Thesis Proposed Public Market

A SUSTAINABLE STATE OF THE ART

PUBLIC MARKET IN UPPER EAST BACOLOD

MOORE ROGER R. MOÑERO

A Research Proposal Presented To

the faculty of the School of Graduate Studies
La Consolacion College Bacolod
In partial fulfillment of the requirements in

BS Architecture Course
2022-2023
MAY 2023

A SUSTAINABLE STATE OF THE ART PUBLIC MARKET IN UPPER EAST BACOLOD i
APPROVAL CERTIFICATE
This Undergraduate Thesis entitled, “A SUSTAINABLE STATE OF THE ART
PUBLIC MARKET IN UPPER EAST BACOLOD”, prepared and submitted by Moore
Roger Moñero in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Science in
Architecture, has been deemed satisfactory for Thesis Research, and has been approved by
the panel of jury with the rating of Passed in the Thesis Colloquium.
Panel of Jury
Ar. Demie M. Verde, MS Arch

Chairperson
Zilla Javier, MAED Ar. Abemar Gegantoni

Member Member
Accepted as partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Bachelor of Science in
Architecture.
Ar. Rolem L. Basiya, PhD

Adviser
Ar. Demie M. Verde, MSArch Ar. Vincent Raymund Y. Alovera, Phd
Program Head Dean

Bachelor of Science in Architecture School of Architecture, Fine Arts and
Interior Design (SARFAID)

A SUSTAINABLE STATE OF THE ART PUBLIC MARKET IN UPPER EAST BACOLOD ii
APPROVAL CERTIFICATE
This Undergraduate Thesis entitled, “A SUSTAINABLE STATE OF THE
ART PUBLIC MARKET IN UPPER EAST BACOLOD”, prepared and submitted by Moore
Roger Moñero in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Science in
Architecture, has been deemed satisfactory for Thesis Research, and has been approved by
the panel of jury with the rating of Passed in the Thesis Deliberation.
Panel of Jury
Ar. Andre Gabriel T. Danoy

Chairman
Ar. Tiffany Penado Nifras Ar. Renan Linas

Member Member
Accepted as partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Bachelor of Science in
Architecture.
Ar. Rolem L. Basiya, PhD.

Adviser
Ar. Demie M. Verde, MsArch Ar. Vincent Raymund Y. Alovera, PhD

Program Head Dean
Bachelor of Science in Architecture School of Architecture, Fine Arts and
Interior Design

A SUSTAINABLE STATE OF THE ART PUBLIC MARKET IN UPPER EAST BACOLOD iii
Table of Contents
Chapter 1- Introduction 1
Background of the Study 1
Objectives of the Study 3
Framework 4
Conceptual Framework 11
Significance of the Study 12
Scope and Limitations 13
Definition of Terms 14
Chapter 2 - Research Methodology 16
Research Design 16
Sources of Data 18
Data Collection Procedures 20
Data Processing 23
Ethical Considerations 24
Chapter 3 - Results and Discussions 26
As to Site 30
As to Site Development 39
As to Building Function 45
As to Building Aesthetics 52
As to Building Strength and Durability 60
As to Building Technologies/Utilities 62
Chapter 4 - Findings, Conclusions and Recommendations 69
Summary of Findings 69
Conclusions 75
Recommendations 78
Chapter 5 – Graphical Design Solutions 82
A SUSTAINABLE STATE OF THE ART PUBLIC MARKET IN UPPER EAST BACOLOD iv
Recommendations 78
Chapter 5 – Graphical Design Solutions 82
Development Controls 82
Computations 83
Lot Plan 85
Space Programming 86
Proximity Matrix 96
Site Schematic Diagram 96
Building Schematic 97
Conceptual Design Approach 99
Site Analysis 101
Project Cost Estimate 104
Appendices 107
Bibliography 136
About the Author 143

A SUSTAINABLE STATE OF THE ART PUBLIC MARKET IN UPPER EAST BACOLOD v
List of Figures and Tables
Figure
1.3 Schematic Diagram of the Framework
3.0.1 Map of Bacolod
3.0.2 Climate Map
3.0.3 Bacolod Soil Map
3.0.4 Contour Map
3.0.5 Flood Hazard Susceptibility Map
3.0.6 Slope Map
3.1.1 Site Location (Google Map)
3.1.2 Road Networks
3.1.3 Existing Electrical Utility
3.1.4 Site Vegetations
3.1.5 Vista Alegre-Granada Elementary School
Progreso Village National High School
3.1.6 Santa Fe Resort and Triumph of the Holy Cross Catholic Church
3.2.1 Burgos/North Public Market on unorganized
and insufficient Parking
3.3.1 Burgos/North Public Market on Sanitation Issues
3.4.1 Central Public Market Aesthetics

A SUSTAINABLE STATE OF THE ART PUBLIC MARKET IN UPPER EAST BACOLOD vi
DEDICATION
This thesis was written as a tribute to my parents, Jocelyn and Wilfredo Moñero, in
honor of their unending guidance and support, to my ever supportive tiyay, Jenelyn
Moñero, who always been there by my side since I was a kid, as well as to my siblings and
also to my extended family at the Social Action Center of the Diocese of Bacolod under
the directory of Rev. Fr. Chris S. Gonzales, who constantly serves as a reminder of my
life's mission, to my fellow YSLEP Scholars, who, despite the difficulties of life, have the
devotion to achieve their dreams and objectives.
Above all, I give thanks to our almighty God, who never fails to inspire me to keep
going and follow my dream and who imparts knowledge and insight into everything I do.

A SUSTAINABLE STATE OF THE ART PUBLIC MARKET IN UPPER EAST BACOLOD vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Without the assistance of others, a study like this could not be completed. This was
made possible by the diverse contributions of numerous individuals. The sincerest gratitude
is given for these individuals' amazing assistance in supporting me as I conducted this
study. They greatly contributed their knowledge, time, and efforts to concluding the study
by giving it their all. I want to express my gratitude, in particular, to the following:
To my thesis advisor, Ar. Rolem L. Basiya for mentoring me and imparting his
knowledge on my subject;
To my Writing Consultant Ms Maria Wilma Maravilla, for sharing with me his
knowledge in research writing;
To my Design Consultant Ar. Richard Dunguez, for guiding me the right choice in
my thesis project;
To my mentor, Rev. Fr. Chris S. Gonzales and my family in Social Action, for
always encouraging me and making me into a better person.
To my participants for the conduct of interview, for sharing their valuable time to
express their views and opinions and to be part of this study;
To my support group, classmates and friends for being there to inspire me;
To my family, for their love, encouragement and support. Thank you so much!

A SUSTAINABLE STATE OF THE ART PUBLIC MARKET IN UPPER EAST BACOLOD viii
ABSTRACT
The main objective of this research is to establish a Public Market in the upper east
part of Bacolod City, where potential businesses can be utilized to support the development
and enhancement of the city's economy and industry. The projected Public Market is meant
to be the neighborhood's first market place within the upper east of Bacolod. This proposed
Public Market will provide jobs around the adjacent communities and also will support the
urban and rural linkage.
This study will also promote sustainable approaches to have a safe, living-built
environments in relation to the proposed building structure. The researcher employed the
descriptive method of research in this study to identify the issues related to the Public
Market.
The study fits with the institution's research mission of creating spaces that are
advantageous to the population at large and take the environment into consideration. In
order to promote sustainable development, the researcher is personally driven to conduct
this examination.

A SUSTAINABLE STATE OF THE ART PUBLIC MARKET IN UPPER EAST BACOLOD
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
“As an architect, you design for the present, with an awareness of the past for a future
which is essentially unknown” – Norman Foster
In Bacolod City, there are three existing significant public market. The
North/Burgos Public Market that is located in Burgos Avenue, corner side of Galo and
Hilado Street, the Bacolod Central Market that is located in Gatuslao Street downtown
area, and the Bacolod South Public Market that is located in Hernaez street, Libertad
(Guadalquiver 2022). Those mentioned Public Markets had served Bacolod for many
years and it has withstood the test of time. However, the difficulties are only going to get
worse with time. These Public Markets in Bacolod are becoming congested as a result of
the city’s continuous development. The existing buildings can no longer accommodate
the immerging local independent businesses of the city (Serrano 2018).
Markets are typically managed by local government, but they have suffered from
a lack of investment. Therefore, many marketplaces appear outdated and have inadequate
facilities (Studdert 2006). The typical public market is usually characterized by
inadequate waste management and cleanliness standards, the existence of dishonest
sellers; the absence of a process for handling consumer complaints, and a lack of
operational procedures (Tan 2021). In the market area, there are several vendors that do
not have a dedicated place. The incorrect disposal of wastewater from perishable foods
like fish, poultry, and vegetables contributes to sanitation issues by contaminating the

A SUSTAINABLE STATE OF THE ART PUBLIC MARKET IN UPPER EAST BACOLOD 2
environment and increasing the risk of disease. Given Bacolod Metropolis' rapid growth
and ambitions to become a heavily urbanized city, the emergence of contemporary
structures and business establishments paints a clear image of the city's continued efforts
to achieve this objective (Serrano 2018).
Traditional marketplaces have been superseded by the existence of contemporary
markets. This is due to the fact that people prefer to buy in contemporary markets since
the degree of comfort in modern markets is higher than in traditional marketplaces.
(Sumantri et al. 2020). To ensure a robust and sustainable future for the built
environment, designing, building, and managing resilient built assets requires a
comprehensive integrated understanding of how to prevent and minimize the
consequences of crises and catastrophes (Bosher et al. 2007). It will be the duty of the
group of health, design, and development specialists to collaborate with locals to create
healthier cities both during and after this crisis (Stevens, Tavares, and Salmon 2021). The
far-reaching environmental changes happening in the Anthropocene period offer
challenges to health and sustainability that must be addressed now and in the future. This
requires transformative transformation in cities (Crane et al. 2021).
Sustainability is transitioning from an unsustainable state of activity to one that is
improving and getting better. The phrase essentially denotes a shift in perspective toward
emphasizing lifestyles that are in harmony with the available renewable resources of the
ecosystem and biosphere (Grierson 2003). In contrast to meeting current demands, which
we refer to as consumption, sustainability is concerned with the welfare of future

generations and, in particular, with irreplaceable natural resource well-being (Kuhlman
and Farrington 2010).
This research study aims to provide an Architectural design of a Sustainable State
of the Art Public Market in Bacolod City. According to (Migdol 2020), a state of the art
is an advancement in engineering, building materials, social justice, health, and industrial
advancements all come together. New materials were identified as a result of scientific
advancements, and engineering methods to the point where those new building materials
could be used in structures. The proposed Public Market will be located within the
boundaries of Barangay Granada and Barangay Vista Alegre in the upper east region of
Bacolod.
According to this study, the researcher selected this issue with the knowledge that
a public market is a crucial building that would support the Bacolod city business
community. When this project is completed, it will undoubtedly benefit consumers and
business owners by making it easier for them to access goods and facilities that will
eventually boost the city's income. This work coincides well with the institution's
research objectives, especially in terms of creating a place that benefits the community as
a whole rather than simply individual members and taking the environment into account.
In order toward further sustainable development, the researcher is personally driven to
conduct this examination.
1.1 Objectives of the Study

1. To present concepts of sustainability that could render Architecture as a tool in
designing a Public Market.
2. To present relevance of Sustainability concept as Architectural solution and
concepts in terms of Site, Site Development, Building Function, Building
Aesthetics, Building Strength/Durability, Building Technology/Utilities.
3. To Create an Architectural Presentation and Design Solutions for A State-of-the-
Art Public Market in Upper East Bacolod.
1.2 Framework
The notion of three-dimensional sustainability is derived from John Elkington's
Triple Bottom Line concept. (Kuhlman and Farrington 2010). The three aspects of social,
environmental, and financial performance that are closely related to the idea and purpose
of sustainable development are referred to as the triple bottom line. They are strongly
interconnected and equally important. (Zabihi, Habib, and Mirsaeedie 2012). The word
"sustainability" derives from the Latin word sustinere, which combines the words sub
from below and tenere held up to create the concept of anything that supports, maintains,
or endures. (Martek, Hosseini, and Seaton 2018).
Sustainable Architecture is a reimagining of architecture in response to a
multitude of modern concerns about the impacts of human activities. The term
"sustainable" is used to distinguish this conception from others that do not address these
problems as explicitly (Terry Williamson 2003). Sustainability is the goal of enhancing
the current generation's social and environmental performance while maintaining the
ability of subsequent generations to satisfy their own social and environmental demands

(Hanan Alhaddi 2015). The idea of sustainability as a concept for policy originally
appeared in the Brundtland Report from 1987. The word sustainable development may be
defined as the improvement of people's quality of life by providing a healthy environment
and improving social, economic, and environmental circumstances for current and future
generations. (Ubarte and Kaplinski 2016).
According to American Architect Kibert, sustainable building is the design and
responsible maintenance of a healthy built environment based on ecological and
resource-efficient principles (Kunszt 2003). Visions for sustainability at the global,
industry, and project levels are the first step in the effective implementation and
realization of built environment sustainability. To fully achieve the sustainability of the
built environment, however, it is necessary to continuously apply particular sustainability
principles, concepts, heuristics, strategies, guidelines, specifications, standards,
processes, tools, best practices, lessons learned, or case studies within the various
processes incorporated in the visions (Vanegas 2003).
The foundation of the idea of sustainable development is a positive interaction
between three key factors: society, economy, and environment (Ubarte and Kaplinski
2016). Using design and construction approaches and practices that aim for integral
quality, integrating economic, social, and environmental performance in a very wide or
holistic way is necessary to build for sustainable development (Opoku 2015). Economic
metrics primarily take into account how the building offers its stakeholders a higher
value. Environmental concerns deal with how the building maximizes environmental
advantages, whereas social issues are concerned with societal well-being (Manewa 2016).

