1791å¹´ãã1804å¹´ã«ããã¦ããã©ã³ã¹åã³ã¹ãã¤ã³é ã§ãã£ãã¤ã¹ããã§ã¼ã©å³¶ã«æ¼ãã¦çºçãããæè¬ãã¤ãé©å½ã¯ãæçµçã«ã¯é»äººå¥´é·ã«ããç¬ç«ã以ã¦çµçããã
ç·æ°ãã島æ°ã«åããã£ãã¨ã¯ãããå½æã¨ã¼ãããéä¸ã®ç²¾å¼·ãèªã£ããã©ã³ã¹è»ãç¢ãªæ¦è£
ãæãã¬çã®åä¹±è»ã«æéããäºå®ã¯å¤§ããªè¡æã以ã¦è¿ããããã
表åãã®æå ã¯ããã©ã³ã¹è»å´ã«è延ããé»ç±ç
ã¨ãããã¨ã«ãªã£ã¦ããããããä»æ¥ã§ã¯ããã®ç
ãããéã§ã®ç´æ¥æææ§ãæããªããã¨ãå¤æãã¦ãããã¾ãéçåã®å²åã¯20ã30%ç¨åº¦ã¨ã(è´å½çãªç
ã§ã¯ããã)å®ã«å
µã®7å²ã失ã£ãäºå®ã¨ç¬¦åããªãã
é©å½ã®æ¨ç§»
ãã©ã³ã¹é ãµã³=ããã³ã°(ç¾ãã¤ã西é¨)ã¯å
ã
ãã«ãªãæµ·ã®ã¹ãã¤ã³é ã¤ã¹ããã§ã¼ã©å³¶è¥¿å´ããã©ã³ã¹ãå é ã»å²è²ãã¦æç«ããæ¤æ°å°ã§ãã¢ããªã«å¤§é¸ããé£è¡ãã奴é·ã«ãããã©ã³ãã¼ã·ã§ã³ã§å¤§éã®ã³ã¼ãã¼ã¨ç ç³ãçç£ãã¦ããã奴é·ã®æ±ãã¯é
·ããéé
·ãªå´åã«ããæ»ã ãã§ãªãå¶è£ãæªéã®å±±é追æ¾ããåæ³åããããã¾ã決æ»ã®éèµ°ãå°ãªããªãã£ãããããã¦å±±ã¸å
¥ã£ãé亡奴é·ã®ä¸é¨ã¯çã延ã³ãå
±åä½ãçµç¹ããã
18ä¸ç´åã°ãæåã®åä¹±ãçºçãããå½æãããææ®ããåä¹±è»ã®ãªã¼ãã¼ã¯åªè¡å¸«ã¨ãã¦å´æ¬ãåããããã«ã³ãã«ãå½¼ã¯åä¹±ââã¨ããããæµæéåã¨å¼ã¶ã¹ãããå³ã¡æ¯é
層ã®å¼±ä½åãå³ãåªè©ãå·ãè¡ã£ãããã©ã³ã¹äººè¾²å ´ä¸»å´ã®è¨é²ããè¦ãã«ãæ¯æ®ºã主ä½ã¨ãããã®ã§ãã£ãã¨èããããã
ããã«ã³ãã«ãé亡ããã®ã¯1751å¹´ãæ´»åãéå§ããã®ã¯1757å¹´ã§ãããå¥å¦ãªãã¨ã«ãããã«ã³ãã«ã¯æ´»åã®éå§ãã2å¹´ãçµãã¬ãã¡ã«èªãæµã®æã«è½ã¡ããããå¤ãè¾²å ´ã®ä»è¿ã«ä¸äººã§ä½ãã§ããã¨ãããçºè¦ãããããé
ã£ã¦ãããã®ããã«åå¿ã¯èãã§ãæµæãããæããããã¨ããããã®ã¾ã¾åã調ã¹ãè¡ãªããã¨ããªããç¿æã«ã¯ç«åã«å¦ããããã¨è¨é²ã«ã¯ããã
æå°è
