Building Auotmation System

By Samantha Gunawardana

What is a BMS?
Different Names
BMS- Building Management System BAS- Building Automation System DDC - Direct Digital controls CCMS Central Control and Monitoring system

What is a BMS?
Building Automation systems are networks of Microprocessor controls that
Controls the climate of the building Supervise and control heating, ventilating and air conditioning equipment Perform facility management(generate reports, graphs and annunciate alrams when there is a problem) Perform energy management strategies to reduce operating and energy costs Integrate building systems such as , security, fire alarm, lighting controls, etc

What is a BMS?

Direct Digital Controls

DDCs meant for controlling air conditioning systems in commercial and Industrial buildings Direct digital control is a process in which a microprocessor controller constantly updates an internal database by monitoring information from a controlled environment and continuously produces the corrective output commands in response to the changing environment Controls the climate of the building

Direct Digital Controls

Often gives the impression that the computer based systems are complicated. In reality microprocessor offer simple and organized way to build almost any electronic system. All processing system including human system can be broken down into
Sense Decision memory action

DDC Vs Conventional
Conventional controls are sometimes referred as Single loop controls(SLC) In Contrast Direct Digital Controls many control sequences simultaneously.

DDC Vs Conventional

Operating cost
Largest operating cost of commercial buildings are
Heating Air conditioning(50VA/m2) Lighting Ventilation

Operating cost
Summary of Energy Usage
2%

6%
1%

Air-Conditioning Fire & Water Supply

14%

Lighting & Power - Normal

47%

Central UPS Lifts Serv Bld - Ltg, Pow & Ventilation

28%

Other
2%

Operating cost
It is necessary to decrease energy cost without discomfort to the user Is it possible with a DDC?
Load shedding Optimum start/stop Reduction of speeds Tight shut off of building(Lead to Sick building syndrome, Looses productivity and human health)

Operating cost
In summary, effective and reliable building control systems are no longer an option It is a necessity.

BMS Designer
Need to know about DDC Need to know the at least basics of what equipment to be controlled Related guidelines for those equipment Must be a expert on every system that he or she works with and seeks to control Should be familiar with computer systems Basics of electronics and electricity Knowledge of control theory

Development of Digital control

In 1970, Due to rising energy cost Early machines, all processing at Central location, Local panel act as data gathering panels Very slow and Single failure cause the total system to collapse Less space for data storage

Development of Digital control

Introduction of Personal computer, 1980 s, had a big impact in HVAC control industry DDC systems have travelled a hard road to popularity since their introduction in 1980s. The first generation controls were more error prone. Therefore the consulting engineering community tendered to favour the conventional controls. To make mattter worse Difficult to program (No knowledge for operator) Not able to do changes

Development of Digital control

Fortunately DDC systems have improved dramatically.
The current trend is smaller, modular, stand alone, at local level(Right at the HVAC equipment being controlled) DDC hardware is more compact and reliable

Development of Digital control

Fundamentals of Control system

Purpose of automatic control system is to Modulate the capacity of the equipment to satisfy the customer requirement Monitor and control the safety of the operation

Fundamentals of Control system

Technical terms
Controlled variable Set point Feedback Closed loop control Open loop control Digital Analog

Fundamentals of Control system

Automatic control actions
Two position Proportional Proportional plus integral Proportional plus integral plus derivative Artificial intelligence

Inputs/Outputs and controllers

Inputs and outputs of a DDC controller are the microprocessors connections to the real world around it.

Input and Sensors

Sensor reads the current value of the controlled variable
Sensors (Digital, Analog, Ex: Flow switch, Pt 100) Transmitters and transducers(Transmitter amplifies, Transducer converts) Sensor-Transmitter (In one package) Sensor-controllers. (Eg: Thermostat)

Input and Sensors

There are five specific type of sensors
Temp Sensors(Bimetal, Rod and tube, RTD, Thermistor, Thermocouple Humidity sensors Pressure sensors Flow sensors Special purpose sensor(watt, current, kw pulse,CO)

Input and Sensors

Sensor selection consideration
Environment Operating range Sensor signal compatibility Set point accuracy and repeatability Response time (Fast response is not always desirable)

Controllers
Controller is a device that collects information from the sensor, interprets this information, and send commands to controlled device to effect a corrective action. Types of controllers Pneumatic Electric Electronic Direct Digital Hybrid