The Three Pillars of Sustainability
A. Environment Sustainability
Environmental sustainability in architecture aims to ensure enough human
satisfaction while avoiding or reducing negative environmental effects like high
resource use and pollution (Goodland 1995).
1. To respect environmental context and landscape
By Assuring an appropriate choice of site, Minimizing the impact of
intervention, ensuring conditions for site’s regeneration, integrating with the
environmental morphology and Understanding the features of the site.
2. To benefit of natural and climatic resources
By choosing appropriate building orientation, considering the hydrography
of the place and managing the water resources, location buildings to take
advantage of the natural landform, incorporating solar energy into the overall
design, and by taking advantage of soil thermal inertia.
3. To reduce pollution and waste materials
By consuming local available materials, using recyclable and recycled
materials, reducing loss of thermal energy, using available energy resources,
and by planning maintenance and extending the durability of the buildings.
4. To contribute to human health and welfare
Enhancing indoor temperature and humidity levels within acceptable
values, ensuring adequate natural ventilation, guaranteeing adequate natural

lighting and sun radiation, improving natural and passive heating and by
avoiding toxic materials.
5. To reduce natural Hazards effects
By Providing practical guidance to anticipate and mitigate risks,
developing strong and flexible construction systems, considering the specific
characteristics of local risks, integrating technical and behavioral measures for
reducing vulnerability and by incorporating strategies for post disaster
recovery.
B. Social Sustainability
Is like a milestone of relations, sense of belonging, identity, personal and
communitarian development (Tomorrow 2015). It is also characterized as a
society's ability to sustain the essential means of wealth production in order to
reproduce itself, as well as a shared sense of social purpose in order to promote
social integration and cohesiveness. (Visconti et al. 2014).
1. To protect the cultural landscape
Understanding the value of the place and its dynamics, enhancing
techniques of land use that guarantee and sustain biological diversity,
articulating spatial organization with productive needs, optimizing soil
features and micro-climates through sustainable crop planting and land
management, regulating productive activities by environmental features, as
well as by seasonal and economic cycles.
2. To transfer construction cultures

Allowing practical constructive experiences to facilitate empirical know-
how, Recognizing the value of mastery and constructive memory, involving
younger generations in constructive processes, Acknowledging the value of
roles in traditional activities and knowledge, and by Facilitating the
participation of local communities in decision-making processes.
3. To enhance innovative and creative solutions
Developing collective intelligence, encouraging diversity in building
system solutions, integrating influences from other building cultures, allowing
in experimentation in building techniques and processes, and by evolving
building techniques from experience, through processes of trial and error.
4. To recognize intangible values
By Transmitting cultural values and history, incorporating social rituals,
building community character and sense of place, recognizing local
symbolical expressions, and by enhancing of building and productive
processes as cultural values.
5. To encourage social cohesion
Promoting intergenerational relations, Ascribing value to the development
of collective welfare, enhancing community engagement and participation,
encouraging places for community meetings and by building common
infrastructures and market places.
C. Economic Sustainability

The idea of cost is related to the concept of effort, which can be more
adequate, when applied to circumstances, where no capital-intensive system exists
(Tomorrow 2015).
1. To support Autonomy
By sharing resources, using local and accessible materials and resources,
promoting indigenous workmanship, encouraging local production and by
enhancing community empowerment.
2. To promote Local Activities
Reinforcing urban farming and local production of food, enhancing short
circuits and local trades, promoting collective use of spaces, including spaces
for productive activities at urban and architectural scale and by developing
handicraft products made with local materials.
3. To optimize construction efforts
By optimizing the use of materials, assuring appropriate scale of the
building, enhancing technical simplicity in building processes, reducing
transportation efforts, and by encouraging the use of low-transformed
materials.
4. To extend Buildings Lifetime
Predicting regular substitution of building components, preventing erosion
of building elements, planning maintenance of the building, designing flexible
buildings for possible changes and extensions, and by building strong and
durable structures.

5. To save resources
Using recyclable materials, promoting building densification and
compactness, assuring supply of renewable energy, developing construction
systems adequate to local conditions and by enhancing natural ventilation,
heating and lighting systems.

1.3 Conceptual Framework
A conceptual framework links idea with real data. It enhance and organize
information about linked topics or problems, conduct relevant research and develop
pertinent theories (Rocco and Plakhotnik 2009). This study consists of five (6) significant
factors, namely, the Site, the Site Development, Building Functions, Building Aesthetics,
Building Strength/Durability and Building Technology/Utilities.
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT OUTCOME
The Three Pillars of 6 Significant Factors

Sustainability
Site
Environment Circulations
Orientations
1. To respect Configurations
environmental context and (Cultural, Natural,
landscape Aesthetics)
2. To benefit of natural
and climatic resources Site Development
3. To reduce pollution and Site Selection Guidelines
waste materials Site Planning Concepts
4. To contribute to human Development Controls
health and welfare
5. To reduce natural Building Functions
Hazards effects Spatial Requirements
Legal Requirements
Social User Needs
Orientation
1. To protect the cultural Circulation SUMMARY, A SUSTAINABLE
landscape Accessibility CONCLUSIONS, STATE OF THE ART
2. To transfer construction RECOMMENDATIONS PUBLIC MARKET IN
cultures Building Aesthetics UPPER EAST
3. To enhance innovative Principles of Design BACOLOD
and creative solutions Form
4. To recognize intangible Spatial Relationship
values Experience
5. To encourage social Finishes/Materials
cohesion User Preference
Economic Building Strength

Structural design, analysis
1. To support Autonomy and application of
2. To promote Local materials
Activities
3. To optimize Building Technology/
construction efforts Utilities
4. To extend Buildings Materials
Lifetime Construction Systems
5. To save resources Standards, Codes
Utility System
Latest
Development/innovations
Fig. 1.3 Schematic Diagram of Conceptual Framework

1.4 Significance of the Study
The results of this study “A Sustainable State of the Art Public Market in Upper
East Bacolod” may be beneficial to the following groups, agencies and individuals in the
city of Bacolod.
To the Public. This study will promote a public space that is safe and healthy.
Also, to give the public an accessible Public Market with a healthy living-built
environment.
To the Economy. This study will support the urban and rural linkage. It will
provide and also stimulates local employments.
Local Government Unit (LGU). The local government of Bacolod City can use
this study as their reference in building the actual public market with amenities and
support facilities. Also, by the aesthetic architectural design of this public market, it will
be the face of Bacolod’s progressive development.
Local livelihood. This study will benefit the local livelihood of Bacolod City. The
proposed construction of the public market will provide local farmers, vendors and small
independent businesses a place to promote their own produce products and goods.
To the Future Researchers. This study will be a future reference for architecture
students who are going to research about public market. Providing concepts and
considerations in designing a public market will lead to a realistic approach.

1.5 Scope and Limitations
This study will focus in the Architectural Design of the Proposed Public Market
that would satisfy the local business and community of needs.
The area is situated at the Barangay Granada. The respondents are the people of
Bacolod. They are composed of the local sellers-stallholders/vendors, buyer-market
goers/vendor and the present personnel of the current existing Public Market.
This study is only to provide data gathering, visual survey, research analysis,
space programming, planning and design conceptualization of the new amenities,
facilities and space required in the development of the building. Working drawings,
specifications and presentation drawings.
To attain the needed status for the study to be conducted effectively, a set of
assumptions are stated herein and will be considered by the researcher. These
assumptions are set for the purpose of this study. In that reason, the establishment for
proof-of-fact are restrained due to either time constraint or financial limitations.
In the course of this study, the following assumptions have been made. The
analysis of the economic field and the rise in profit margins for stores and even peddlers
are the study's limitations. The researcher has no control over the city's overall economic
growth.

There is a need for a New Public Market in a new site. The vendors from the
existing market will flock the new market in as much as great bulk of population will be
patronizing the new market.
The descriptive design of this study ensures that it is neither quantitative nor
qualitative in character. The data were gathered by document analysis and a limited
quantity of original data collecting via an interview.
The findings can be drawn within the scope of the study given the limits and
restrictions specified.
1.6 Definitions of terms
The following concepts were defined conceptually (c) and operationally (o) in the
study for better comprehension.
Biophilic Design. (c) encourages beneficial connections between people and
nature that foster a broader feeling of connectedness and responsibility for human and
natural communities (Downton et al. 2017).
(o) On this study, the use of plants on how to improve air quality, natural light and
also the use of nature to create a sense of place on the proposed state of the art public
market.
Natural Ventilation. (c) it depends only on natural air circulation; it may save
considerable amounts of energy by decreasing the need for artificial ventilation and air
conditioning. (Aynsley 2007).

(o) On this study, as one of the considerations of sustainability, the proposed state
of the art public market will incorporate natural ventilation by designing building
structure to acquire appropriate natural air flow.
Public Market. (c) A public market is a city-owned establishment with a variety
of merchants offering a range of goods, both food- and non-food-related (Liao 2015).
(o) On this study, this would refer to the building structure itself equipped with
sustainable considerations and technological innovations. It incorporates a safe and
healthy built environment.
Sustainability. (c) is the development that satisfies current needs while
maintaining the potential for future generations to meet their own needs (Johnston et al.
2007).
(o) On this study, this would refer to the strategies on how Architectural design
for the proposed public market must be incorporated.
State of the Art. (c) Engineering, building materials, social justice, health, and
industrial advancements all came together. New materials were identified as a result of
scientific advancements, and engineering methods advanced to the point where those new
building materials could be used in structures (Migdol 2020).
(o) on this study, these would be the incorporation of technological innovation
and general development to the proposed public market.