ã失ã£ãçã®é亡奴é·å£ã¯ãããç¦è§£ãããã¨ããªããåä¹±ã¯ç¶ç¶ããããã ããã®åãã¯æ£çºçã§ããã大å¢ã¨ãã¦ã¯ãã©ã³ã¹ã®æ¯é
ãæºããããããªãã®ã§ã¯ãªãã£ãããããã©ã³ã¹å´ã¯ããããåããè¦ãã¦ããªããæ¬æ ¼çã«å±±ç©ããªã©ãå®æ½ããã«ã¯é§å¨å
µåãå¿è¨±ãªãã¨ããäºæ
ããã£ãã
1790å¹´ããã©ã³ã¹æ¬å½ã®é©å½ãåã³äººæ¨©å®£è¨ã®ãã¥ã¼ã¹ããµã³=ããã³ã°ã«ãå ±ãããããã¨ãåããç¾å°ã§ãé©å½ã®æ©éãé«ã¾ã£ããå½åã¯ãããç½äººå±¤ã«ããæ¬å½ã®éç¨ããã®ç¬ç«ããããã¯æ··è¡äººå±¤ã人権宣è¨ãåãç½äººã¨åæ§ã®æ¨©å©ãæ±ãããã®ã§ããé»äººå¥´é·å±¤ã¯è帳ã®å¤ã ã£ãããçªå¦ã¨ãã¦å
¨é»äººãæ¦è£
èèµ·ãããæ··è¡äººã«å¯¾ããç½äººã®å¶è£ããã¾ãã«æ®é
·ã§ãã£ããããªã©ã¨ãè¨ããããããã®ç¨åº¦ã®æ®é
·ãã¯ä»ãªãã¬é»äººå¥´é·ã対象ã«é£ç¶¿ã¨ç¶ãã¦ãããã®ã§ãããèèµ·ã®çç±ã¨ããã«ã¯ç¡çããããå®éã¯æ¬å½ãé©å½ã§è»ãåããã¬ç¶æ
ã好æ©ã¨è¦ããã®ã§ã¯ãªããã¨èããããã
åä¹±ã¯ã¹ãã¤ã³é å´ã«ãåã³ã1798å¹´ã«ã¯é§çã¹ãã¤ã³è»åã³é å¾ã¤ã®ãªã¹è»ã¾ã§ãæã¡ç ´ã£ã¦å
¨åãçµ±ä¸ããã«è³ã£ãã
ããã«å¯¾ããã©ã³ã¹é©å½æ¿åºãå
±åå¶ããåã³ç¬è£ã«æ»ããããã¬ãªã³ã¯ãåçæ§ã®é«ãæ¤æ°å°ã®ç¬ç«ãè¯ãã¨ãããåã³æ¯é
ä¸ã«åããã¹ãå
µ3ä¸1åãããªãé å¾è»ããã¤ãã«éãè¾¼ãã ã
ã ãåè¿°ã®éããé å¾è»ã¯å
µã®7å²ã失ãææãåãå£æ»
ã¨ãããæ¨æºããæ¦æã§ãã£ããå
ç«ãæãã¬å
µå£«ãã¡ã«é»ç±ç
ãçå¨ãæ¯ãã£ãã«ãããããã«ããæ»äº¡æ°ã¯2å²ç¨åº¦ãã¾ãæ»äº¡ã¾ã§ã¯è³ãã¬ã«ããæ¦éä¸è½ã«é¥ãå
µãåæ°ã«ãåãã ã¨ä»®å®ãã¦ããè¿ä»£åããã精強ã¨ç²éãªä¸æéå£ã§ã¯ãªãç¸å½ã®æ¦åå·®ããããã«ãé¢ãããããã©ã³ã¹é å¾è»ãããã»ã©ã®ææã被ã£ãçç±ã¯ã©ãã«ããã®ãã
ããã§ãé走奴é·éå£ã®æå°è
ãåªè¡å¸«ã§ãã£ãç¹ã«ç®ãåãããã
ãã¤ãé»äººå¥´é·ã®æ°éä¿¡ä»°
