centimeters?. The arc size of this lamp is 30 cube previously mentioned, approximately 200 modules
2.1 by 4.2 millimeters which is essentially doubled to 4.2 of the type shown in FIG. 2 must be arranged in a manner
millimeters square by the action of the spherical mirror schematically outlined in FIG. 4, the total amount of, say,
80. This front-surface mirror 86 has a radius of curva fused silica required is relatively small because of the
ture of approximately 14 inches and is situated this same modular nature of the solar simulator.
distance behind the lamp arc or spark gap 72. The back 35 Although the invention has been illustrated and de
surface Mangin mirror 30 is situated approximately 9 scribed with specific numerical data for effective focal
inches away from the arc 72 and, having a radius of length, clear apertures, and light source brightness and
curvature of approximately this same dimension, reimages size, the actual dimensions of the optical system and type
the arc at point 42 in the plane of field stop 40. Thus, of light source chosen may be varied without departing
image 42 is formed approximately 9 inches in front of 40 from the spirit of the invention. Therefore, the invention
(i.e., to the right in FIG. 3) of Mangin mirror 30 and is is not limited to any of the specific sizes of optical elements
approximately 6 inches behind relay lens 50. This relay disclosed. The invention may also be utilized for pur
lens, which has a diameter of about 3 inches, is approxi poses other than solar simulation. Because of the high
mately 20 inches to the left of final hexagonal lens 60
which latter is capable of being circumscribed by a circle 45 degree of collimation and corrections for chromatic and
spherical aberration and also conformity to the sine condi
of 6 inch diameter. The effective focal length of the tion, the inventive radiant energy collimating system may
entire system of mirror 30 and lenses 50 and 60 is 12 be used as an extremely powerful, albeit somewhat expen
inches so that the arc 72 (including its image 72') will sive, searchlight. The invention is therefore not limited
apparently subtend approximately 53 minutes in the 20
by 20 by 20 foot cube to the right of the final hexagonal 50 to any specific numerical values or exact use; but, on the
contrary is defined in the appended claims.
lenses 69. Since the brightness of the arc lamps is ap I claim:
proximately /3 that of the sun, the apparent brightness 1. A radiant energy projector for projecting substan
of each arc lamp as seen in this 20 foot cube will be ap tially parallel light and other radiant energy comprising:
proximately the same as the Sun also, assuming that the a plurality of radiant energy sources;
optical system has, as herewith disclosed, a total relative 55 each of said sources having associated therewith an
aperture speed of approximately F/1. Actually this opti optical system;
cal speed of F/1 is the speed of the four optical sub said optical system comprising a plurality of substan
assemblies used with each light source combined, the tially identical optical sub-assemblies, each of said
relative speed of a single mirror 30, lens 50, and lens 60 sub-assemblies being composed of a plurality of opti
being only F/2 (since 12' divided by 6' equals 2). 60 cal elements;
The optical system is corrected for chromatic aberra the optical elements of each sub-assembly most remote
tion by means of utilizing the negative dispersive effect of from its associated radiant energy source defining the
the negative element 32 of Mangin mirror 30 to counter final optical axis of said sub-assembly;
act the opposite (positive) dispersive effect of relay lens the optical elements in each of said sub-assemblies
50 and final lens 60. Since spherical aberration as well 65 nearest to the radiant energy source being concave
as non-conformity to the sine condition (as previously de mirrors positioned relative to each other and the
scribed) will cause uneven lighting of the volume illu associated radiant energy source so as to collect at
minated by the Solar simulator, aspheric (and toric) sur least part of the radiation emitted therefrom;
faces, as well as conventional "bending' of the lenses is the optical elements in each of said sub-assemblies being
utilized to minimize spherical aberration, as well as to of such dioptric power and relative position as to col
satisfy the sine condition. Further, so that the right limate the radiation collected by the concave mirror
hand surfaces of the final lenses (60) do not act as con of the sub-assembly;
cave reflectors (and thereby focusing the reflected rays said collimated radiation of each sub-assembly there
from the space vehicle surface back as "hot spots'), this fore being parallel to said final optical axis of that
surface must be convex, as shown in FiG. 3. Prefer 75 Sub-assembly;
3,247,367.
3.