Chapter 2
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter will give a broad overview of the numerous approaches and methods
utilized to gather the study's required data. This chapter will concentrate on the study
design, research environment, data collection methods, practices, and techniques, as well
as statistical analysis. These research techniques are used to achieve the study's main
goal, which is to offer the best design option to an Approach of Sustainability for
Bacolod Upper East Public Market.
2.1 Research Design
This study entitled A Sustainable State of the Art Public Market in Upper East
Bacolod is mainly focused on the descriptive type of research which is a type of research
that describes a population or situation, that is being studied. It focuses on answering the
how, when, and where questions of a research problem, rather than the why.
In this study, the research that applied was Descriptive Method of Research which
involves the classification and enumeration of collected data. According to (Jong,
Cuperus, and Van der Voordt 2000) both inside and outside of the Faculty of
Architecture, descriptive research is often employed. It involves some research that is
directly applied and connected to particular projects with the intention of being able to
complete the design work. The researcher employs a descriptive study design technique,
which aims to measure variables and maybe identify connections between variables while

describing phenomena as they are currently understood. It is used to identify and gather
data about a certain issue's characteristics, such as the neighborhood, group, or
individuals. In other words, these studies describe social experiences, social
circumstances, social structures, and social occurrences.
The descriptive approach of research was the best one to utilize because the
study's main emphasis is to provide an architectural design for the proposed sustainable
state-of-the-art public market on its new site in Bacolod city, suitable for its entire
requirements and developments. It assists the researcher in outlining and evaluating the
existing situation and gathering information for additional analysis. This will eventually
result in an interpretation that may be used to provide suggestions and efficient solutions.
These narratives were used in conjunction with the researcher's literature review and
experiences throughout the evaluation process, to ensure that the researcher had emerged
and understood the goal and purpose of the research.
All of the materials acquired are evaluated and converted into a narrative
chronology that emphasizes an event or phenomenon in its current state using human
experiences and records as the primary source of knowledge that may be used to discuss
a solution. This study's general discussion, which aims to ascertain the planning needs
and qualify the resources that support the planned public market's sustainability, used the
narrative descriptive approach. The researcher conducted an interview to obtain the
necessary information for each of the study's architectural designs in order to complete
the study. These were accomplished using a method that included site visits, inspections,

direct documentation, data records, and other collection-related information presented
visually and through images.
2.2 Sources of Data
The statistical analysis depends heavily on the data collecting process. The many
information-gathering techniques used in research may be divided into two categories:
primary data and secondary data (Ajayi 2017).
A. Primary Data
Primary data are those that are gathered for a particular present research
issue. Every time primary data is gathered, new information is uploaded to the
social knowledge database (Boeijoe.H. 2005). Primary data is real information
that is gathered with the intention of finding a solution to the current difficulties.
Real-time, unedited data are collected through questionnaires, experiments,
observations, and personal interviews as a result of the researcher's involvement
with the topic. The question statement discusses the personal information and
experiences of the respondents based on the problem's current real-world
condition, whether it is written or spoken. This will demonstrate the study's
applicability and conformance to the nature of the issue, and it will help build
remedies based on the severity of the harm and the demands of the victims. Key
information will meet the established inclusion criteria.
1. Existing local Characteristics

Existing site conditions refer to the features of the current site and
are important for site analysis. Examples include site orientation,
particularly with regard to the sun path and wind pattern, as well as
existing utilities, site topography, nearby facilities, zoning, and other
factors. These are the main things that the project's architectural design
takes into account.
2. Interviews
The researcher conducted and interviews with Architects and
Engineers and asked several questions related to the sustainability of a
Public Market to gather information that would help create solutions on
the proposed project.
B. Secondary Data
Simple analysis and interpretation of the original data, or previously
produced material gathered or created by the investigator earlier, constitute
secondary data. The researchers' needs may or may not be met by this type of
data, but the method is quick and simple, which pertains to the past. If researchers
utilize this data, they become secondary data for the present consumers.
Government publications, websites, books, journal papers, and internal records
are examples of secondary data sources. Existing reports, figures, drawings, and
legislation that have previously been developed by the relevant authorities and
researchers, whether they have a worldwide, national, or local focus, will serve as
the secondary data in this study.

1. Articles, Journals, Thesis and Dissertations
These findings from earlier research or their summaries are
presented here. These might include written professional reports that are
regarded as reliable sources of information. The data gathered from these
sources are primarily used in the study's framework, which is based on an
architectural approach.
2. Case Studies
These research approaches entail a deep comprehension of the
challenging issues the proposed study will address as well as the
underlying theory.
3. Books
Published works that frequently make an effort to explain or
describe the original source. These writings serve to introduce, explain,
and deepen our comprehension of the subject.
4. Design Standards
The highly technical portion of the architectural design makes use
of these sources. It consists of the National Building Code, Planning and
Design Standards, Zoning Laws, Local Ordinances, Fire Code,
Environmental code and additional standards and laws pertaining to
architecture.
2.3 Data Collection Procedures

To answer specified research questions, test hypotheses, and assess results, data
collection is the act of acquiring and measuring information on variables of interest in a
systematic and defined manner.
A formal letter of request was sent by the researcher to gather important
information, statistics, and insights that could only be acquired through direct methods.
Specific persons, groups, organizations, experts, and people who are informed about the
issue and the significance of the Public Market's sustainable architecture received it.
Following approval, the researcher conducted a series of interviews and documented the
information needed for the study.
As required for the study, the researcher will use different methods of data
collection procedures. Each method is designed to collect the specific type of data needed
for the study. Below is a list of the data collection techniques that will be used in this
study.
A. Internet Research
The handiest and easily available sources of secondary data are academic
and internet libraries. It contains a tremendous amount of freely available
information. Thesis books and movies that focus on the same subject matter as
this study's setting will also be reviewed and cited as relevant published
information.
B. Library Research
The researcher had compiled study materials on public markets and
literature that were linked to public markets. The researcher used a variety of

books, magazines, pamphlets, government regulations, and manuals to gather
information regarding the author's viewpoint. In this way, the subject indicators
served as a roadmap for developing the study.
C. Observation
To collect data, a research instrument is employed. This study uses it as a
useful tool for gathering data through site visits and observation. The researcher
observed the place, surrounding structures, traffic patterns, road networks, and the
current method of movement in order to communicate information and gather
data.
D. Indirect Oral Investigation
When the source is unwilling to provide the information, an indirect oral
investigation approach should be employed to gather the data. People with
appropriate understanding of the subject are questioned, and information is
gleaned from their responses.
E. Documents/Literature Review
These are the already-existing written materials laws, studies, and studies
specifically on the subject that contain ideologies, norms, practices, and ideas that
support the research's goals and broaden the field of study and inquiry.
F. Photographs/Illustrations
This comprises current presentations, pictures, icons, and drawings that
evoke specific or pertinent visual data for the study that the researcher will collect
or record.

2.4 Data Processing
A. SWOT Analysis
SWOT analysis is a tool used by businesses for strategic planning and
management. Building organizational and competitive strategies using it is
beneficial. The System Approach views organizations as wholes made up of
numerous sub-systems that interact with their surroundings. SWOT analysis is a
crucial technique for scenario analysis that aids in identifying organizational and
environmental aspects. Internal and external factors are included in a SWOT
analysis. Organizational variables, together with strengths and weaknesses, are
included in the internal dimension. Environmental aspects, along with
opportunities and dangers, are included in the exterior dimension (Setiyawan,
n.d.).
1. Strengths
Strength is the quality that increases the worth of anything, and
makes it unique compared to others. Strength indicates that something has
an edge over something else. Strength in this context refers to a good,
positive, and creative quality.
2. Weakness
Lack of the essential aptitude and form is referred to as weakness.
When something is weak, it indicates that it is less advantageous than an
alternative. In this context, weakness is a quality that is undesirable and
bad.

3. Opportunities
An opportunity is a circumstance or circumstance that allows for
activity. Opportunity is a benefit and what motivates an activity to happen.
It has a favorable and good quality as a result.
4. Threats
Threat is a state or circumstance that puts the completion of an
action in jeopardy. It alludes to a bad circumstance. Because of this, it has
a negative quality that should not be done.
2.5 Ethical Considerations
A set of rules for the methods and designs used in research. Where when
obtaining information from people, experts and other researchers are required to always
comply by a set of ethical principles. Which promotes research validity, safeguards the
rights of research participants, and upholds the integrity of science.
The researcher has no desire to harm the study's volunteers or participants in any
way. The participant is fully informed that they are taking part in a study to design a
sustainable state-of-the-art public market. The researcher has prepared a letter of consent
to perform a study that is signed and approved by the research adviser. Additionally, it
was necessary to let the participants know that they would have to respond to questions
during the interview that were created to collect information for this study.
The consent form also guarantees that by participating, the results of this study
will not have any detrimental effect physically and psychologically to them. The
participants have the choice to withdraw at any time. Participants are specifically

informed that data from the interview will be recorded; no recordings will be made
available outside the study. The participants have the option to get a copy of the
recordings, or a summarization related to what they have taken part in this study.

Chapter 3
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter focuses on the data that the researcher collected, demonstrating how
to present findings, analyze data, and interpret data using the research design and the
precise study objectives mentioned in Chapter 1. The problem statement was addressed in
this chapter with tables, charts, and statistics that supplied the essential information for
the planned Bacolod Upper East Public Market. Additionally, the researcher provided the
various data that was being gathered to demonstrate viability and feasibility as well as
serve as a foundation for the thesis proposal. Through ocular survey, interviews, and
facility survey, these data are collected on the current public marketplaces in Bacolod,
government agencies, and other important commercial locations.
Demographic Data
The information was obtained from a source that defined Bacolod as a heavily
developed seashore city in the western Visayas region. Bacolod's land area of 160.71
square kilometers, or 62.05 square miles. The 2020 Census showed that there were
600,783 residents there. 7.5% of this belonged to the population of the western Visayas
region as a whole. The population density, which is 3,738 people per square kilometer or
9,682 people per square mile, is determined using these figures. The location of the
property lies between the borders of the barangays of Granada and Vista Alegre. In
accordance with the 2020 Census, Barangay Granada had a calculated population of
31,867, or 5.30% of Bacolod's total population. The population of Barangay Vista

Alegre, where the site is located, was 32,399 according to the 2020 Census, or 5.39% of
Bacolod's total population.
Figure 3.0.1 Map of Bacolod
Figure 3.0.2 Climate Map

Based on the figure 3.0.2 Climate Map, Bacolod City is categorized in type II,
where there is no dry season and a very marked maximum rain period from December to
February. Also, there isn't a single dry month either. In the months of March through
May, there is the least amount of rainfall per month.
Figure 3.0.3 Bacolod Soil Map
Based on the Figure 3.0.3 that the City Planning Department Office of Bacolod
has given, the site is classified in the silay sandy loam type soil. According to (Badnek,
2022), considering that loam has the right proportions of clay, sand, and silt, it is the
greatest soil type for building. It strikes the perfect balance between all of their greatest
attributes to establish a foundation. Loam typically responds effectively to the presence
of water and does not radically change, grow, or contract.

Figure 3.0.4 Contour Map
has given, the contour of the site is 40 meters above sea level.
Figure 3.0.5 Flood Hazard Susceptibility Map

has given, the site is located in an area where it is classified as a low flood susceptibility
zone.
Figure 3.0.6 Slope Map
has given, the site is located 50 meters above sea level.
3.1 SITE
One of the first tasks done on a project site is a site investigation of resource
concerns. The procedure includes an inventory of the tools and a procedure for gathering
information on the project's location. Each section provides a full explanation of the key
natural characteristics present in a project area. The site concept and design will benefit
from using these natural characteristics, which will lessen the project's overall effect. The

following are the results of the site analysis based on the researcher's on-site
observations.
Figure 3.1.1 Site Location (google map)
A. Observation

The site location of the proposed Public Market is bounded in the
barangay of Granada according to the information from City Assessors Office of
Bacolod. The intended location is currently covered in sugar cane. The distance of
the proposed site is approximately 1.26 kilometers going from the Abada-Arao
terminal alongside Burgos Avenue highway. The proposed site is near to the new
Bacolod Negros Economic Highway that is being proposed by the Province of
Negros. Also, the site is adjacent to Abada Escay Relocation Site or Progreso
Village. The site is facing a 6.00-meter-wide road access to Abada Escay
Relocation Site. As seen in Figure 3.1.2, on the bridge portion, there are already
four spans of road in preparation for a road widening for future developments
making the site more accessible. Currently, the road is paved in concrete. The site
is classified to be an inside lot. According to the researcher’s observation, the
public transport system that passes the proposed site’s vicinity includes tricycles,
motorcycles, and private automobiles. Currently, the mode of transportation from
the community of Abada Escay Relocation Site is by means of tricycles.

Figure3.1.2 Road Networks
As to the utilities that are present adjacent to the site location, is that the
supply of water within the site can be readily made available by tapping into the
main water system through the contact and permission from the Bacolod City
Water District (BACIWA) to supply the water needs of the proposed public
market.
Figure 3.1.3 Existing Electrical Utility
Also, the electric power supply of the city is provided by the Central
Negros Electric Cooperative (CENECO). In the site area, there are already
existing electrical posts that are adjacent alongside the road and can be readily
accessed to provide electrical power to the proposed building structure. In terms
of communication systems, the site is reachable and there is no signal interference
considering that there is already an existing telecommunication tower that is near
the proposed site location.

Figure 3.1.4 Site Vegetations
Additionally, there are existing landmarks close by. These include the
Triumph of the Holy Cross Catholic Church, Arao Covered Court, Sta.Fe Resort,
Vista Alegre-Granada Elementary School, and Progreso Village National High
School.
Figure 3.1.5 Vista Alegre-Granada Elementary School and Progreso Village National High School

Figure 3.1.6 Santa Fe Resort and Triumph of the Holy Cross Catholic Church
B. Interview
According to an interview with Architect 1, he said that there must be a
possible rerouting of public utility jeepneys in terms of the accessibility of the
site, considering that only the transport tricycles are the mode of transportation
used to access the site. According to him, if rerouting of public transport happens
around the vicinity of Abada Escay Relocation Site, it will benefit the adjacent
Barangays of Alangilan, Granada, and Vista Alegre.
He also added that given Bacolod City is now a developing city, the city's
road networks are seriously impacted, which results in excessive traffic. This is
because various highly commercialized regions are emerging at an increasingly
rapid rate around the city center. He insisted that the property must be situated on
the outside portion of the city center, where economic growth and continuing
development is emerging. The Public Market in the upper east of Bacolod's major
regions will become feasible as a result.