ãã¤ãã®é»äººå¥´é·ã¯ä¸»ã«è¥¿ã¢ããªã«ãã輸åºããã¦ããããã®å°ã«ã¯ç²¾éä¿¡ä»°ãä¸å¿ã¨ããåçã®å®æãåå¨ãããããã¤ãã¸ã®å ¥æ¤ã«ããããã©ã³ã¹èªã®ä½¿ç¨ã¨ã«ããªãã¯ã¸ã®æ¹å®ãå¼·è¦ãããããããå ¨ãç°ãªãè¨èªã¨å®æãè©°ãè¾¼ãã çµæããã¸ã³ã»ã«ããªãã¯ã¨ã§ãå¼ã¶ã¹ãç¬èªã®ä¿¡ä»°ãã§ãããã£ãããã®æ··äº¤ä¿¡ä»°ããã¼ãã¥ã¼ã¨å¼ã¶ã
ãã¼ãã¥ã¼ã«ã¯ãå±è ãæãç§æ³ãä¼ãã£ã¦ãããå ·ä½çãªåå¼ã®æé ã«ã¤ãã¦çªºãç¥ããã¨ã¯å¶ããªããããåè¬ããå±ä½ãæãè¿ãããç²¾éãå¹ãè¾¼ãã§ãæãã®ã ã¨ããããããã¦å±è ã¯åªè¡å¸«ã®å½ã«å¾ãç©è¨ãã¬å¾è ã¨ãªããçè ã¨ã¯æããã«ç°ãªããã£ããã¨ããåããç²ããçã¿ãç¥ããåãç¶ããåå¨ãå¦å¿ãªãã«ãã©ã³ã±ã³ãæ³èµ·ããããããããã¼ãã¥ã¼ã§ã¯ããºã³ãã¼ãã¨å¼ã¶ã
ç¡è«ã1ä¸ç´ãåã®ãã¤ãã«é»æ°å¼ã®çä¼¼éç´ æ¸è¾¼æ©ããããçã¯ãªããå¾ã£ã¦ãããå®éã«ãºã³ãã¼ãå±è
åæè¡ã®è³ç©ã§ããã¨ãããªãã°ãããã¯ç¾å¨ã®æã
ãç¥ãæè¡ä½ç³»ã¨ã¯ç°ãªãçºå±ãéãããã®ã§ãããã¨æ³åãããã
幸ãã¨ããã¹ãããå½æãã®å³¶ã«ã¯æ°é®®ãªå±ä½ãè±å¯ã«åå¨ããã主ã¨ãã¦é
·ä½¿ããã奴é·ã®ããããã¯é亡ã®æã¦ã«æ»ããå
奴é·ã®ãã®ã§ãã£ãããããé©åã«æ±ãããã°å±è
ã¯åªã«10å¹´ç¨åº¦ã¯ä¿ã¤ã
æåã«ããã«ã³ãã«ãæµæéåãéå§ããæãæ¢ã«å±è
åã®æè¡ãå®æãã¦ããã¨ããããããããã®æ°åå¹´ã¯ãå±è
ãå¢ç£ãè»åãæ´ããããã®æéã§ãã£ãã¨ãããã
ãã®æãæããããèããªåªè¡å¸«ã¯ãæ¬å½ã«ããã«ã³ãã«ã§ãã£ãã ãããã6å¹´ã®éãç¨å¿æ·±ãå±±ä¸ã«æ½ã¿é亡奴é·ãã¡ã®éå£ãã¾ã¨ãä¸ããæºãæãã¦æµæéåãéå§ãã人ç©ããããããå身æµå°ã«ä¹ãè¾¼ã¿ããã£ããã¨å¦åããããããªæãç¯ãã ããããããã¯å®é¨ãå
¼ãã¦ã身代ãã«ç«ã¦ãããå±è
ã ã£ãã®ã§ã¯ãªããã¨æããã«ã¯ããããªãã
ç¡è«ãã©ã³ã¹è»ã®è¨é²ã«ã¯å±è
ã®ç¾¤ãã«è¿æãããæ¨ã®è¨é²ã¯ãªãããå±è
æè¡ã®åå¨ãç¥ããã¦ããªãå½æã®å
µããããå±è
ã¨ãã¦è¨é²ããã¨ã¯èãé£ããã¾ãç±ç
ã§æ¦æ§ã¨ããå
