User:BD2412/Cyrillization of Chinese
The Cyrillization of Chinese is effected using the Palladius system for transcribing Chinese characters into the Cyrillic alphabet. It was created by Pyotr Ivanovich Kafarov (Пётр Ива́нович Кафа́ров), a Russian sinologist and monk who spent thirty years in China and was also known by his monastic name Palladius (Палладий). It is the Russian official standard for transcribing Chinese into Russian.
System
[edit]Initials
[edit]| Bilabial | Labiodental | Alveolar | Retroflex | Alveolo-palatal | Velar | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Voiceless | Voiced | Voiceless | Voiceless | Voiced | Voiceless | Voiced | Voiceless | Voiceless | ||
| Nasal | м m m ㄇ m |
н n n ㄋ n |
||||||||
| Plosive | Unaspirated | б p p ㄅ b |
д t t ㄉ d |
г k k ㄍ g | ||||||
| Aspirated | п pʰ p' ㄆ p |
т tʰ t' ㄊ t |
к kʰ k' ㄎ k | |||||||
| Affricate | Unaspirated | цз ts ts ㄗ z |
чж ʈʂ ch ㄓ zh |
цз tɕ ch ㄐ j |
||||||
| Aspirated | ц tsʰ ts' ㄘ c |
ч ʈʂʰ ch' ㄔ ch |
ц tɕʰ ch' ㄑ q |
|||||||
| Fricative | ф f f ㄈ f |
с s s ㄙ s |
ш ʂ sh ㄕ sh |
ж ʐ j ㄖ r |
с ɕ hs ㄒ x |
х x h ㄏ h | ||||
| Lateral | л l l ㄌ l |
|||||||||
Finals
[edit]| Nucleus | a | ə | ∅ | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coda | ∅ | i | u | n | ŋ | ∅ | i | u | n | ŋ | ɻ | ||
| Medial]] | ∅ | ’‘‘a ɑ ㄚ a |
’‘‘ай aɪ̯ ai ㄞ ai |
’‘‘ao ɑʊ̯ ao ㄠ ao |
ань ɑn an ㄢ an |
’‘‘ан ɑŋ ang ㄤ ang |
э ɯ̯ʌ ê/o ㄜ e |
’‘‘эй eɪ̯ ei ㄟ ei |
’‘‘оу ɤʊ̯ ou ㄡ ou |
энь ən ên ㄣ en |
’‘‘эн əŋ êng ㄥ eng |
эр ɑɻ êrh ㄦ er |
’‘‘и/ы ʅ/ɿ ih/û  -i
|
| i | ’‘‘я i̯ɑ ia ㄧㄚ ia |
’‘‘яо i̯ɑʊ̯ iao ㄧㄠ iao |
янь i̯ɛn ien ㄧㄢ ian |
’‘‘ян i̯ɑŋ iang ㄧㄤ iang |
е i̯ɛ ieh ㄧㄝ ie |
’‘‘ю i̯ɤʊ̯ iu ㄧㄡ iu |
инь in in ㄧㄣ in |
’‘‘ин iŋ ing ㄧㄥ ing |
’‘‘и i i ㄧ i | ||||
| u | ’‘‘уа u̯ɑ ua ㄨㄚ ua |
’‘‘уай u̯ɑɪ̯ uai ㄨㄞ uai |
уaнь u̯ɑn uan ㄨㄢ uan |
’‘‘уaн u̯ɑŋ uang ㄨㄤ uang |
о u̯ɔ o/uo ㄨㄛ uo |
’‘‘уй u̯eɪ̯ ui ㄨㄟ ui |
унь u̯ən un ㄨㄣ un |
’‘‘ун ʊŋ ung ㄨㄥ ong |
’‘‘у u u ㄨ u | ||||
| y | ’‘‘юaнь y̯ɛn üan ㄩㄢ üan |
’‘‘юэ y̯œ üeh ㄩㄝ üe |
юнь yn ün ㄩㄣ ün |
’‘‘юн i̯ʊŋ iung ㄩㄥ iong |
’‘‘юй y ü ㄩ ü | ||||||||
Comparison chart
[edit]This table establishes correspondence between the Palladius system together with the two Romanization systems most commonly used in English-speaking countries: Pinyin and Wade–Giles.
Exceptions
[edit]The names of the cities of Beijing and Nanjing are transcribed as Пеки́н (instead of Бэйцзин) and Нанки́н (instead of Наньцзин), much as Peking and Nanking were still used in English speaking countries until recently. Hong Kong (pinyin: Xianggang) may be both Сянга́н (Xianggang) and Гонко́нг (Hong Kong); the latter is more common.
Syllable hui is transcribed not as хуй but as хуэй (Huizu, Хуэйцзу) or, less often, as хой (Anhui, Аньхой) for aesthetic reasons, since хуй (chuj) is a taboo word for "penis" (a lot more strict than "cock" in usage) in Russian and several other Slavic languages.
Older documents contain variants мэн — мын, мэнь — мынь, фэн — фын, фэнь — фынь, пэн — пын, hence Aomen (Macao) is traditionally spelled Аомынь in Russian. Most modern texts contain э, with some exceptions.