Since residents of Barangay Alangilan, Granada, and Barangay Vista
Alegre already have a designated Public Market nearby, the proposed Public
Market's location in the upper east section of Bacolod will diminish and eliminate
the present traffic issue in the City center. He claims that not only will traffic
issues be reduced, but also the length of time people consumes for the community
of Barangay Alangilan, Granada and Vista Alegre when going to the city center,
where the existing public markets are located.
In an interview with Architect 2, she stated that the structure itself has to
be close to residential areas, when considering the accessibility of a public
market. The nearby public markets are helpful in a variety of ways. She continued
by saying that if it is close to our neighborhoods, people can easily use it any day
of the week because public markets are open every day. Also, Architect 2 says
that the public market must have a sufficient parking space. Providing an ample,
easily accessible parking may draw in new clients and inspire devotion in current
ones. Meanwhile, she also added that it has been demonstrated that a lack of
easily accessible parking turns away potential clients.
Also, to an interview with Architect 3, the considerations of accessibility
in the public market is by providing proper signages by including historical or
cultural aspects, it may also promote educational opportunities, establish and
uphold a location's reputation, explain regulations, and foster a feeling of place
and community pride. She continued by incorporating pathways and ramps for
consumers and merchants to use. By enhancing accessibility results in better life

quality. More independence and improved social integration are produced.
Additionally, it promotes improved health and has a variety of cost-saving
benefits.
C. Library / Online Research
1. As per HLURB Implementing Rules and Regulations to govern the processing of
application for locational clearance of Markets as amended.
According to (Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board 2000) of the Rule
III, section 4 Design Standards and Requirements on the implementing rules and
regulations to govern processing of application for location clearance of market,
there are general guidelines to follow. As indicated, Location of Public Markets
must be within the designated commercial zone and must be accessible preferable
through an arterial street. Service access for trucks is essential for the delivery of
goods and other services. The market site shall be located at least fifty (50) meters
from schools, religious institutions, public offices, funeral establishments and
other public gathering places such as auditorium, public plazas and a twenty-five
(25) meters from abattoirs and other possible sources of contamination.
The market shall be located at a site within walking distance of 0.75 km to
the nearest terminal and the Population to be served ranges from ten thousand
(10,000) to one-hundred fifty thousand (150,000) people. The topography of the
land where Public Market will reside should be level to rolling terrain, or as long
as clearing and grading will pose no problem in terms of undue expense and soil
erosion. The site should not be subject to flooding. Soil Bearing Capacity must be

adequate to support the building load. The size shall be large enough to
accommodate all activities, in the center lot shape shall be regular and preferably
be separated and within the market site.
As to circulations, pedestrian and vehicular circulation for the public
market should be properly planned to facilitate convenience and efficiency. The
access, loading and unloading of goods, customer and services should preferably
be separated and within markets. The carrying capacities of roads and pedestrian
walk within the site be adequately planned so as not to obstruct traffic flow along
the access road. Parking space should be provided in accordance with the
National Building Code.
Location of the parking area should be between the stores and the streets
such that it will be away from the pedestrian areas. Separate area should be
provided specifically for parking and queuing of public transport modes such as
tricycles, buses and jeepneys. In terms of Landscape and Buffering, the market
complex needs sufficient landscaping and buffering. A minimum of five (5)
meters for this purpose may be provided along the perimeter of the site.
D. Discussion
As what had Architect 1 and Architect 2 said in relations to the
considerations of the site factors, it fit in nicely with the study's goals, which
include promoting a healthy built environment. Given that we are reducing the
amount of people congregating in particular public areas to prevent and minimize
the transmission of ailments and viruses in relation to this current pandemic, the

proposed public market will surely be the one to assist in reducing the number of
people visiting the current public markets located within the city center. Also
considering that the proposed site location is big enough, it can surely
accommodate the day to day activities in a public market. The strength of the site
in terms of its orientation is feasible.
Building structures that is oriented on North East and South East portion
benefits the adequate air ventilation. The probable frontage of the building
Structure will be facing the eastern part, where the entrance or drop off point will
be viable considering that the morning sunlight is not that hot sun which means
that the rear portion of the building will be facing the west portion. In terms of its
accessibility, the site location is adjacent to nearby residential communities.
The weakness of the site is the accessible transportation. As of now, only
tricycles are the mode of transportation that is being used by the community in
Abada Escay Relocation Site. The opportunities of the site are that the ongoing
development of housing project around the vicinity will surely boost its economic
stability. Also, the ongoing construction of Negros Economic Highway will surely
provide linkage to local businesses to the proposed public market. The site’s
threat would be in relation to its safety. The site is located remotely from Bureau
of fire protection. So, if fire scenarios will occur, the respond of the Bureau of fire
could take time.
3.2 AS TO SITE DEVELOPMENT
A. Observation

The researcher visited current public marketplaces in Bacolod City; based
on these markets, each building structure's development differed in terms of the
planning principles used. The public markets in Bacolod City have the same issue
with regard to development restriction. The public markets that already exist do
not have enough parking spaces, buffer zones and proper waste segregation area.
Figure 3.2.1 Burgos/North Public Market on unorganized and insufficient Parking
B. Interview
The researcher conducted interviews and asked questions in relation to the
site developments of building structures to incorporate to the proposed public
market. According to Architect 1, Architect 2, and Architect 3, public markets
must be provided with ample parking spaces and proper waste disposal areas.
According to their statements, not only would reducing waste benefit the
environment, but it will also save money or lower disposal costs. They suggested
by having Materials Recovery Facility on its site. The environment benefits from

recycling and/or reusing garbage since it reduces the need to extract resources and
the likelihood of contamination.
According to (Pacheco, Ordóñez, and Martínez 2012), one of the variables
influencing passive solar design Among all aspects of a structure, orientation is
the most crucial and frequently researched. The azimuth of the wall and,
consequently, the building's orientation angle determine the amount of direct solar
radiation that strikes the building's face. The facade's direction affects the
effectiveness of the solar envelope as well as other passive design factors like
shading. advantages of optimum building orientation are as follows:
It is a cheap metric that may be used in the early planning stages of a
project. It lessens the need for energy. It decreases the utilization of more
advanced passive systems. It improves the effectiveness of more sophisticated
passive techniques. It enhances the amount of daylight, lowers the energy
requirement for artificial lighting, and makes a smaller contribution to the
building's internal heating load. It enhances the effectiveness of solar collectors.
1. As Per National Building Code of the Philippines PD 1096
According to the National Building Code of the Philippines (PD 1096),
from the Rule VII – Classification and General Requirements of all Buildings by
use of occupancy, under section 701, Public Markets are classified in Division E-
2 as a Business and Mercantile in nature. Based on its zoning, type of occupancy,

public markets are classified as C-2 or Medium Commercial, a municipal or city
level of commercial use or occupancy.
Under Table VII.4, the minimum required parking slot, parking area and
loading space requirements, the Public Market must have a one (1) customer or
buyer jeepney/shuttle parking slot for every 150 square meters of the wet and dry
market floor area. For its vendor or seller, one (1) jeepney/shuttle parking slot or
loading space for every 300 square meters of wet and dry market floor area. And
also, for one (1) off-street terminal that can accommodate at least two (2)
jeepneys and six (6) tricycles for every 1,000 square meters of wet and dry market
floor area.
In terms of calculating its allowable Percentage of Site Occupancy (PSO),
under Rule VIII-Light and Ventilation under section 803, a commercial 2 or
medium commercial buildings must have a maximum allowable PSO of seventy
five percent (75%) of the total lot area, twenty percent (20%) for its maximum
allowable paved open spaces or ISA, and five (5) percent to its minimum unpaved
open space or USA. In the Table VIII.3 setbacks for commercial, industrial,
institutional and recreational buildings, the setback will be based on the width of
the road right of way. Considering that the width of the road right of way in front
of the proposed site location is six (6) meters, the minimum frontage setback of
the site must be five (5) meters, while a two (2) meter setback for its side and rear
portion.
2. Natural Ventilation and Passive Design Strategies

a) Vegetation
May be utilized to change the direction of the external wind,
improving ventilation and cooling entering air. Fragrant species can also
be utilized to perfume the air that circulates through buildings. However,
thick bushes and tree canopies must be kept away of windows and other
air inlets to the structure. Grassed berms around buildings can also be
utilized to divert the wind for natural ventilation (Aynsley 2007).
b) Water Features
A water feature within or near a structure can inspire creativity
feeling of coolness. This psychological impact can be intensified in
medium to low humidity settings by using water that is much colder than
the interior air as a thin layer cascade or fine fountain spray to maximize
surface contact with the indoor air. The latent heat of evaporation is used
to cool hot dry air as it flows over or through wetted surfaces in
evaporative cooling. When the surrounding air is hot and dry, the cooling
impact might be substantial (Aynsley 2007).
c) Building Envelope
The building envelope is the boundary between the interior and
outdoor environments, and its proper selection is one of the most efficient
strategies to reduce energy consumption associated with interior thermal
comfort. When considering the building envelope as a barrier that protects

from the elements, the thermal transmittance (U value) is the most
important factor to consider (Rodriguez-Ubinas et al. 2014).
d) Building Orientation, Geometrical Parameters and Ratios
The size of the exchange surface is determined by its form, and the
direction determines which regions get direct solar radiation and which
may be impacted by the wind. This ratio, together with the height and
style of roof, can influence the design of the structure. Its direction
impacts how much solar energy and wind it can utilize or protect itself
from. The orientation may be examined on three levels: the entire
building, the building's zones, and the glazed parts. The proportions and
relationships of the construction elements are depicted by the ratios
(Rodriguez-Ubinas et al. 2014).
D. Discussions
According to the three architects that the researcher’s interviewed, all of
them suggest that public market must be provided with ample number of parking
space for customers and merchants. These notions are in relation to the concept of
sustainability where it promotes local activity by promoting a collective use of
space. Also, in terms of sanitation, the public markets must provide proper waste
disposal areas or Materials Recovery Facilities to eliminate the problem on
improper sanitation. These coincides to the principles of sustainability to reduce
natural hazards effects by considering the specific characteristics of local risks
and also incorporating strategies for post disaster recovery.

3.3 AS TO BUILDING FUNCTION
A. Observation
The present public markets in Bacolod City lack adequate delivery and
dispatching docks as well as rubbish segregation spaces. People entering and
leaving the building cause traffic to back up since the entry and departure are not
properly observed. As is frequently noted, the existing public marketplaces have
hygiene and health problems. The amenities, such as the sanitation rooms and
storage spaces, are not well maintained.
In terms of being a barrier free for persons with disability as to the Batas
Pambansa 344, An Act to Enhance the Mobility of Disabled Persons by Requiring
Certain Buildings, Institutions, Establishments and Public Utilities to install
Facilities and Other Devices, the existing public markets lacks to implement these
considerations. In terms of public’s health consideration, there are no strong
implementations in the building premises.
Figure 3.3.1 Burgos/North Public Market on Sanitation Issues

B. Interview
According to Architect 1, clustering the public market makes it simpler for
customers to find and navigate to the things they want to purchase if the stalls are
set up according to the classification of the commodities, whether they are dry
goods or wet goods. In respect to the construction function of a public market, he
continued, sustainability may be attained by having effective waste segregation
and rubbish disposal. According to his claim, effective waste segregation can
lower the quantity of garbage that a public market may generate. He claimed that
garbage might be recycled and turned into fertilizer.
Also, according to Architect 2, supporting sustainable design will help
Public Markets attain sustainability in respect to their architectural purpose. When
it comes to the building level, there are three main themes in regard to the
advantages of employing sustainable design. According to her, research on the
human advantages of sustainable design has mostly focused on three areas at the
building level and that is to provide a healthy, comfortable, and satisfying built
environment.
By including green spaces or open areas for plants to reduce air pollution,
as well as by providing adequate ventilation through large windows and roof
vents, as well as most importantly by trying to implement proper waste disposal,
according to Architect 3, it is possible to integrate sustainability into the building's
function at the proposed public market.