Controlled Devices
Controlled devices are components that are controlled by mechanical or electrical means Common controlled devices are
Control Valves Control Dampers

Control Valves(Two position, Proportional)

Mech engineer to design the constant pressure drop across the valve There are three general classifications of flow characteristics
Equal percentage Linearity Quick Opening

Controlled Devices
Control Valves operator To operate a motor control valve through its stroke a controlled device called Actuator is needed. Electrical solenoid (Plunger is connected to valve stem) Electric Motor actuators (Utilise a gear train) Birdirectional Spring return Reversible

Controlled Devices
Control Damper(A valve for air) Two Position Modulating control Damper actuator
Rotation shaft designed to link with damper

Electrical Auxiliary devices

Controls System Architecture

Operator Interface

Building Control

Unit Control

Direct Digital control Application strategies

Local control strategies
Minimum outside air control Mixed air control Static pressure control Variable air volume terminal control Supply air temperature reset control Enthalpy control

For central plant systems

Hot water reset control Chilled water temperature reset Coolin tower fan speed control

Direct Digital control Application strategies

Variable pumping strategies for chilled water system
Single chiller configuration Multiple chiller configuration

Direct digital control of Air handling system

Variable air volume systems Dual duct system Multizone system Package unit systems

Minimum Outside air control

To take in OA when it is at required temperature Two types
Pressure dependent
Intake volume changes with fan speed

Pressure independent
Control sequences that gurantee a minimum volume of ventialtion regardless of the fan speed

Minimum Outside air control

Static pressure control

Purpose of static pressure control is to maintain minimum amount of static pressure in duct system to support proper air distribution
Two primary modes of controls are Duct static pressure Building static pressure

Supply and return air flow control

Variable air volume control

The purpose of VAV terminal control is to modulate the cooling supply air to meet the minimum cooling requirement of the space

Variable air volume control-contd

VAV box which is pressure dependant(no pressure control)

Variable air volume control-contd

VAV box which is pressure independant(with pressure control). Flow controller controls the minimum flow requirement

Supply air temperature reset control

The purpose of supply air reset temperature control is to reset the supply air temperature when there is a reduced demand for cooling.

Supply air temperature reset control

The purpose of supply air reset temperature control is to reset the supply air temperature when there is a reduced demand for cooling.

Enthalpy control

Hot-water reset control

Adjustment of hot water temp based on the demand for heat. Demand for heat varies in inverse proportion.

Chilled water temp reset control

Cooling Tower fan speed control

Adjustment of hot water temp based on the demand for heat. Demand for heat varies in inverse proportion.
Control strategy: When demand for condenser-water temperature is reduced as a result of reduced cooling load, modulate the speed of the tower fan to maintain the condensor water set point

Variable pumping strategies for chilled water system

Single Chiller with three way valves at load.
Most large chilled water system have a diversity of 50% to 60%. This contributes heavily to the energy wasted in recirculating unused water.

Variable pumping strategies for chilled water system

Single Chiller with three way valves at load and VFD.
Though VFD saves energy by minimizing the unused circulating water, the less water to chiller can create problems.

Variable pumping strategies for chilled water system

Single Chiller with two way valves at load and By pass circuit Constant chiller flow, variable system flow
Problems of low water flow to chiller is solved NO VFD, therefore no saving at CHWP Saving by chiller staging

Variable pumping strategies for chilled water system

Multiple Chiller configuration- Constant chiller flow, Varaible system flow
Addition of a temp sensor The relationship between return temp and supply temp indicates a surplus or deficit of water supply compared with water demand. Measuring the system load by valve postions.

Variable pumping strategies for chilled water system

Multiple Chiller configuration-Primary and secondary chilled water supply loops
Chiller may operate independently under constant flow conditions Distribution system will operate for the building demand with variable flow Flow switch to indicate the direction of flow Flow meter measure the flow Chiller plant operate under highly efficient constant flow variable temp Building load to operate in a varaible flow constant temp which is most efficient in pumping capacity

Direct Digital control of air handling system

Variable air volume system

Minimum outside air control, supply reset control, duct static pressure control, and zone terminal control all act in concert to provide right quantity and temeperature of air to the occupied space.