µãå¤ãããã¨ãå ±åããã£ã¦ãè«å¦ã¨ãã¦ç¡è¦ãããé¨åããã£ãã ãããããããè¦éãçããã®ã¯ããã¬ãªã³ã®ç¾©å¼ã§ãããåªè¡ãæªç©ãæå ã¨ãã¦å ±åãããªã©å°åºã§ãããçããªãããã£ã¨ããããä¸å¯æåã¨ãã¦é¸ã°ããã®ãå½æããç¥ãããåå½ã®ç±ç
ã§ãã£ããã¨ããã®ã¯å
åã«èãããã話ã ã
å
¥æ¤78ä¸ã«å¯¾ãçåã¯50ä¸ã«æºããªãé»äººå¥´é·ãã¡ã®ã30ä¸ä½ã«ããªããªãã¨ããå±ä½è³æºãããã«ã¯åå¨ããããã®å
¨ã¦ãå©ç¨å¯è½ãªç¶æ
ã§ãã£ãããã§ã¯ãªãã«ããã1ä¸ããããã®å±è
ã®å
µå£ãä½ãåºãä½å°ã¯å
åã«ãã£ãã ãããæ¦å¨ãæããã¨ãã1ä¸ã®å±è
ã®è»ã¯éç ²ã§æ¦è£
ãã3ä¸ã®çè
ã®è»ã¨æ¸¡ãåãã«å
åãªæ¦åã¨ãªã£ãçã ã
ã¨ã¾ãããã¤ãã®æ··è¡äººå±¤ãéºããè¨é²ã®ä¸ã«ã¯ãºã³ãã¼ã対ãã©ã³ã¹è»ã«ç¨ããã¨æããè¨è¿°ãè¦ä»ããããå½¼ããã¾ããã¼ãã¥ã¼ã®åªåãä¿¡ä»°ãã人ã
ã§ãã£ãã®ã§ããããå±è
ãæãã®ããããã¨ãä½ããã®åªçæ示ãããã¯è¬ç©ã«ãã£ã¦çè¦ã®éº»çºããçè
ãªã©ã誤解ãããã®ã§ãã£ãã®ããå¤æããã®ã¯é£ããã
ããã§ããã¼ãã¥ã¼ã®ååã¨ãªã£ã西ã¢ããªã«ã®æ°éä¿¡ä»°ã調ã¹ã¦ã¿ããã
西ã¢ããªã«ã®å®æä¼æ
ãã¼ãã¥ã¼ããèªèº«ã¯èªç¶çã®æ§ã
ãªç²¾éãä¿¡ä»°ããã·ã£ã¼ãããºã ã®ä¸ç¨®ã ããã«ããªãã¯ã®æå以åã«å°ãªãããããªã¹ãæãå«ãè¤æ°ã®å®æããã®å½±é¿ãåãã¦ããã
ãã¼ãã¥ã¼ã®ä¿¡ä»°å°åã«æ¥ãã¦æ±å´ã«ã¯ã¨ããªãã¢å¸å½ãåºãã£ã¦ããããã®å½ã¯12ã13ä¸ç´é ããç¶ãæ£æä¼ç³»ã®å®æå½å®¶ã§ãããå¨è¾ºå°åã¸ã®å½±é¿ã¯å°ãªããªããã¾ããã¤ã¦ã¯åã¢ããªã«ã«ã¾ã§ããæãä¼æãã¦ããããã¡ãããã®å½±é¿ãè¦ãããã
ããæã¯ã°ãã¼ã·ã¹ä¸»ç¾©ã®æµããçµããããã©ã³ã±ã³ã·ã¥ã¿ã¤ã³å士ãæåã®å±è
ãä½ãåºããæããã®ç 究å
容ã«ã¯ã°ãã¼ã·ã¹æ´¾ã®éºããè³æãå«ã¾ãã¦ããã¨ããããäºãæ ¹æ ã¯å¼±ãããããããããå士ãå°éãããã®ã¨åæ§ã®ãå±è
ã¸ã®çä¼¼éç´ æ¸è¾¼ã«é¢ããä½ããã®æè¡ãã¢ããªã«ã«ãä¼ãã£ã¦ããã®ã§ã¯ãªãã ãããã