According to the article of (Emmanuel, Osondu, and Kalu 2020), Cross
ventilation and natural daylight are important factors in keeping hospitals clean
and reducing the spread of illness. These factors may also be applied to public
spaces. There are design approaches to use when modifying our private, public,
and commercial places for infection prevention and control. According to the
study, since human movement is not quite linear, corridor widths should be at
least 2600 millimeters wide in order to provide for social separation of at least
1000 millimeters and a 300-millimeter bilateral freeboard.
This study also claims that ventilation significantly refers to the flow of air
within a space, which is frequently affected by variations in air pressure. The
prevention of nosocomial and other infectious illnesses depends largely on
ventilation. Recent research has demonstrated that a proper ventilation rate can
significantly reduce the danger of airborne illnesses spreading throughout
healthcare institutions and public areas. The implication is that the risk of
infection would be greatly decreased as ventilation rate (ACH - Air Change per
Hour) increased.
1. Public Market Modules as per Department of Interior and Local Government
A. Philippine Public Market Modules
According to the modular approach which was produced by the
former department of interior and Local Government in 1989, the type of
public market is determined by the population of the region, while floor

area of the market is determined from the site conditions. Urban public
market is determined if population is over 300,000.
B. Standards for Calculating floor area
The floor is for stalls in the category of urban public market is
identified as follows. When the market is designed, the floor area
calculations are performed by adding the corridors and toilets to the
number of basic modular units. The average floor space which is used in
the calculations is listed by stall type. For sections of fish, meat and dried
fish, the probable dimensions in meters is 1.20 x 2.40 with a floor area of
2.88 square meter. In fruits, vegetables, the probable dimensions are 2.40
x 2.40 with a floor area of 5.76 square meters. In dry goods and sari-sari
store sections, the probable dimensions are 2.40 x 3.60 with a floor area of
8.64 square meters. In the section of general merchandise, cereals and
processed foods, foot wears, the probable dimensions are 2.40 x 4.80 with
a floor area of 11.52 square meters. While in the sections of restaurant
(carinderia), groceries, the probable dimensions are 3.60 x 4.80 with an
area of 17.28 square meters.
C. Standards for the number of stalls in a city public market, stall floor area
by stall type and building dimensions.
The basic grid for the city public market is 14.40 x 14.40 meters
with an area of 297.36 square meters, with 7.20 meters clearance between
columns. The project is designed by combining blocks equivalent to one

unit per grid. The maximum height of the building is 7.20 meters, and the
basic number of stalls can tenant a grid is are identified as follows. For
stall types in wet corner section, the criteria for the number of stalls are 40.
In semi-wet cornet, the number of stalls is also 40. In general merchandise
sections, the number of stalls is 10 to 20 units. In clothing sections, the
number of stalls is 8 to 10 units, while in miscellaneous sections, the
number of stalls is 20 to 40 units. Whereas, the total number of stalls for
city public markets is 118-150 units.
D. Other Facilities
In addition to the previously described stall floor area, the facilities
which the module requires have the following specifications.
Administration office, which is calculated of 10 square meter per person,
the customer’s toilets, with an area of 3.60 square meters per 50 sales
people and is calculated as two sales people per stall. Carparks is
calculated by 30 percent of the overall sales area, while machine rooms
which includes pumps and generators are a minimum of 16 square meters.
2. Architectural Design Strategies for Infection Prevention and Control
A. Design for Social Distancing
Allow enough space in waiting rooms, corridors, hallways,
stairwells, and entry lobby to support social separation of at least 1000
mm apart. Because current research shows that aerosol particles travel
only short distances of 1000 mm to 2000 mm before resting on surfaces,

this will not only limit touch transmission but also establish safe spacing.
By removing the nook with the seat or ledge, it is intended to prevent
casual interactions. Avoid enclosed lobbies, waiting rooms, double bank
corridors, and other situations with little to no ventilation.
B. Design to Enhance Daylight or Sunlight
According to the article of (Emmanuel, Osondu, and Kalu 2020)
there is evidence that good fenestrations and sunlight in structures can
influence the transmission of airborne diseases. This is in connection to
the design in boosting daylight or sunlight. In addition, diffuse sunlight
found near windows in buildings may easily kill bacteria in five to seven
days. Direct sunlight through glass may well kill bacteria bacillus in a few
minutes or hours subject to the thickness of the layer of bacteria exposed.
Designing buildings with improved exposure to sunlight and
outside air may restrict the survival and spread of infectious causes, with
associated health advantages for occupants. Daylighting is a good
germicidal factor and can prevent infection. Recent research on the
coronavirus (covid-19) reveals that the virus acts differently and has a
variable life cycle with different material surfaces. This is why it is
important to build with adaptable finishing materials and construction
techniques.
C. Design with adaptive finishing materials and construction methods

According to (Emmanuel, Osondu, and Kalu 2020), under the
article, design with adaptive finishing materials and construction methods,
recent research on the coronavirus (covid-19) reveal that the virus acts
differently and has a variable life cycle with different material surfaces.
This is why it is important to build with adaptable finishing materials and
construction techniques. Therefore, architects need to reconsider how
materials are chosen, how material specifications are written, and how
surfaces are handled. In a previous investigation, Nightingale found that
pathogenic elements were thought to breed and propagate in the numerous
microscopic spaces found in building plaster. The study suggests the
following in light of the aforementioned findings.
Choose materials with copper plating or infusion for commonly
touched areas like balcony rails and stair rails. The entrance doors
in public places with high traffic, and their curtains should be built with
sensors to improve automated opening and closing. By greatly reducing
contact with the doorknob, this will stop transmission. Also, by reducing
the number of entries to public areas in order to effectively monitor
adherence to CDC regulations. Sinks with motion sensors are another way
to cut down on transmission possibilities. The number of flat surfaces on
controls and equipment, as well as the number of crevices and nooks
where material might collect, should be minimized as much as possible.
D. Discussions

Considering that Bacolod City has over 300,000 population, the proposed
public market will be categorized as an urban public market which will have a
118-150 stalls as per Department of Interior and Local Government Modular
approach. In terms of a safe and healthy Public Market, having a preventive
measure in the built environment correlates well with the study’s objective. This
is in relation to the precautionary principle that promotes the use of laws and
methods to safeguard environmental and human health in the face of unforeseen
threats (Kriebel et al. 2001). All garbage will be handled carefully and
responsibly, and it will all be disposed of.
Through sources of reduction, recycling, and other methods, we will
minimize and, when possible, eliminate waste (Smith 1993), as it correlates well
to what Architect 1 and Architect 2 said of having proper waste segregation and
promoting a sustainable design for Public Markets. These considerations also
relate in the principles of sustainability to reduce pollution and waste material.
3.4 AS TO BUILDING AESTHETICS
A. Observation
Common issues in today's public markets include a lack of adequate
fenestrations for sunshine and ventilation. Many market visitors who were
questioned by the researchers claimed that these ideas are missing from the
current public market. Inadequate ventilation and sunshine fenestrations result in
unpleasant odors and uncomfortable temperatures inside the building structure.

Figure 3.4.1 Central Public Market Aesthetics
B. Interview
According to Architect 1, the public market must adhere to optimum
ventilation in order to maintain the beauty of the structure. He continued by
mentioning issues with inadequate lighting and ventilation in the city of Bacolod's
current public markets. He claims that these issues lead consumers shopping
within the public market to endure odor and heat discomfort. So, we may get rid
of those annoyances by providing adequate natural ventilation and illumination.
As to Architect 2, we should choose a sustainable design for the building's
appearance. utilizing environmentally friendly elements, such as solar panels,
low-VOC (volatile organic compound) coatings, and energy-saving technology.
Utilizing low VOC paints helps minimize chemicals that cause allergies. Low
VOC paints have a lesser odor and have less of an influence on the air quality.
They also assist to minimize the concentration of toxins in the groundwater,
landfills, and the ozone layer. Also, she added that public markets must establish

potager gardens nearby. She claims that these gardens combine flowers and
ornamentals with herbs, fruits, and vegetables to provide a setting that is both
useful and visually aesthetic.
In a statement by Architect 3, by using louvered windows for ventilation,
we may achieve sustainability in terms of the building's aesthetics of the
anticipated public market. She considered louvered windows to be particularly
important in warm environments. It makes it possible for fresh air and light to
enter the structure. Also, she said that open spaces for plants not only enhance a
building's overall appearance, but studies also show that they enhance emotions,
encourage creativity, reduce stress, and eliminate air pollutants.
1. Natural Ventilation for Traditional Public Market
In order to preserve the space's thermal comfort, passive design is a
strategy to maximize the potential of the microclimate in buildings, such as
natural air conditioning. This Air ventilation can be used to carry out fundamental
concepts According to the idea presented in the book Heating, Cooling, and
Lighting Sustainable Design, optimizing natural ventilation in buildings involves
four factors: building orientation, building design, size and position of the inlet
and exit, and vegetation (Shafira and Setiawan 2021).
A. Building Orientation
By exposing the direction of the building to the source of the wind,
the orientation of the building mass affects the natural route that penetrates

the structure. Tropical climatic regions have the largest portion of the
building space should be oriented north to south.
B. Building Forms
The direct access to air entering and flowing through buildings that
follow the wind orientation is substantially influenced by the geometry of
the building mass. Each kind has benefits and negative aspects of natural
ventilation.
C. Inlet and Outlet Sizes and Location
The air flow pattern in the room is also determined by the input
opening in addition to velocity. On the other hand, the air velocity and
flow pattern are not significantly impacted by the position of the outflow.
According to the theory, the inlet should often be used if the aperture is
narrower since it enhances velocity, which has the most impact on
comfort.
D. Vegetation
Wind may be channeled into structures by trees and plants. A few
trees or shrubs may considerably boost natural ventilation by preventing
wind from blowing around the sides of a structure.
2. Energy Efficient Design
According to the article of (Pacheco, Ordóñez, and Martínez 2012), the
shape of a building influences the solar energy that it receives as well as its total
energy consumption. The radiation hitting a building can increase energy

requirements for cooling to up to 25%. Accordingly, building shape not only
determines the total area of the facade and roof that receive solar radiation, but
also the surface exposed to the outside, and thus to energy losses.
Building facade shading regulates the amount of the building is exposed to
sun radiation. Since the building façade voids are the areas that let the most
radiation into the inside of the structure, this method works well when applied to
those areas. the regulation of lighting, heating, and shading components peak
cooling demand might be greatly decreased using cooling components
while ensuring proper heating and lighting conditions, and energy usage for
lighting and ventilation. The building may shade itself with the right building
design without the need for further components. This may be advantageous,
particularly in the case of remote structures that receive an excessive amount of
direct sunlight. This notion gave rise to the idea of self-shading.
According to the article of (Pacheco, Ordóñez, and Martínez 2012),
comfort ventilation is another name for natural ventilation based on an
appropriate air flow's beneficial psychological effects all throughout the building.
Even though the temperature and humidity of the air from the outside and the air
within are the same in hot, humid areas, this impact significantly increases the
occupants' sense of wellbeing. To reduce the psychological impact of excessive
humidity and enhance the convective loss of body heat, everyday ventilation is
thus required. Structures that utilize the stack effect, or the natural movement of

air caused by changes in temperature and density, to create an air flow, are
referred to as sophisticated naturally ventilated buildings.
3. Living Architecture
The ecosystem, like our bodies, has the ability to digest nutrients and
waste. Living Architecture focuses on these processes by incorporating ecological
functions into buildings such as catching, storing, and filtering water, purifying
air, and processing other nutrients. Biophilia, the recognized health advantages
associated with coming in contact with living systems in the built environment, is
also addressed by Living Architecture (Ragheb, El-Shimy, and Ragheb 2016).
A. Biophilic Design
According to (Kanamori and Brodsky 2001) Biophilic design
necessitates frequent and persistent interactions with nature. It focuses on
human adaptations to the natural world that have enhanced people's health,
fitness, and well-being across evolutionary time. Biophilic design fosters
emotional affinity to certain environments and locations. It encourages
beneficial connections between people and nature, which fosters a broader
feeling of connection and responsibility for the human and natural
communities.
B. Green Roofs
The phrase green roof is frequently used as an umbrella word for a
variety of sustainable systems constructed a top structural decking that
acts as a roof to a specific area of the project (Weiler, 2009). A green roof

is a low maintenance, engineered roofing system that enables rooftop
vegetation proliferation while preserving the underlying roof's integrity
(Spala et al. 2008). Green roofs are popular due to their environmental,
technological, economic, and aesthetic benefits. Green roof systems have a
number of advantages, including improved air quality and temperature-
humidity regimes, as well as noise reduction, which helps to alleviate the
Heat Island Effect (Korol, Shushunova, and Shushunova 2018).
The creation of the aesthetic appearance of structures, the use of
roofs for recreational areas and parking spaces, and the provision of
additional space in a crowded design are all architectural purposes. The
economic advantages of employing environmental coatings are reflected
in the economic and cultural development of the building site, in the
savings of energy in heating systems, and in the prolongation of the life of
the waterproofing and underlying coatings.
C. Green Walls
Architects are already using them to save energy, promote
biodiversity, minimize noise pollution, increase building durability, and
improve building aesthetics (Masi, Rizzo, and Bresciani 2015). A green
wall is a wall that is partially or entirely covered with foliage and contains
a growth media, such as soil. Most green walls include a built-in water
delivery system. Green walls are often referred to as living walls and
vertical gardens (Sadeghian 2016).

