Philippine Politics and Governance Quarter 1 – In this section, you will learn about the state, nation, and

In this section, you will learn about the state, nation, and government and how they are
Nations and States in the Context of Globalization differentiated from each other. It also discusses the state as an important factor in the global
arena and how it relates with other nation-states in the context of globalization.
The learners: (based on MELCs)
1.1 Analyze the relationship among nations and states in the context of globalization. After going The State
through this module, you are expected to: The state is a political community that has sovereign jurisdiction over a clearly defined territory,
1. define nation and state; and exercises authority through several institutions, including the government.
2. differentiate nation from state; Heywood (2013) offers five features of a state:
3. explain meanings of globalization; and 1. It is sovereign.
4. evaluate how globalization influences nation-states. This module focuses on the topic The 2. Its institutions are public.
Relationship among Nations and States in the Context of Globalization, which will be discussed 3. It is an exercise of legitimation.
for the whole week. 4. It is an instrument of domination.
5. It is a territorial association.

The state has four elements, namely: sovereignty, government, territory, and people.
Sovereignty refers to both jurisdiction (the ability of a state to exercise its authority over its
territory and people) and independence (the freedom from external control).
The Government is the machinery of the state through which the people’s will is formulated and
carried out.
The territory includes all the land, sea, and airspace the state exercises jurisdiction on. Finally, the
people or population is the organization of human beings living together as a community.

Differences between State and Government

Government is often used with the state as synonym. But both are two different entities.
1. State consists of population, territory, government and sovereignty. In short, government is
part of the state.
2. State possesses original powers. Powers of the government are derived from the state.
3. State is permanent and continues forever. Government is temporary, it may come and go.
4. State is abstract and invisible. Government is concrete and is visible.

Down Across 3 Branches of the Government

1. It is the process through which societies have 6. It the power of the state to command and 1. Executive has the power to enforce or implement the law.
become so intertwined and interconnected from enforce obedience of its will from the people. 2. Legislative has the power to make, amend, revise or change the law.
each other. 7. It is known as freedom from external control. 3. Judiciary has the power to interpret or apply the laws.
2. It enforces or implements the law of the state. 8. It is the law-making branch of the state.
3. It has 4 elements including the government. 9. It includes all the land, sea and airspace which
4. It is the machinery of the state through which the state has jurisdiction on.
the people’s will is formulated and carried out. [Link] is a group of people bound together by
5. It interprets the law and administers justice. commonalities.
This part will give you a brief discussion of the lesson. Please read and understand it so that you Differences between Nation and State
can answer the other activities related to the lesson. How about a nation? How different is it from a state and from a government? If a state is
a political community bound by political obligations, a nation is a group of people bound together
State, Government and Nation by commonalities in language, history, traditions, and religion. In this case, a nation is not just
cultural, but could be political as well— especially when the people share a common civic economy. freely between countries
consciousness. Although not necessary, a nation can also be seen as psychological when people Cultural Globalization Information, commodities, * McDonaldization or what
share loyalty or affection in the form of patriotism (Heywood 2013). and images from one part of George Ritzer (1993) called as
Thus, the concept of nation-states was born. It refers to a political unit with a defined the world make cultural rationalization that Max
territory, government and constituents that more or less share the same culture and identity. In a differences between nations Weber found in bureaucracies
nation-state, the political organization and the government are supported by a cultural base of and individuals less extended to fast food chains.
imagined unity and identity. significant. This then leads to
standardization of processes
such as production.
Globalization and the Nation-States * Information revolution
The integration of the state and the nation which forms nation-state is widely recognized today. * Global brands penetrating
As an entity, its strength relies on the fusion of both the cultural and political aspects present in a the local scene
state and in a nation, allowing for cultural cohesion and at the same time political unity. However, Political Globalization The importance of * Influence on domestics
nation-states have been met with challenges, including, but not limited to, the growth of ethnic international organizations, issues of organizations such
politics and globalization. How has globalization influenced the nation-state? and nongovernmental as the United Nations, World
organizations is being Trade Organization, World
Globalization is considered to be the most important threat to the nationstates today. But what is recognized. Bank, Asian Development
this phenomenon? What impact does it have to people and nation-states? Heywood (2013) Bank, International Red Cross
defined globalization as the process through which societies have become so intertwined or and World-Wide Fund for
interconnected that events and decisions in one part of the world have significant effects on the Nature.
lives of people in the other part of the world. Transformations in production of goods and the Source: Villanueva, P. G. (2017)
flow of financial capital can be a result of the further integration of economies in the world
economy. For example, changes in domestic politics and economy of the Philippines can actually
be caused by events happening in different countries. To illustrate this, the Association of
Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Integration may have caused the developments in Philippine
educational policies (e.g., the implementation of the K to 12 Basic Education Program) so that the
movement of students within the member-countries will be “free-flowing” too. How and why
does this happen? What are the characteristics of globalization as a phenomenon? Heywood
(2013) enumerates its features.
1. Declining relevance of geographical distance
2. Lessening significance of territorial boundaries
3. Deepening and broadening of political processes, such that the local, national, and
global events constantly interact.

Globalization resulted in a growing interdependence among actors, activities, and processes all
over the world. Several forms of globalization can be identified, of which Heywood (2013) listed
three—economic, cultural, and political. The following table summarizes the key features of these
forms of globalization and enumerates some examples.
Table 1. Forms of Globalization
Forms Features Examples
Economic Globalization All economies have been * Internationalized products
integrated in a global * Financial capital flowing