Philippine

Politics and
Governance
JULIE BEE D. TOLIN
Teacher
States, Nations,
and
Globalization
At the end of the lesson, the students are
expected to:
1. define nation and state;
2. differentiate nation and state;
3. explain meanings of globalization;
4. evaluate how globalization
influences state and nation; and
5. analyze the relationship among
nations and states in the context of
globalization.
What is state?
According to De Leon (2009), as stated
by Liao (2014) a state is a community of
nations more or less numerous,
permanently occupying a definite portion
of territory, having a government of their
own to which the great body of
inhabitants render obedience and
enjoying freedom from external control.
Elements of a State
For a certain State to be honored
as state by others, it should possess
the following elements:
1. PEOPLE. There must be people
residing who should be numerous to be
governed and self-sufficient. It should
also be more or less numerous for
defense and both sexes present for
perpetuity.

Example: Vatican; a state within a

state, they are less numerous but
2. TERRITORY. An area over which
territory has effective control. A fixed
portion of the surface of the earth in
which people reside that is sufficient to
provide the needs of the inhabitants. It
is big enough to be self-sufficient but
small enough to administered and
defended.
COMPONENTS:
• Aerial Domain
• Terrestrial Domain
• Maritime and Fluvial Domain
MODES OF ACQUIRING
TERRITORY

The following are the ways or

modes how a state can acquire
its territory:
a. Discovery and Occupation – A
state can acquire a certain territory
when it discovers a certain place and
occupy it for a long period of time. The
place should be terra nullius or land
belonging to no one. A certain territory
cannot be acquired only by discovery, it
should be possess and administered by
the state that discovered it.
Example: Spratly Island: this
is the basis of the Philippines
why we are claiming it as our
own.
b. Prescription. It is a long, continued,
and adverse possession to vest
acquisitive title in the claimant. The
acquisition of territory by an adverse
holding through a long term of years
requires two essential facts; (1)
continuous; (2) undisturbed possession.
Example: Las Palmas case: even
if Spain discovered and occupied
this territory, the Netherlands
acquires the same by virtue of
prescription as it exercised
sovereign rights over the island for
more than two hundred years after
its discovery by Spain.
Question: Why do the
Philippines not under
Spain since we are
occupied for more than
300 years?
c. Cession. It is the transfer of territory
from one state to another by agreement.
It may be a bilateral agreement whereby
one state transfer sovereignty over a
definite portion of territory to another
state. This may be voluntary or by force.

Example: Sabah, Malaysia ceded by

British Empire.
d. Subjugation/ Conquest. Formal
annexation of a territory after it has been
conquered in the course of war. This
mostly happen during early times.

Example: Colonies of countries;

Philippines during
Spanish Era
e. Accretion. Increase in the land area
of a State caused by the operation of
the forces of nature or, artificially,
through human labor.

Example: Chinese Reclamation in

West Philippine Sea; Mischief Reef or
some part of Spratly Islands.
3. GOVERNMENT. It is an agency or
instrumentality, through which the will of the
state is formulated, expressed and realized. It
was established by inhabitants which was
organized in exercising control over, and
capable of maintaining law, and other within
the territory. It is the system that put in place
to govern the state.
In the Philippines, the government
is governed by the constitution.
The action of all the people based
from the constitution.
The way how the government is
managed is what we call as
administration. The management of the
affairs of the government is administration.
In the Philippines, the one we voted in
office are the ones mostly
administering the government.
Administration changes over time
but government will not if it will not
change by the people through
referendum.
4. SOVEREIGNTY. The supreme and
uncontrollable power in a state by which
that state is governed. An entity is NOT
a state UNLESS it has competence,
within its own constitutional system, to
conduct international relation with other
states, as well as the political, and
financial capabilities to do so.
2 ASPECTS
a. Internal – the ability of a state
to exercise its authority over its
territory and people

Example: the totality on how

the government rules its people
b. External – the relationship of the
State with other States; the freedom
from external control.

Example: No other States

dictates how the government
should be governed or run
How State is
created?
A state may be created by:
a. Revolution. It refers to a
movement, often violent to overthrow an
old regime and effect a complete change
in the fundamental institution of society.
Example: o American Revolution
o EDSA Revolution – there is a
change in the structure of
government
b. Unification. The process of
being united or made into a whole.
Many states joined together to form
as one.
Example: Germany
c. Secession. The act of separating
from a nation or state and become
independent.
Example: Timor-Leste with the
help of UN, Indonesia ceded its
claim. This is what Taiwan wants
from China, also those
prodemocracy in Hong Kong.
d. Assertion of Independence.
The act of stating something or
exercising authority confidently and
forcefully.
Example: former Yugoslavia,
Kosovo
e. Agreement – It is negotiated
and typically legally binding
arrangement between parties as
to course of action.
Example: Netherlands
f. Attainment of Civilization – process
by which society is or place reach an
advance stage of social civilization.
Example: Mesopotamia is now Iraq
and Persia is now Iran
Duties of the State
According to Liao (2014) the
following are the concerns of the state
which are also considered as its duties
or responsibilities.
1. Peace and order and national security
2. Political harmony or good laws
3. Social justice
4. Economic development
5. Individual and collective
development of people
What is a nation?
A nation is a group of people
bound together by certain
characteristics and shares the same
history, ancestry, culture, and
language. Liao (2014)
Anderson (2006) asserted, as
mentioned by Liao (2014) that
nations were “imagined
communities” -
“imagined communities” - it is
imagined because even though people do not
know each other or do not meet all the
members, they share the same common
history, culture, language and tradition that
are practiced by every member; they have the
same feelings of belongingness and talk the
same events that were part of their history
even though they were miles away from one
another.
2 CLASSIFICATION OF
NATION
1. Ethnic Nation – is an entity that is
united on the basis of ethnicity. It is
populated more or less by a single
ethnic group. Like for example, the
community of our Muslim brothers
who shares same ethnicity even with
different territories. Japan also is one
example of ethnic nation.
2. Territorial Nation – an entity that
covers a predefined territory which was
populated by different ethnic group that
have assimilated as a nation. For example,
the Philippines, we have different ethnic
groups but we assimilate our self as a
Filipino. Also, the Asian nation, we are
considered as Asian even with different
ethnicity and descent but we are one as
Asian.
ACTIVITY 1
Using the T-diagram, write your justification
about the Philippines as a nation and as a
state. Write your answer on a separate sheet
of paper.
THE PHILIPPINES
as a Nation as a State
CONCEPT OF
GLOBALIZATION
What is a globalization?
-is a process of interaction and
integration among the people,
companies, and governments of
different nations, a process driven
by international trade and
investment and aided by
information technology.
Forms of
Globalization
1. Economic Globalization
-refers to the
interconnectedness of
economies through trade and
the exchange of resources and
further explains that effectively,
no national economy really
operates in isolation, which
means national economies
influence each other.
2. Cultural Globalization
-is the process whereby
information, commodities and
images that have been produced
in one part of the world enter into
a global flow that tends to
‘flatten out’ cultural differences
between nations, regions and
individuals (sometimes portrayed
as a process of McDonaldization).
3. Political Globalization
-refers to the amount of political
co-operation that exists between
different countries. The same
website further explains that this
ties in with the belief that
“umbrella” global organizations
are better placed than individual
states to prevent conflict.
ACTIVITY 2
Complete the table below. Identify current issues in our country which has reached
global attention and cite their positive and negative effects in our society. Write your
answer on a separate sheet of paper.

Effect
Issue
Positive Negative
Political
Globalization

Economic
Globalization

Socio-Cultural
Globalization