Green walls are classified into two types: green facades and living
walls(Manso and Castro-Gomes 2015). The use of climbing or hanging
plants along the wall is the foundation of green facades. Plants can grow
upwards on the vertical surface, as in classic examples, or downwards on
the vertical surface if they are hung at a specific height.
Living walls are a relatively new idea in the world of wall
covering. They arose to facilitate the incorporation of green walls into tall
structures. Living walls provide quick covering of huge surfaces and more
uniform growth along the vertical surface, allowing them to reach higher
areas and adapt to all types of structures. They also enable for the
incorporation of a broader range of plant species.
D. Discussions
Based on the interviews, we can establish the health, safety, and
sustainability of the building's aesthetics by carefully selecting the materials to be
utilized and by paying attention to how well the building structure is ventilated. It
decreases the likelihood that infectious diseases will survive within the public
market. Increasing the amount of sunshine and fresh air is also beneficial. The
pleasant psychological benefits of air movement throughout the structure
considerably boost the occupants' sense of wellbeing. There are also recognized
health advantages related with being in contact with living architecture in the built
environment. These ideas coincide well with the principles of sustainability by
benefiting the natural and climatic resources in terms of choosing appropriate

building orientation and also by contributing to human health and welfare in terms
of enhancing indoor temperature and humidity levels within acceptable values and
also by ensuring adequate natural ventilation and adequate natural lighting.
Green roofs can be used for recreation areas or sometimes parking spaces.
These ideas coincide well on the principles of sustainability in terms of
recognizing intangible values by building a community character and sense of
place. It can also promote local activities by means of including spaces for
productive activities.
3.5 AS TO BUILDING STRENGTH AND DURABILITY
A. Interview
According to Architect 1 and Architect 3, they suggested that the method
and type of construction for the proposed public markets must be in reinforced
concrete and steel framing. According to them, reinforced concrete and steel
framing is the best type of construction because they are fire, moisture and
weather resistant. Architect 3 stated that as a result of the reinforcing, that is,
reinforced, concrete can also endure a significant amount of tensile stress.
Reinforced concrete has a passable level of fire and weather resistance. According
to her, the strongest construction system is reinforced concrete.
B. Online / Library Research
1. As per Implementing Rules and Regulations of Chapter IV “Market and
Abattoirs” of the Code of Sanitation of the Phillipines (PD 856)

The materials to be used for the construction of the market shall be
durable and resistant to wear and corrosion. For the construction of floors in
public markets, it shall be constructed of impervious materials of such
construction and finish as will make it easily and thoroughly cleaned. All angles
between the floors and walls shall be rounded off to a height of not less than 7.62
centimeters (3 inches) from the floor. All floors hall be kept clean and preferably
dry at all times.
In terms of the walls and partitions, it shall be constructed of impervious
and non-toxic material to a height of not less than 1.22 meters from the floor, of
such construction and finish will make them easy cleaned. As to its roofing,
market buildings shall be provided with adequate permanent roof that will provide
both vendors and customers from heat, rain and other hazards.
2. Green Construction Materials
According to (Ragheb, El-Shimy, and Ragheb 2016), because their effects
are taken into account during the course of the product, green construction
materials are typically made of renewable resources rather than non-renewable
ones. Green building materials also often lower maintenance and replacement
costs during the structure's lifespan, save energy, and enhance tenant productivity
and health. By weighing factors like reused and recycled content, zero or low
harmful air emissions, zero or low toxicity, sustainably and quickly renewable
harvested resources, high recyclability, durability, lifespan, and local
manufacture, green construction materials may be chosen.

C. Discussions
Based on the statements of those interviewed architects and engineers,
they suggest that the public markets main method of construction is by using
concrete and steel framing. In terms of optimizing construction efforts, it fits in
nicely with the principles of sustainability in terms of optimizing the use of
materials and encouraging the use of low transformed materials. Also, by
choosing materials that are sustainable. Incorporating green building materials can
minimize the cost of maintenance and replacement during the lifespan of the
proposed public market. These considerations coincide well with the concept of
sustainability through enhancing innovative and creative solutions, by
encouraging diversity in building system solutions.
3.6 AS TO BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES / UTILITIES
A. Observation
There are currently no technology advances in Bacolod City's public
markets that promote health awareness. Sanitation facilities are not kept up to
date. There is no signage inside the open marketplaces. The public markets that
are currently in operation lack a suitable natural air ventilation system. Existing
public markets do not have a water conservation system.
B. Interview
According to Architect 1, public markets needed to have a greywater
system to remove created waste water and generate it so it could be recycled. He
added by saying that to manage water resources adequately and sustainably,

wastewater must be reused. Many places throughout the world utilize greywater
as a substitute for freshwater. Also, in relation to proper waste segregation, they
recommend having a materials recovery facility for the proposed public market.
According to architect 3, by placing signs throughout the building's
grounds, we may encourage a secure and healthy built environment in our public
markets. A good signage system's function is to communicate effectively,
especially through giving directions and identifying objects. Safety symbols and
signs are crucial safety communication tools because they serve to highlight
various risks that may exist in public areas and the workplace. By providing the
necessary details and safety guidelines, they simultaneously warn customers to
constantly keep an eye out for such threats. As she considers the current public
markets that are unkept, we may also encourage healthy built environments by
establishing suitable drainage systems.
Engineer 1 claims that buildings must have water collecting systems since
public markets use a lot of water. He also stated that the public market must
include solar panels to produce power from solar energy in order to reduce energy
usage. In terms of energy, he advises that the public market must include a
generator room so that, in the event of unwanted power outages, it would be
simple for it to repower the building structure.

1. As per utility requirements of Department of Health in Implementing rules and
regulations of Chapter IV – Markets and Abattoirs of the Code on Sanitation of
the Philippines – PD 856
A. Water Supply
In terms of its water supply, there must be an adequate supply of
drinkable water, either from the public main water supply or from a
permitted source, in accordance with the utility requirements as per
Department of Health IRR of Chapter IV of PD 856. The Philippine
National Standards for Drinking Water must be followed when it comes to
the quality of water utilized in the market. Every stall in the carinderia,
fish, meat, and intestines area need to have access to piped water. The
pressure of the water supply must be kept at 1.379 Kpa.
A sufficient number of water outlets must be present for the market and its
surroundings to be easily cleaned. A minimum of 40 liters of water per
person per day must be given and maintained, taking into account the
number of vendors and daily average of consumers. The market should
prohibit the use of water for drinking, food preparation, or washing of
plates, glasses, cups, forks, and similar items that has not been certified as
safe by the Secretary of Health or his fully authorized agent. There must
be drinking fountains or comparable water dispensers in the market. Ice
used in markets must be produced at facilities with a sanitary permit or
with potable water.

B. Sewage Disposal and Drainage
In the absence of a public sewerage system, sewage must be
disposed of in accordance with Chapter XVII of the Philippine Code on
Sanitation (PD 856) and its Implementing Rules and Regulations, which
deals with sewage collection, disposal, and excreta disposal and drainage.
The market and its surroundings must have enough amenities. Every 46.5
square meters (500 square feet) of floor space must have at least one floor
drain. The slope from the drainage intake must be at least 2.05 millimeters
per meter (1/4 inch per foot). Toilets and urinals' sewer lines must not
connect to the market's drainage line. Drainage pipes must have a
minimum diameter of 15 centimeters (6 inches). A deep seal trap must be
included with all floor drains (P-trap or U-trap). Sewage from the meat
and carinderia sector must be collected in a grease trap. The National
Plumbing Code of the Philippines must be followed while installing
drainage infrastructure.
C. Power
Power supply must be connected to any authorized communal or
public electricity supply system. an available. In the event of a power
outage, a generator can be available.
D. Fire Safety Equipment/Facilities
Fire safety facilities/equipment provision and installation
according to the Fire regulations in the market Philippine Penal Code.

2. As per Facility Requirements of Department of Health in Implementing rules and
regulations of Chapter IV – Markets and Abattoirs of the Code on Sanitation of
the Philippines – PD 856
A. Waste Disposal
The proper management of solid waste must be
implemented according to the relevant pricing policies in the market, the
"Refuse Disposal" provisions of Chapter XVIII of the Philippine Code on
Sanitation (PD 856) and the Rules and Regulations for its Implementation.
For temporary disposal of trash prior to collection, an adequate number of
separate, bins with separators, or refuse depository bins, one for
biodegradable wastes and one for nonbiodegradable wastes, should be
supplied. There must be a designated shredding area on the market
property. Each stall must have at least two (2) covered trash cans, one for
biodegradable wastes (lined with green plastic bags) and one for non-
biodegradable wastes (lined with black plastic bags).
All containers and trash cans must be outfitted with coverings or
lids with excellent construction and tight fit and maintained to be
conveniently accessible and pest-proof. Refuse containers or storage bins
must be kept in a dedicated area away from food handling activities. In
order to prevent being a possible source of attraction, harborage, and
annoyance for vermin, garbage storage containers must be constructed so
that they are inaccessible to them. Refuse must be temporarily kept in the

trash repository and were timely collected by the municipal or city
collecting network cleaned. Daily or more frequent collection of solid
garbage is required. Each container must be cleaned after being emptied
brushed and cleaned inside and out in great detail outdoors using soap and
water.
B. Toilet and Hand-Washing Facilities
The adequate number of toilet facilities shall be provided with two
compartments, one for men and one for women, in accordance with the
following. According to this provision, in 1 to 49 number of persons, the
minimum water closet for male will be 1 unit, while for female is 1 unit
also. Wash hand basin must also be provided, 1 for male and 1 for female.
If the number of persons reaches from 50-100, the water closet for female
will be 2 units, and 1 unit for male. 1 Urinal will be added also. Wash
hand basin must also be provided, 1 for male and 1 for female. This is in
relation to the minimum requirements for toilet and hand washing
facilities for personnel and stallholders.
For the requirements of toilets and hand washing facilities for
consumers, for every 1 to 49 persons, 1 water closet and 1 wash hand
basin is provided for male and female. For 50 to 100 persons, 2 water
closets are to be provided for female and 1 for male. Wash hand basin for
male and female must be provided, also 1 urinal is added. Water closets
should be 16 square feet per unit, lavatories should be 12 square feet per

unit, and urinals should be 12 square feet per unit when it comes to the
toilet space requirement.
3. Emerging renewable and sustainable energy technologies
The importance of energy in our society is expanding in order to ensure
the quality of life and the seamless operation of the rest of our economy. The use
of energy resources has been identified as one of the most pressing and continuing
concerns of our day. (Hussain, Arif, and Aslam 2017).
A. Concentrated solar power/photovoltaics
CSP technology is a method of generating energy by concentrating
heat produced by solar irradiation on a small area. CSP technology uses
mirrors or lenses to reflect sunlight into a receiver, where a main circuit
(thermal energy carrier) gathers the heat and uses it directly or indirectly
to create electricity via a turbine.
D. Discussions
According to the interviewed Architects and Engineers, by using grey
water and water harvesting system helps Public Market lessen the consumption of
its water resources. Grey water will be collected and utilized automatically for
different systems such as toilet flushing, outdoor taps, and so on. As a
consequence, less water will be used, bills will be lower, and the building or
establishment will be greener. These ideas coincide with the concept of
sustainability by benefiting natural and climatic resources like rain water.

