どく‐えき【毒液】
毒液
出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 (2024/05/19 04:27 UTC 版)
毒液（どくえき、英: venom）は、毒の一種。動物によって生産され、咬傷、刺傷などを介して注入される[1][2][3]。毒素は毒牙や毒針などといった特有の進化をたどった器官によって伝達され、そのプロセスは毒物注入と呼ばれる[2] 。毒液は、直接の摂取や吸入、経皮吸収により伝達される毒 [4] や物理的に伝達される毒素を指す en:toxungen[5]とは区別される。
注釈
出典
- ^ "venom" - ドーランド医学辞典
- ^ a b Gupta, Ramesh C. (24 March 2017). Reproductive and developmental toxicology. Saint Louis. pp. 963–972. ISBN 978-0-12-804240-3. OCLC 980850276
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- ^ “Poison vs. Venom”. Australian Academy of Science (2017年11月3日). 2022年4月17日閲覧。
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[続きの解説]
毒液
出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 (2021/10/08 15:51 UTC 版)
この属の種は、被害者に複数の影響を与えるいくつかの神経毒を持っている。毒液は神経系を麻痺させ、血液を凝固して血管を詰まらせる作用があることで知られている。タイパン属はマウスの半数致死量基準で最も強力な毒をもつヘビの一つとされている。ナイリクタイパンは最も強力な毒をもつ地上棲のヘビと考えられており、オーストラリア最大の毒蛇と言われる沿岸タイパンは地上棲のヘビの中で3番目に強力な毒を持つと言われている。中央山脈タイパンは他のタイパン種ほど研究が進んでいないため、その正確な毒性は明らかになっていないが、より強い毒性持つ可能性が指摘されている。 毒性とは別に、咬まれた際に体内に注入される大量の毒による危険も考慮する必要がある。特に沿岸タイパンは大型のため大量の毒を注入することができる。 1950年、アマチュアの爬虫類学者であるKevin Buddenは、タイパンを生きたまま捕獲した最初の人の1人だったが、彼はその過程で噛まれて翌日に亡くなった。数週間後に死んだ個体は、メルボルンの動物学者David Fleayによって毒を抽出され、その毒液を用いて開発された抗毒素は1955年に利用可能になった。 1940年代と1950年代のオーストラリアでのタイパン抗毒素の開発を調査した本『Venom』の中で著者Brendan James Murrayは「抗毒素なしでタイパンの咬傷から生き延びた例は1949年にクイーンズランド州ホープ・ベールで咬まれた先住民Guugu YimithirのGeorge Rosendaleの1例だけだ」と主張している。Murrayは、看護師から後にこの時重篤な状態だったRosendaleから採取した真っ黒に変色した血液のサンプルを後に見せられたと記している。 現在、タイパン属に咬まれた際の治療にはオーストラリアのCSL Limited社製の"CSL Polyvalent antivenom"と"CSL Taipan antivenom"の2つの抗毒素が利用可能である。
※この「毒液」の解説は、「タイパン属」の解説の一部です。
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