Emerging

Nationalism

When Rizal published El

Filibusterismo in 1891, he
dedicated the book to the
three martyred priests,
Mariano Gomez, Jose
Burgos and Jacinto
Zamora.
Jose Rizal
Wrote:
“I have the right to dedicate my
work to you as victims of the evil Your Text Here

which I undertake to combat. And I hope and I believe that this

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while we wait expectantly for and Reputation.

Spain someday to restore your

good name and cease to be Your Text Here
answerable for your death, let I hope and I believe that this
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these pages serve as a tardy and Reputation.
wreath of dried leaves over your
unknown tombs, and let it be Your Text Here
understood that everyone who I hope and I believe that this
Template will your Time, Money
without proofs attacks your and Reputation.
memory stains his hands with
your blood.”
Vocabulary
Words
Episcopal visitation – an official visit by the bishop
on a diocese done every three years to examine the
condition of the congregation
Garote – a form of capital punishment where an iron
collar is tightened around the condemned person’s
neck
Polo – forced labor that required Filipino males from
16-60 to render service for 40 days
Regular clergy – priests who belong to religious
order
Secular clergy – engaged in pastoral work
Tributo – system of taxation
0
Cavite
Mutiny

On January 20, 1872,

approximately 250
Filipino soldiers and
workers rose in revolt
at an arsenal in Cavite.
Eleven Spaniards were
killed
• An oft-cited reason for the mutiny
was a decree by Gov. Gen Rafael
de Izquierdo which ordered that
arsenal workers will not be Your Text Here

exempt from tributo and polo. I hope and I believe that this
Template will your Time, Money
• other accounts argued that the and Reputation.

revolt was part of a bigger plan to

overthrow Spanish government. Your Text Here
I hope and I believe that this
• What really happened in the Template will your Time, Money
and Reputation.
mutiny was far from what was
originally planned.
Your Text Here
• Among those who clamored for
I hope and I believe that this
reform were Filipino priests Template will your Time, Money
and Reputation.
Secularization
Movement

The introduction and the strengthening of the

Catholic faith in the Philippines were throught the
efforts of two types of clergy: the regular clergy
and secular clergy
• Regular Clergy were prepared for
missionary work and their job is Your Text Here

to convert the native to the I hope and I believe that this

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catholic faith and establish and Reputation.

religious communities.
– Augustinians (1565) Your Text Here
– Discalced Franciscans (1578) I hope and I believe that this
– Jesuits (1581) Template will your Time, Money
and Reputation.
– Dominicans (1587)
– Augustinian Recollects (1606)
Your Text Here
I hope and I believe that this
Template will your Time, Money
and Reputation.
• Secular Clergy – their primary
task was the management of Your Text Here
I hope and I believe that this
religious communities and Template will your Time, Money
continuation of work laid down by and Reputation.

regular clergy. They are the ones

in-charge in the administration in Your Text Here

parishes. I hope and I believe that this

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• However, the control of parishes and Reputation.

remained with the regular clergy,

Your Text Here
I hope and I believe that this
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and Reputation.
There were two issues
among the clergy in
the Philippines
Issue #1 : Episcopal visitation: An omnimoda
bull passed by Pope Adrian VI in 1522 allowed
the regulars to act a parish priests independent
from the authority of the local bishop. This
conflicted to the reforms established in the
Council of Trent (1545 – 1563) which declared
that no priest could care for the souls of laymen
unless they were subject to episcopal authority
that come through visitation.
Regular clergy would counteract these
visitations by resigning as priests and leaving
the parishes unattended.
Issue #2: regular clergy maintained the control
over the parishes because of scarcity of secular
priests. However, when the number of secular
priests increased, the regular clergy still
refused to handover the parishes for the ff
reasons:
- The Philippines still remained as an active
mission (en viva conquista spiritual)
- Economic reasons
- Their view that Filipino clergy are unqualified
and incompetent
Execution of
Gomburza
• As a result of the revolt in Cavite,
several priests and laymen were
arrested on the orders of
Governor-General Izquierdo.
Among the priests were: Your Text Here
– Jose Burgos I hope and I believe that this
– Jacinto Zamora Template will your Time, Money
and Reputation.
– Mariano Gomez
– Jose Guevarra
– Feliciano Gomez Your Text Here
I hope and I believe that this
– Mariano Sevilla Template will your Time, Money
– Bartolome Serra and Reputation.

– Miguel de Laza
– Justo Guazon Your Text Here
– Vicente del Rosario I hope and I believe that this
Template will your Time, Money
– Pedro Dandan and Reputation.
– Anacleto Desiderio
• Among the laymen were lawyers
and businessmen
– Gervacio Sanchez
Your Text Here
– Pedro Carillo
I hope and I believe that this
– Maximo Inocencio Template will your Time, Money
– Balbino Mauricio and Reputation.

– Ramon Maurente
– Maximo Paterno Your Text Here
– Jose Basa I hope and I believe that this
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and Reputation.
The three Filipino priests were
sentenced to death on February 15,
1872 while others were sentenced to Your Text Here

varying exile to Guam. I hope and I believe that this

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and Reputation.
Your Picture Here

• A French writer-journalist named

Emund Plauchut gave a account
of the execution:
• “Upon hearing the sentence, Your Text Here
Burgos broke into sobs, Zamora I hope and I believe that this
Template will your Time, Money
lost his mind and never and Reputation.
recovered, and only Gomez
listened impassively, an old man
Your Text Here
accustomed to the thought of I hope and I believe that this
death.” Template will your Time, Money
and Reputation.
• “there were 40,000 Filipinos
surrounding the platforms were Your Text Here
the 3 priests would die” I hope and I believe that this
Template will your Time, Money
and Reputation.
• “Burgos wept like a child, Zamora
with vacant eyes and Gomez
head held high, blessing the
Filipinos. Your Text Here
I hope and I believe that this
• Gomez died first, followed by Template will your Time, Money
and Reputation.
Zamora and lastly, Burgos.
• A refinement of cruelty compelled
Your Text Here
him to watch the death of his
I hope and I believe that this
companions. He said, “But what Template will your Time, Money
and Reputation.
crime have I committed? Is it
possible that I should die like this.
My God, is there no justice on Your Text Here
I hope and I believe that this
earth? Template will your Time, Money
and Reputation.
• “A dozen friars surrounded him
and pressed him down again
upon the seat of the garrote,
pleading with him to die a
Christian death. He obeyed but, Your Text Here
I hope and I believe that this
feeling his arms tied around the Template will your Time, Money
fatal post, protested once again” and Reputation.

“But I am innocent!”
• “So was Jesus Christ,” said one Your Text Here
I hope and I believe that this
of the friars. At this Burgos, Template will your Time, Money
and Reputation.
resigned himself. The
executioner knelt at his feet and
asked for his forgiveness. “I Your Text Here
I hope and I believe that this
forgive you my son. Do your Template will your Time, Money
and Reputation.
duty.”