Chapter 4
FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
In this chapter, the findings of the research are collected and further defined to the
interpretation of the researcher. All gathered information will be written in this chapter
and will be essential in finding the proper design solution. Conclusions, and research
recommendations will also be discussed further in the chapter. This chapter aims to aid
the researcher in the simplest way possible in coming up with a design solution of the
proposed thesis problem “A Sustainable Sate of the Art Public Market in Upper East
Bacolod”.
To determine the project's worth, the researcher had the chance to speak with the
architects, engineers, locals, and vendors. The interview's main emphasis is on the
project's development. The respondent’s replies are summarized. In order to make the
arrangement of the solutions simpler, the chapter will be structured in accordance with
the problem statement. In each of the six (6) categories would be the summary of findings
according to the technique they were gathered; i.e., via site observations, interviews, and
library research. Then follows the conclusions and recommendations for each of the six
areas of architectural design. Hence, the findings of the performed research are as
follows:
4.1 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

1. To present concepts of sustainability that could render Architecture as a tool in
designing a Public Market.
According to the study's findings, the planned state-of-the-art public
market will promote a safe and healthy built environment by incorporating
sustainability concepts. Applying the three pillars of sustainability and it’s
guiding principles to the proposed state-of-the-art public market safeguards the
environment by utilizing natural resources sensibly. Additionally, including
sustainability guarantees that both people and the environment are protected from
its negative impacts on the planned public market.
2. To present relevance of Sustainability as Architectural solution and concepts in
terms of Site, Site Development, Building Function, Building Aesthetics,
Building Strength/Durability, Building Technology/Utilities.
A. As to Site
According to records at the city assessor's office, the planned public
market's location is on the border between Barangay Vista Alegre and Barangay
Granada. The location of the property is next to the road leading to the Abada
Escay Relocation Site. The site is roughly 1.27 kilometers away from the Abada-
Arao Terminal with a 6-meter-wide road. There is already a preparation for road
widening as to Figure 3.1.2. At the moment, tricycles and private vehicles can be
used to get there. The land, which is around 32,181.62 square meters in size and
has an uneven form, is perfect for the building of a public market. The property is

also close to where the Negros Occidental Economic Highway is being built. The
site is located on a level, uniformly-shaped surface without any hills.
As to the flood hazard map that the City Planning Department Office of
Bacolod has given, the site is classified to be in a low flood susceptibility. As per
Mines and Geosciences Bureau, low flood susceptibility are areas where it is
expected that there will be flooding with less than 0.5 meters of water and/or less
than a day of flooding. Low hills and moderate slopes can be found in these
regions. Additionally, they have a low to moderate drainage density (Garas 2013).
These considerations coincide well on the guiding principles of
environmental sustainability as it respects the environment context and landscape.
By Assuring an appropriate choice of site, it will Minimize the impact of
intervention, it will ensure the conditions for site’s regeneration, and also it will
be integrating with the environmental morphology by understanding the features
of the site for the proposed State of the Art Public Market.
B. As to Site Development
Based on the existing public markets, it does not have enough parking
spaces, buffer zones. As to what the Architects and Engineers had suggested that
the public market must be provided with ample space of parking for vendors and
consumers. These considerations fit nicely to the principles of sustainability in
encouraging social cohesion. Providing parking spaces for public markets
promotes intergenerational relations because people will be encouraged to visit
these public markets considering that it offers parking spaces compared to

existing public market in Bacolod, that people will rather choose other
commercial building and shopping centers because they have a place to park.
Furthermore, they suggested by having Materials Recovery Facility on its
site. The environment benefits from recycling and/or reusing rubbish since it
decreases the need to extract resources and the probability of contamination.
According to their claims, not only would lowering garbage assist the
environment, but it would also save money or cut disposal expenses. These
considerations correlate well in the principles of sustainability in terms of
reducing pollution and waste materials because it is subject to contribute to reduce
natural hazards effects. As it provides the practical guidance to anticipate and
mitigate risk to the proposed Sustainable State of the Art Public Market.
C. As to Building Function
Existing public markets in Bacolod city do not have delivery or
dispatching spaces producing traffic around the building premises. Trash
segregation zones are not appropriately structured. Sanitation zones are not
adequately kept causing the building to be unfunctional in terms of its ideal
cleanliness. Also, public markets in Bacolod city do not have sufficient
accessibility in regard of individuals with disabilities. There is no robust
execution of health procedures within and outside of the building surroundings.
According to the interviewed architects, it is possible to incorporate
sustainability in terms of the public market’s functionality by providing efficient
waste disposal. and segregation areas. Furthermore, they said that by

appropriately clustering the booths for each items segment and providing
signages, it would assist visitors navigate their sought products quickly. These
considerations will help consumers/buyers to save time roaming around the public
market.
Additionally, the study found that it is possible to effectively monitor
compliance with CDC criteria by reducing the number of entries and exits.
Automated sensors must also be deployed at public entrances and exits to help
stop the transmission of infectious diseases or germs.
The environmental guiding principles provide room for these factors. By
integrating technical and behavioral approaches for minimizing susceptibility and
by adopting post-disaster recovery strategies, we can lessen the consequences of
natural hazards for the proposed Sustainable State of the Art Public Market.
D. As to Building Aesthetics
The existing public markets does not have a clear aesthetic character.
Common difficulties in today's public markets include a lack of proper
fenestrations for daylight and ventilation. As Architect 1 ang Architect 3 asserts
that these problems force people doing their shopping in the public market to put
up with odor and heat discomfort. Therefore, by providing adequate natural
ventilation and lighting, we can get rid of those annoyances. Also, according to
Architect Gonzales, the exterior of the building should have a sustainable design
by utilizing environmentally friendly elements, such as solar panels, low-VOC
(volatile organic compound) coatings, and energy-saving technology.

These concepts fit very nicely with the principles of environmental
sustainability. By raising indoor temperature and humidity levels to within
acceptable ranges, ensuring adequate natural ventilation, ensuring adequate
natural lighting and sun radiation, enhancing natural and passive heating, and by
avoiding toxic materials it can contribute to human health and welfare.
E. As to Building Strength/Durability
As to the statement of architect and engineers that had been interviewed,
the public market’s most ideal method of construction is by steel and concrete.
The ideal style of building uses reinforced concrete and steel frame because it is
resistant to fire, damp, and weather. Also, using green building materials often are
low maintenance and replacement cost during the structure’s lifespan, also it
saves energy and enhance tenant productivity and health.
These ideas coincide well in the principles of economic sustainability
considering that choosing the best and ideal type of materials in building the
structure for the state-of-the-art public market is considered to extend the
building’s lifetime.
F. As to Building Technologies/Utilities
According to the architects and engineers who were interviewed, installing
a grey water and rainwater collecting system is a step toward sustainability
because the public market consumes a considerable amount of water. Also, they
suggested to use solar panels and must be placed where the longest duration of the
sun is projecting the structure. Additionally, they suggested installing

computerized signs to help people by giving directions. Public markets are
required to provide infrastructure for water supply, sewage disposal drainage,
power, and fire safety equipment.
4.2 CONCLUSIONS
1. The researcher found that adopting sustainability concepts will distinguish the
proposed building structure from the current public markets in Bacolod City. In
addition, including sustainability ideas for the planned public market would result
in a safe and healthy constructed environment in terms of social, environmental,
and economic elements.
2. Based on the findings, the following conclusions were drawn. Therefore, it was
concluded that:
A. As to Site
The researcher concluded that the considerations are well aligned with the
guiding principles of environmental sustainability since the site respects the
environment setting and landscape because it is possible given its proximity to
residential areas and the Negros Occidental Economic Highway. Furthermore, the
location is not prone to flooding, which is an important concern for building a
Public Market. Its utility systems promote the location's practicality because there
are already existing electricity and water connections in the area.
In order for the public market to be sustainable, the researcher concluded
that the concerns correspond well in terms of lowering pollution and waste

materials. Providing appropriate trash disposal and segregation space lowers or
eliminates the potential of a public market producing rubbish. Having these
amenities would also benefit the government since recyclable waste could be
converted into fertilizers that could be sold to local farmers, providing the
government with an additional source of income. This will give practical
recommendations for anticipating and mitigating risks associated with the planned
Sustainable State of the Art Public Market. Existing public markets do not have
an abundance of parking spots.
The researcher came to the conclusion that the notions of sustainability
were a good fit for the proposed public market. By raising indoor temperature and
humidity levels to within acceptable ranges, ensuring adequate natural ventilation,
ensuring adequate natural lighting and sun radiation, enhancing natural and
passive heating, and avoiding toxic materials, it can contribute to human health
and welfare in order to achieve sustainability in the built environment of the
Public Market.
Additionally, offering loading/unloading docks is critical for the public
market in terms of improving the flow of commodities and products. Furthermore,
while developing a functioning constructed environment, people with
impairments must be taken into account. The built environment must always be
accessible to people with disabilities. These will coincide with the principles of

sustainability in terms of recognizing intangible values by building a community
character and a sense of place.
The study stated that in order to achieve sustainability in the aesthetics of
public markets, adequate fenestration for daylight and ventilation assists people in
eliminating discomfort while entering the public market. Energy-saving
technologies may be used to promote sustainability. Furthermore, offering open
space in the public market not only improves the overall look of the building but
also enhances emotions, encourages creativity, reduces stress, and eliminates air
pollution. These concerns also align with sustainability concepts, such as how the
aesthetics of the built environment may contribute to human health and welfare,
as well as how we can generate a feeling of place and community character.
In order to obtain strength and durability, the researcher concluded that the
most important materials to utilize while creating a structure are steel and
concrete. Steel and concrete improve the lifespan of building construction since
the materials used are resistant to fire, weather, and other natural occurrences.
These notions are perfectly aligned with the principles of economic sustainability,
since using the best and optimal sort of materials in designing the structure for the
state-of-the-art public market is thought to extend the building's lifetime.
F. As to Building Technology/Utilities

The researcher concluded that because public markets consume a lot of
water, in this reason, integrating a grey water and rainfall collection system will
make the proposed public market more sustainable as it aligns with the
sustainability concept of benefitting natural and climatic resources. We can also
build a secure and healthy constructed environment by utilizing technology
innovation. These ideas also align with economic sustainability principles in
terms of fostering new and creative solutions through encouraging variety in
building system solutions.
4.3 Recommendations
1. The researcher recommended that for every building structure to be design,
incorporating and integrating the concepts of sustainability will be a tool in
achieving a safe and healthy built environment in respect to social, environment
and economic aspects.
2. Based on the conclusions, the following recommendation were drawn. Therefore,
the researcher recommended that:
A. As to Site
In order to achieve the guiding principles of environmental sustainability
as it respects the environment context and landscape, the site will be reclassified
considering that the occupancy and zoning of Public Market does not match the
site classification as per zoning. This can only be done if it is supported based on
the economic growth as to comprehensive land use program projection. Also, to
ensure the conditions for site regeneration, and to integrate the environmental

morphology of the site, it is also recommended that the site will have an easement
in accordance with the water code of the Philippines considering that the creek is
in line with the lot’s boundary on the north portion. The site will also provide
drop of areas for public utility jeepneys, tricycles and taxis.
To correlate with the consideration of principles of sustainability in terms
of reducing pollution and waste materials, the researcher recommends to
incorporate waste disposal and segregation area for the public market by
providing a Materials Recovery Facility. In terms of parking, the number of
parking spaces that will also be provided but will be based on the National
Building Code of the Philippines and the accessibility law BP 344. These
considerations fit well with the principles of sustainability in terms of recognizing
intangible values by building a community character and sense of place for
persons with disabilities.
To include the environmental guiding principles by integrating technical
and behavioral approaches for minimizing susceptibility and by adopting post
disaster recovery strategies, it is recommended to provide delivery and
dispatching areas/docks for the proposed public market to eliminate traffic issues.
Also, in order to lessen the consequences of natural hazards of the built
environment, public market must be provided with proper waste sanitation rooms

and areas to promote healthy built environment, Also, the proposed public market
will also include materials recovery facility.
In order to achieve the principles of environmental sustainability in terms
of raising indoor temperature and humidity levels to within acceptable ranges, the
researcher recommended that the proposed public market's building structure
must improve the design in terms of lighting and ventilation by foreseeing the
building's most crucial orientation. Also, in terms of avoiding toxic materials to
contribute to human health and welfare, the public market must also utilize
volatile organic compound coating and energy saving technologies. It is also
recommended to include green spaces to make the public market look more
attractive.
In order to coincide well in the principles of economic sustainability by
choosing the best and ideal type of materials un the building structure, the
researcher must seek materials that are not high in maintenance. The researcher
recommended that using concrete and steel framings in the most essential method
and type of construction. To ensure health environment, materials to be used must
be non-toxin.
F. As to Building Technologies/Utilities
To preserve water, the proposed public market would have a grey water
and rainwater gathering system. Entrances and exits must be kept to a minimum,

but they must be placed to allow for the most efficient flow feasible, and they
must be fitted with automated sensors. These recommendations coincide in the
concept of sustainability when it comes in saving resources by assuring supply of
renewable resources. Also, the proposed public market will include materials
recovery facility and generator set areas to support the performance of the
building. These recommendations coincide on the concepts of sustainability by
reducing pollution and waste materials.