Monitoring strategies for Building Managment

DDC system have databases containing Power consumption monitoring valuable information on the operating Trend Logs characteristics of the system they Operation reports control. Maintanance time reminders This information is useful in improving Energy Management reports efficiency and the effectiveness of a DDC system Supervisory control strategies Time scheduled control Optimal start/stop Duty cycle control Load shedding Temperature setback Optimization control routines

Power consumption Monitoring

Trend Logs
Is a sequential listing of the current values of points on the control system. Good for verifying the proper operation and for troubleshooting

Power consumption Monitoring

Operation Reports
Is like a trend log except that it provides information on a single system loop

Maintenance time reminders

To organize, monitor and acknowledge the activities associated with a comprehensive maintenance program
Equipment operation status Total equipment runtime Date of last service

Power consumption Monitoring

Energy Management reports
Historical data on electrical usage to evaluate the efficiencies of the systems Energy use profiles can be developed for each system An important usage of energy management reports is for cost justification for EMS investments.

Supervisory Control Strategies

Monitoring of activities of local control loop and overriding local control It has capability to override local programmed control routines when necessary to achieve overall objective of the control system

Time scheduled control

Operation of systems based on the building occupancy
Reduced inrush current

Optimal Start/Stop
Optimal start/stop strategies are software driven routines that calculates optimal time of day and operating conditions for initiating the system operation
Morning warm-up by referencing historical morning temperatures over a defined period of time
Not starting too early-Wastes energy Not starting too late - Discomfort

Optimal Start/Stop

Duty Cycle Control

Duty cycling is a strategy that involves shutting down selected HVAC systems for a fraction of their normal run time to reduce the overall electricity demand. Negative aspect of it, wear and tear caused by excessive on/off starting It is much wiser to reduce the speed rather than turning them off.

Duty Cycle Control

Load Shedding
Load shedding is a strategy that is similar to duty cycling control except that the command to start or stop a piece of mechanical equipment is a function of the overall building electricity demand.

Load Shedding

Temeprature Setback
Also called night setback or night depression
In colder climates
Is used to reduce the temperature of the building during unoccupied time setting at lower set point, usually 10 to 15 deg lower Can easily bring up the temp in the morning

In warmer climates
use cool evening air to pre cool the building

Temperature Setback

Optimization control routines

Optimize and improve the performance
Improving the efficiency of the equipment being controlled Improving the system efficiency by matching the device to its load(Set point change, etc) Specially for Large equipment such as Chillers and Boilers

Optimization control routines

System Design Methodology

System Design Methodology

System Design Methodology

Primary function is to protect the equipment Standalone-capable of performing even if no support from system level

System Design Methodology

Provides intelligent , cordinated control

System Design Methodology

System Design Methodology

System Design Methodology

System Design Methodology

System Design Methodology

System Design Methodology

System Design Methodology

System Design Methodology

System Design Methodology

System Design Methodology

System Design Methodology

The design of conventional control systems
Create HVAC schematic Identify sensors and transmitters Identify controllers Identify controlled devices Identify the appropriate interconnecting media Specify sequences of control operation

System Design Methodology

The design of DDC systems
Create the HVAC system schematic Identify each control points Identify sensors and transmitters Identify controlled devices Identify interconnecting media Determine the sequence of control operation Identify the field computer hardware Identify the host computer hardware

System Design Methodology

The simplest way to organize the devices, sequences, and hardware requirements of a large control system is to use the point list.

System Design Methodology

Interoperability
Todays trend in BMS is interoperability Is defined as the digital communication between independently manufactured product that are designed to the same open, standard communication protocol. It means single controller can monitor and control independently designed, microprocessor based control products.

Interoperability
Network
Two or more communication devices are connected so they exchange data Server shares resources Dedicated and shared network

Interoperability

Interoperability

Interoperability
This is the Conventional approch to BAS System level controllers are independent Reduces the number of interfaces points between subsystems

Interoperability

Interoperability

Interoperability

Interoperability

Interoperability

Interoperable control systems

Today there are dozen of communication protocols competing each other for control market. Two key protocols are
BACnet(Building automation control network) Primarily a communication standard for integration at the data level Lonworks involves embedding neuron chips in control devices at the control layer, which will give them the power to intercommunicate as well to operate at local level

Interoperable control systems

END