ãã¤ã¦ããã©ã³ã±ã³ã·ã¥ã¿ã¤ã³å士ã®è¶³åãã辿ããå±è
æè¡ã®æºæµã追ã£ããã·ã¢å¸å½ã®æç®å¦è
ãã³ã©ã¤ã»ãã§ã¼ãããã¯ãã®æºæµãååã®äººé¡ã¢ãã ã«æ±ãããã¹ãã©ãã£ãã¯å¤§è¨èªä»®èª¬ã®ç¤ºãä¸å¤®ã¢ã¸ã¢ã«æ¯å®ããã¨ããããããç§ã¯å¥ã®ä»®èª¬ãæå±ãããï¼é²åè«ã®ç¤ºããåå§äººé¡ã®çºç¥¥å°ã§ããã
A.R.ã¦ã©ã¬ã¹ã®é²åè«ã«ãã£ã¦ãä»æ¥ã§ã¯ãããã¾ãç¿äººããé²åãã¦ãããã¨ãæããã«ãªãã¤ã¤ãããåå°ã§çºæãããå人ã®åç³ãæ¯è¼ããã¨ãã©ãããã¢ããªã«ãæå¤ã®äººé¡çºç¥¥ã®å°ã¨è¨ããã®ã§ã¯ãªããã¨èãããã¦ãããå³ã¡ãã¨ãã³ã追ãããã¢ãã ãã¾ãã¢ããªã«ã«è³ã£ãã®ã§ã¯ãªããã¨ãããã¨ã ã
ã¢ãã ãã¢ããªã«ã«åå¨ããã®ã ã¨ãã¦ããããå±è
ã¨ã©ã®ããã«é¢ä¿ããã®ãã¯è§£ããªããããããä½ããã®é¢ä¿ãããã®ã ã¨ããã°ããããã¢ããªã«ã«ä¼ããå±è
æè¡ã¨ãã¦ä»ã«æ®ã£ãã¨èããã®ã¯ä¸èªç¶ã§ã¯ããã¾ãã
ã¨ã¯ãããæ¬å½ã«ã¢ããªã«ã«ç¬èªã®å±è æè¡ããã£ãã¨ãããªããé¨æéæäºã®èããã¢ããªã«è«¸å½ã«ãã£ã¦ããããæ¦äºã«ä¾ãããªãã£ãã¨ã¯èãé£ããããã§ãããªãã°ã¢ããªã«ã¯å±è ã®è»å£ãæãã強大ãªè»äºå½å®¶ã¨ãã¦ã¢ã¸ã¢ãã¨ã¼ããããå§åãã¦ãä¸æè°ã¯ãªãããããç¾å®ã«ãããªããªãã£ãã¨ãããã¨ã¯ãå±è æè¡ãå®éã«ã¯åå¨ãã¦ããªããããããã¯ä½ããã®è¦å ã§å¤§éçç£ã®å¹ããªã代ç©ã§ãã£ããã®ããããã ãããã ã¨ããã°ããã®æµããæ±²ãã ãããã¤ãã®ãã¼ãã¥ã¼ã§ã ãç¬èªã®çºå±ãéããåå ãèããªããã°ãªããªãã
ããã«ã³ãã«ã¯å¥´é·ã¨ãªãåã¯ã¤ã¹ã©ã ã«ã¤ãã¦å¦ãã å¦èã®å¾ã§ããã大層å¼ã®ç«ã¤äººç©ã ã£ãã¨ããããããªäººç©ãä¸å¥´é·ã«èº«ããã¤ããçç±ã¯ä¸æã ããå½¼ãã¾ããã©ã³ã±ã³ã·ã¥ã¿ã¤ã³ããã§ã¼ãããåæ§ã«åºãç¥èãä½ç³»çã«åéãã人ç©ã§ãã£ãã®ããç¥ããªããããããçµæã¨ãã¦è¦å¢ã«ãã£ã¦è»äºæè¡ã¨ãã¦è±éãã«è³ã£ããã¨èããã®ã¯ç©ºæ³ãéããã ããã?