each said final optical axis being substantially parallel said collimated radiation of each sub-assembly there
to the final optical axes of the other, sub-assemblies. fore being: parallel to said final optical axis of that
in the same optical system, and all the other optical. sub-assembly;
systems. each said final optical axis being substantially parallel
said: sub-assemblies being symmetrically arranged rela to the final optical, axes of the other sub-assemblies
tive to its associated radiant energy source; in the same optical system and all the other optical
that optical element, which is most remote from the Systems;
associated radiant energy source being.a. large diam each of i said. : sub-assemblies being substantially i cor
eter positive refractive elementº having two optically. rected: for chromatic. and spherical. aberration and
active: surfaces; 10: conforming to the 'sine condition;
each of said most remote large elements having its pe Said concave collecting mirrors of eachi sub-assembly
riphery contiguous to the corresponding large, refrac of-the-modular optical systems, which are: the optical
tive elements of the other optical sub-assemblies, elements nearest to the radiant energy source of that
thereby forming a large composite array, of lenses, system and.therefore receive radiation directly from
so that the continuous area beyond said lens array, 5. said:Source, being.symmetrically arranged about one
is evenly illuminated. side of said radiant source;
2. A radiant energy projector according to claim 1, in and a single; additional backing. mirror in each optical
which each of said sub-assemblies comprises in addition System: positioned on the other side of the radiant
to said concave mirror...at least two refractive elements, energy, Source, for sending at least some of the rays
at least one pair of refractive elements having dioptric 20:... from each source; which would otherwise travel to
power of opposite-sign and of such magnitude-relative to Said other side of saids source and therefore away
each other and any other refractive elements in said sub from said nearest optical elements of said modular
assemblies that the chromatic aberration introduced by optical systems, toward, said nearest optical elements,
the refractive elements is mutually balanced out. thereby conserving radiant energy which would other
3. A radiant energy projector according to claim 2, in wise be lost;
which at least one of said optical elements is aspheric so.. said:Sub-assemblies being symmetrically arranged rela
as to substantially eliminate spherical aberrations. tive, to its associated radiant energy source;
4. A radiant energy projector according to claim 1 in, that optical element which is most remote from the
which the more remote refractive surface of each of said associated radiant. energy source being a large, diam
most remote elements has its center of curvature on the 30.’ eter positive refractive element having two optically
side of said most remote element closer to its associated. active surfaces;
energy source, so as to avoid concentration of the back each of said most remote large elments having its pe
reflection from the object illuminated by said projector. riphery contiguous to the corresponding large refrac
5. A radiant energy projector according to claim 1 in tive elements of the other optical sub-assemblies,
which both refractive surfaces of each of said last elements thereby forming a large composite array of lenses, so
have their real centers of curvature, if any, on the side of that the continuous area beyond said lens array is
said most remote element closer to its associated energy. evenly illuminated.
source, so as to avoid concentration of the back reflec
?tion from the object illuminated by said projector. References. Cited by the Examiner
6. A radiant energy projector according to claim 1, in UNITED STATES PATENTS
which each of said sub-assemblies is substantially - cor 820,053 5/1906. Lamb ---------------- 88-24
rected for chromatic and spherical aberration and con 1,402,816 1/1922 Wallis ------------ 240-41.3
forming to the sine condition. 1,623,699. 4/1927. Price --------------- 240-3
7. A radiant energy projector according to claim 1 in 1,740;229 12/1929 i Dorey.
which each of said optical sub-assemblies comprises, in 1,784, 171 12/1930 Bertling ------------ 240-1.1
addition to said concave, collective mirror, a relay lens . 1,838; 173 - 12/1931 Chretien ------------- 88-24
and a final collimating lens, each of said relay, and col 1,916,320 7/1933 Ives ------------- ---- 88---24?
limating lenses having positive dioptric power. 1,946,088 2/1934 Maurer ------------- 88-24
8. A radiant energy producer according to claim 1 in 2,097,785, 11/1937 Field ----------- 240-41.3 X
which said collecting mirror is of the Mangin type, in 50 2,114,232 4/1938 Muller --------------- 240-3
which the negative lens element is of such dioptric power 2,506,131 5/1950 Bonnet -------------- 88-24
and position as to compensate the chromatic aberration 2,515,862. 7/1950 Carlton et al. --------- 88-24
of said positive relay and final collimating lenses. 2,562,077. 7/1951 Winnek -------------- 88-24
9. A radiant energy projector for projecting.substan 2,587,956. 4/1952 Bastien ---------- 240-41.3 X
tially parallel light and other radiant energy comprising: 55. 2,689,502 9/1954 Ayresi: --------------- 88-24
a plurality of radiant energy sources; 2,873,643, 2/1959 - St. Genier ------------ 88-24
each of said sources having associated therewith a 2,954,461. 971960. Tucker ------------ 240-106
modular optical system;
said optical system, comprising a plurality of substan FOREIGN PATENTS
tially identical optical sub-assemblies, each of said 60. 101,707 - 8/1937 Australia.
sub-assemblies being composed of a plurality of opti 275,840- 6/1914 Germany.
cal elements; 707,064 : 4/1931 : France...
the optical elements of each sub-assembly most remote 925,505 4/1947. France.
from its associated radiant energy source defining the 385,495 12/1932 Great Britain.
final optical axis of said sub-assembly;
the optical elements in each of said sub-assemblies OTHER REFERENCES
nearest to the radiant energy source being concave
mirrors positioned relative to each other and the “Fundamentals of Optics”. (Jenkins and White), pub
associated radiant energy source so as, to collect at lished by McGraw-Hill (New York), 1950.
least part of the radiation emitted therefrom; 70,
German application No. 698,762, November 1940,
the optical elements in each of said sub-assemblies being * K157 a Gr. 504.
of such dioptric power and relative position as to col NORTON ANSHER, Primary Examiner.
limate the radiation collected by the concave - -mirror
of the sub-assembly; -- - GEORGE HYMAN, JR, Examiner.