Philippine Politics

and Governance
Lesson 7 and 8:
States, Nations, and Globalization
The module is divided into two lessons, namely:
• Lesson 7 – State and Nation
• Lesson 8 – Globalization

What I Know

MULTIPLE CHOICE: Read the following items carefully. Write the letter of the correct
answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. It is a political community that has sovereign jurisdiction over a clearly

defined territory and exercises authority through several institutions including the
government.
a. Globalization
b. Nation
c. Sovereignty
d. State

2. It is an agency to which the political ideology of the state is expressed and carried out.
a. Government b. People
c. Sovereignty
d. Territory

3. It is a large body of people united by common descent, history, culture, or language,

inhabiting a particular country or territory.
a. Globalization
b. Nation
c. People
d. State

4. It is the power of the state to enforce the law over its subjects within its jurisdiction and
demand obedience from them
a. Government b. People
c. Sovereignty d. Territory

5. It is the process whereby information, commodities and images that have been produced in one part
of the world enter into a global flow that tends to ‘flatten out’ cultural differences between nations,
regions and individuals.
a. Economic Globalization b. Political Globalization
c. Religious Globalization d. Socio-cultural Globalization
State and Nation

Meaning of State

According to De Leon (2009),

as stated by Liao (2014) a state
is a community of nations more
or less numerous, permanently
occupying a definite portion of
territory, having a government of
their own to which the great body
of inhabitants render obedience
and enjoying freedom from
external control.

Elements of a State

Liao (2014) further explains that states are created based on the elements
mentioned below. According to him, if these requirements are not followed or if there is a
conflict or issue in one of the elements, the legitimacy of the state is always
challenged. He further emphasized that it is important that a state is recognized by
the international community, because without recognition, its existence, authority and
power are always in doubt.

1. People is the organization of human beings living together as a community.

2. Territory refers to the territorial domains over which the state exercises control or
sovereignty which includes all the land, sea and airspace the state exercises
jurisdiction on.
3. Government is an agency to which the political ideology of the state is
expressed and carried out.
4. Sovereignty it is the power of the state to enforce the law over its people within its
jurisdiction and demand obedience from them.

Two Types of Sovereignty

There are two types of sovereignty according to Liao (2014).

1. Internal Sovereignty - the power of the state to command authority within

its jurisdiction.
2. External Sovereignty - the power and freedom of the state to carry out its
activities without foreign domination or control.
Duties of the State

According to Liao (2014) the following are the concerns of the state which are also
considered as its duties or responsibilities.

1. Peace and order and national security

2. Political harmony or good laws
3. Social justice
4. Economic development
5. Individual and collective development of people

Meaning of Nation

A nation is a group of people bound

together by certain characteristics and
shares the same history, ancestry,
culture, and language. Liao (2014)

Anderson (2006) asserted, as

mentioned by Liao (2014) that nations were
“imagined communities” - it is imagined
because even though people do not know
each other or do not meet all the members,
they share the same
common history, culture, language and tradition that are practiced by every member; they have
the same feelings of belongingness and talk the same events that were part of their history even
though they were miles away from one another.
State and nation are often used interchangeably. Although many people think they are
the same, in context and concept the words nation and state are vastly different from one
another. State and nation’s functionalities and attributes can be used to analyse the difference
between the two terms.
ACTIVITY 2

Choose the concepts from the box regarding the differences and similarities of a
nation and a state. Organize the concepts in a w-diagram, and answer the questions that
follows. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

• cultural-political community of people

• group of people organized for governance
• a population who shares a similar culture and ideals
• police power
• moral power
• homogenous nation governed by its own sovereign state

1. What makes a nation-state?

2. How is nation different from state?

3. How is nation related with state?

4. Can nation be a state and vice versa?

What I Have Learned

Answer the following questions. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper. Minimum of 12
sentences. (No points if it doesn’t reached the required number of sentences)

1. What are the underlying characteristics distinguishing state from nation?

2. Can we consider the Philippines as a state if it only has three elements existing? Justify your
answer.
Globalization
Meaning of Globalization

As posted on the Globalization

101 webpage as of July 5, 2020, globalization
is a process of interaction and integration
among the people, companies, and
governments of different nations, a
process driven by international trade and
investment and aided by information
technology. The same website mentions that
this process has effects on the environment,
on culture, on political
systems, on economic development and prosperity, and on human physical well-
being in societies around the world.

Forms of Globalization

1. Economic
Globalization

As posted on the tutor2u webpage as of

July
5, 2020, economic globalization refers to
the interconnectedness of economies through
trade and the exchange of resources and
further explains that effectively, no national
economy really operates in isolation,
which means national economies influence
each other. The
same website further explains that economic globalization also means that there is a
two-way structure for technologies and resources. For example, country like the
Philippines will sell their technologies to countries, which lack these, and natural
resources from developing countries are sold to the developed countries that need
them.

2. Cultural Globalization

According to Heywood (2007), cultural

globalization is the process whereby
information, commodities and images that
have been produced in one part of the world
enter into a global flow that tends to ‘flatten
out’ cultural differences between nations,
regions and individuals (sometimes
portrayed as a process of McDonaldization).
He explains that driven, in part, by the
growth of transnational companies and the
emergence of global commodities, cultural
globalization is also fuelled by the so-called
‘information revolution’, the spread of satellite communication,
telecommunications networks, information technology and the internet, and global
media corporations. However, according to him, culture both serves and constrains the
forces of globalization. In addition to the ubiquity of Hollywood movies, Nike running
shoes and Starbucks coffee houses, selling goods across the world requires a sensitivity
to indigenous cultures and social practices.

3. Political Globalization

As posted on the tutor2u webpage as of July 5,

2020, political globalization refers to the amount of
political co-operation that exists between different
countries. The same website further explains that this ties
in with the belief that “umbrella” global organizations
are better placed than individual states to prevent conflict.
It mentioned the League of Nations established after
WW1 was certainly one of the pioneers in this and
stressed that since then,
global organizations such as the World Trade Organization (WTO), United
Nations (UN), and more regional organizations such as the EU have helped to increase
the degree of political globalization
ACTIVITY 1

What’s More
Complete the concept map below. Write descriptions or related concepts around the main
concept globalization. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

Using the concept map that you accomplished, explain the meaning of globalization.
ACTIVITY 2
Complete the table below. Identify current issues in our country which has reached global
attention and cite their positive and negative effects in our society. Write your answer on a
separate sheet of paper.
Effect
Issue
Positive Negative

Political
Globalization

Economic
Globalization

Socio-Cultural
Globalization

Which of the issues influenced by globalization strike you the most? Why?

What I Have Learned

Answer the following questions. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper. Minimum of 10 sentences.
(No points if it doesn’t reached the required number of sentence)

1, Why do you think that globalization is significant to your life?

2. Discuss how globalization influences our identity as Filipinos in terms of:
A. Political
B. Economical
C. Cultural