çµããã«
å
ã«ãåæ»ããããã«ã³ãã«ã¯èº«ä»£ãã®å±è
ã§ã¯ãªãã£ããã¨è¿°ã¹ããã ãããã§ãããä¸ã¤ã®å¯è½æ§ã«ãè¨åãã¦ãããããããã«ã³ãã«ããæ¢ãã¦èªæ»ãé¸ãã å¯è½æ§ã§ããã
19ä¸ç´æ«ãã20ä¸ç´åé ã«ãããä¸é¨ã®å½ã§ãçè
ã«çä¼¼éç´ ãä¸æ¸ããããåæ¶çãªå±è
æè¡ãå¯ãã«ä½¿ããã¦ãããã¨ãæããã«ãªã£ã¦ãããå½åãããã©ã³ã±ã³ã·ã¥ã¿ã¤ã³ä¸ååã«ãã£ã¦å¼·ãç¦æ¢ãããæ¦å¾æ¹ãã¦å³ããç£è¦ãããããããã¯å³ã¡ããããè¡ããæè¡çã«ã¯å¯è½ã§ãããã¨ã示ããã®ã§ãããã
ãããããã«ã³ãã«ã®ç¨ãããããåæ§ã®æ§è³ªãæã£ããã®ã ã¨ããããå®éã«ã¯å±è
ã使ãã®ã§ã¯ãªãããããã¯å±è
ã¨å¹³è¡ãã¦ãé亡奴é·èªèº«ãå±è
åãããã®ã§ãã£ãã¨ããããããã¯è¦æ¸ã®æ±ºæã§ãã£ããã¨ã ãããæ¥ãã¹ããã©ã³ã¹è»ã¨ã®å
¨é¢è¡çªãä¹ãåãã«ã¯ä»ã«æããªããããããã®ãããªè¡ããå¹³ç¶ã¨è¡ããã»ã©ã«å³å¤ªã人ç©ã§ã¯ãªãã£ãã¨ããã°ãå½¼ã¯æ¢ãã¦èªèº«ãæåã®è¢«é¨è
ã¨ãããã¨ã«ãã£ã¦ãæªæ¥ã¸ã®è´ç½ªã¨çºããã®ã§ã¯ãªããããã®ããã«æãã¦ãªããªãã
å±è
æè¡ã¯è»äºã«ããçç£ã«ããããã¤ãã大ããæé·ããå¾ããã®ã§ãã£ãçã ããããç¾å®ã«ã¯ãç¾å¨ã«è³ãã¾ã§ãã¤ãã¯è²¡æ¿é¢ã§ãè»äºé¢ã§ãè¦ããç¶æ³ãç¶ãã¦ããããããããå±è
æè¡ãã¿ãã¼ã«è§¦ãããããªãã®ã§ãã£ãã¨ããã°ç´å¾ãããã
ç¬ç«æ¦äºã¨ãã大義ãªãã«ã¯ç´è¦ã§ããªãåªãããå
端æè¡ã¯ãã®å¾ç ´æ£ãããã¯å°å°ããããå¾ãªãã£ãã®ã ãããçµå±å³¶ã®å
æ¿ã¯ã»ã¨ãã©ç½äººæ¯é
æã¨å¤ããã¬å°æ°ç¬è£çãªãã®ã«æ»ã£ã¦ãã¾ã£ãã