Chapter 5
GRAPHIC DESIGN SOLUTION
The design solution for the thesis problem is presented in this chapter and was developed
using the research's findings. The various aspects of design solutions relevant to the desired
general development make up the research's outcome. The study for the proposed
sustainable state of the art public market was made possible by applying and adhering to
the following findings that were deemed effective to the design solution.
Architectural Programming
The site for the design proposal for A sustainable state of the art public market in
Bacolod City would be located at the boundaries of Barangay Granada ang Barangay Vista
Alegre. As found during the research
Development Controls
Proposed project: “A Sustainable State of the Art Public Market in Bacolod City
Lot Type: Inside Lot
Total Area: 32,181.62.
Total Development Area: 32,181.62 sq.m
Land Use: Commercial C-2
Project Classification: The proposed project is classified to be in Division E-2 as a business
and mercantile in nature. The allowable Percentage Site of Occupancy for commercial 2

buildings must have a maximum of allowable PSO of 75% of the total lot area, 20% for its
maximum allowable paved open spaces, and 5% for its minimum unpaved open space.
The building height for commercial 2 is six floors with a maximum height of 18
meters. The floor to lot area ratio (FLAR) for commercial 2 building is 3.60 to 9.00.
The minimum required parking spaces for Public Markets must have a 1 parking
slot for every 150 square meters of the wet and dry market floor area. For vendors, 1
parking slot or loading space for every 300 square meters of wet and dry market.
The applicable setbacks for commercial spaces in relation to the site’s road right of
way 6 meters has a minimum of 5.00 meters and 2.00 meters both for side and rear setbacks.
Given the legal data, the components would be solve using the formulas found in
the Rules VII and VIII of the NBCP in order to find the applicability and feasibility of the
proposed project.
COMPUTATIONS:
TLA: 32,181.62
PSO: 75%
FLAR: 3.60
GFA=TLA(FLAR)
GFA= 32,181.62(3.60)
GFA= 115,853.83 sq.m

BHL= 15 meters
The maximum allowable percentage of Site Occupancy (PSO) is 75%. The maximum
allowable impervious surface area (ISA) is 20% and 5% for the minimum unpaved surface
area (USA).
PSO = TLA (75%)
PSO = 32,181.62(75%)
PSO = 24,136.215 sq.m
ISA = 32,181.62 (20%)
ISA = 6,436.20 sq.m maximum
USA= 32,181.62 (5%)
USA = 1609.08 sq.m minimum
MACA = PSO + ISA
MACA= 24,136.215+6436.20
MACA= 30,572.415 sq.m
Proposed Project:
PSO = 11,170.55 Building Footprint sq.m
ISA = 9785.86 sq.m
USA = 10,423.71

LOT PLAN

SPACE PROGRAM










PROXIMITY MATRIX
SITE SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

BUILDING SCHEMATIC

Second Floor

Conceptual Design Approach
Design Philosophy
“As an Architect, you design for the present, with an
awareness of the past for a future that is essentially
unknown.”
Norman Foster
Design Concept
“LEARNING FROM TREE”
In the planning of the proposed sustainable state of the art public
market, the main objective is to provide a safe, healthy, and
environmental conscious built environment. The public market
is built around how trees grow and thrive. Because a tree
requires water to survive, the proposed public market would include a rainwater collection
system to assist natural and environmental phenomena. Furthermore, the building was built
to collect natural air through passive architecture, much like a tree, which needs to breathe.
Trees are always useful to humans, therefore if we take care of our trees, much like the
proposed public market, they will also provide us with what we desire.

Design Strategies
Passive Design is about taking advantage of natural energy flows
to maintain thermal comfort. It is about using the appropriate
building orientation, building materials and landscaping.
Harvesting Rainwater is one of the simplest of ways in which we
can live sustainably with nature. A rainwater harvesting system
works by collecting the rain from roof gutters, filtering it and
storing water in a tank.
Green Building Materials is acquiring sustainability by
prioritizing the purchasing of steel, lumber, concrete, and finishing
goods such as carpet and furnishing from companies that use
ecologically responsible manufacturing practices or recycled
materials.
Renewable Energy Technologies such as solar and wind energy,
are also excellent choices for some structures. These systems are
frequently used with passive design principles.

Design Objectives
To design a public market that uses a sustainable approach to provide a safe and
healthy built environment. This proposed state of the art public market will not only help
people of Bacolod but will also set an example towards a greener community and society.
Site Analysis
Orientation Map
Providing large louvered window in North and South portion of the building will enhance
the passive design of the proposed public market. In relation to the sun path diagram,
providing glass windows in front and rear façade of the building enhance the natural
lighting that is coming in inside the building structure.

Road network
As of now, the road network that is passing by the site is only 6.00 meters making
it to have a possible traffic congestion during the operation of the building. But also, on
the bridge in the Banga-Banga creek, there are already an existing 4 lane span which
measures to be exactly 12 meters in width. So, the possible set back based on the national
building code of the Philippines in relation to its road right of way may be affected during
road widening. So as to the proposed site development of the proposed public market, the
researcher also included an additional set back of 3 meters for future road expansion.

Existing Site Vegetations
Currently, the site is planted with sugar cane. There are no existing trees directly standing
on the site. In the north portion of the lot, there are existing trees which is good in relation
to natural filtration. Air coming from the north will be filtered by these existing trees. For
the proposed project, providing trees around the site will be beneficial considering trees
will act as a buffer to filter the incoming air, and also to block noise from the market
building itself that may affect the surrounding community.

Project Cost Estimate
A lump sum of Php. 30,000.00 per square will be used to determine the project cost.
Based on the given construction value of the lot area for the public market, the project
would cost
Building Structure Total Floor Area Cost / Sq.m Total Cost
in SQ. M
Main Building
Ground Floor 10,749.65 30,000 P 322,489,500
Second Floor 801.50 30,000 P 24,045,000
Terminal Bay
Ground 360.90 30,000 10,827,000
Site Amenities
Paved Areas 9,785.86 6,000 58,715,160
Subtotal P 416,076,660
Grace Period
The project's grace time is set by the income sources of the new public market with the
terminal in order to fully reimburse the investment. As a result, the formula for calculating
the project's grace time would be:

Grace period = Principal Investment on the sources of income of the new public
market with a terminal in order to pay the investment. Hence, the formula for computing
the grace period of the project would be:
In determining the annual gross income of the project, the rental fee rate from different
sources of income in the project.
Sources of Income
Designation No. of Stalls Rental Fee per Total Rent Total Rent cost
Day (Php) Cost per Day per month
(Php) (Php)
Meat Section 24 50 1200 36,000
Poultry 24 50 1200 36,000
Fish Section 24 30 720 21,600
Fruit Section 24 50 1200 36,000
Vegetable 24 50 1200 36,000
Section
Flower Section 24 50 1200 36,000
Dry Goods 36 100 3,600 108,000
Groceries 32 100 3,200 96,000
General 32 100 3,200 96,000
Merchandise
Rentable Store 24 100 3,200 96,000

Fronts
Jeepney toll 14 10 1400 42,000
Fee 10 Hours Shift
Tricycle toll fee 48 5 2400 72,000
10 hours Shift
Monthly Income P 711,000 per
month
Annual Gross Income P 8,532,000
per year

Appendix A
Letters
September 07, 2022

Date
LETTER OF APPLICATION
Ar. Julianne Mae Rosalind A. de la Paz

Chairman, Thesis Council
ARFIEN Department
La Consolacion College
Bacolod City
Thru: Ar. Rolem L. Basiya, PhD

Thesis Adviser
Dear Ar. De La Paz,
In partial fulfillment of the requirements leading to the degree of Bachelor of

Science Major in Architecture, may I submit my thesis project proposal entitled: “A
SUSTAINABLE STATE OF THE ART PUBLIC MARKET IN UPPER EAST
BACOLOD” for your approval.
I want to propose a public market that will not be categorized as an urban blight in
Bacolod city. In many cities and towns around the nation, especially in the non-
metropolitan areas, the Public Market serves as the public face of commerce. I want that
the public market here in Bacolod to be distinguished by proper waste management and
cleanliness standards, the presence of honest sellers, the presence of a remedy process for
consumer complaints, and having established operational processes.The proposed site will
be located in the city of Bacolod, Negros Occidental.
May this proposal merit your favorable consideration.
Respectfully yours,
Moore Roger R. Moñero
Recommended for approval: APPROVED:
Ar. Rolem L. Basiya, PhD Ar. Julianne Mae Rosalind De La Paz

Thesis Adviser Thesis Chairman

September 07, 2022

Date
LETTER OF APPROVAL / NOTICE TO PROCEED

Bachelor of Science Major in Architecture
SY. 2022 - 2023
Purok Kaburihan, Barangay Estefania
Bacolod City, Negros Occidental
Thru: Ar. Rolem L. Basiya, PhD
Dear Mr. Moñero,
Please be informed that after verification of your application for a Thesis project
proposal, the Council found that the proposed project is suitable and is APPROVED for a
study and pursuit.
In this regard, you may PROCEED with the study and the project undertaking, and
comply with the different rules, regulations and requirements as embodied in the Thesis
handbook for thesis project proposal.
We wish you the best of success in your endeavors.
Sincerely yours,
Ar. Julianne Mae Rosalind De La Paz

Thesis Chairman

Thesis Adviser

September 13, 2022

Date
CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY
This is to certify that the research paper submitted by me is an outcome of my independent

and original work. I have duly acknowledged all the sources from which the ideas and
extracts have been taken. The project is free from any plagiarism and has not been
submitted elsewhere for publication.
Name of Student: Moore Roger Moñero

Course: BS Architecture
Thesis Title: “A SUSTAINABLE STATE OF THE ART PUBLIC MARKET IN
UPPER EAST BACOLOD”
______________________________
Signature of Student
Noted by:

Thesis Adviser
Date: ________________

LETTER OF CONFORMITY
I, Moore Roger Moñero, a graduating student of Bachelor of Science Major in

Architecture, presently working on my thesis project entitled “A SUSTAINABLE
STATE OF THE ART PUBLIC MARKET IN UPPER EAST BACOLOD” certify that I
have read this Thesis Guidelines and that I am aware and fully understand the
regulations and provisions of this handbook.
I am hereby affixing my signature as a sign of my conformity and that I will

abide with its requirements, regulations and provisions.
______________________________
Student’s Signature
______________________________
Parent’s Name & Signature
Noted by:

Thesis Adviser
Date: ________________

September 08, 2022

Date
DESIGNATION OF CONSULTANTS
Ar. Richard Donguez

RL Donguez Architectural Design and Services
2F Bionat’s. Bldg. Galo St.
Bacolod City, Negros Occ., 6100
Dear Ar. Richard Donguez,
You have been chosen as the Thesis Project Consultant of Mr. Moore Roger
Moñero for his thesis project proposal entitled: “A SUSTAINABLE STATE OF THE
ART PUBLIC MARKET IN UPPER EAST BACOLOD”.
The student will confer with you from time to time regarding his project.
Please sign below if you accept the above-mentioned student for consultancy.
Sincerely yours,
Ar. Julianne Mae Rosalind De la Paz

Thesis Chairman
Conforme:
Ar. Richard Donguez

Thesis Project Consultant

Thesis Adviser

September 13, 2022

Date
DESIGNATION OF CONSULTANTS
Ma. Wilma Maravilla

SSLATE Department
La Consolacion College-Bacolod
SY. 2022-2023
Galo-Gatuslao St., Bacolod City
Dear Ms. Ma. Wilma Maravilla,
You have been chosen as the Thesis Writing Consultant of Mr. Moore Roger
Moñero for his thesis project proposal entitled: “A SUSTAINABLE STATE OF THE
ART PUBLIC MARKET IN UPPER EAST BACOLOD”.
The student will confer with you from time to time regarding his project.
Please sign below if you accept the above-mentioned student for consultancy.
Sincerely yours,
Ar. Julianne Mae Rosalind De la Paz

Thesis Chairman
Conforme:
Ms. Ma. Wilma Maravilla

Thesis Writing Consultant

Thesis Adviser

December 04, 2022

Date
REQUEST FOR INTERVIEW
Ar. Catherine Shayne Gonzales

Office Administration
Bacolod City
Negros Occidental
Dear Ar. Gonzales,
Greetings! I am Moore Roger Moñero, a 5 th year BS Architecture student of La

Consolacion College Bacolod. I am currently working on my thesis project proposal with
the title “A Sustainable State of the Art Public Market in Upper East Bacolod” as a
requirement for the Bachelor’s Degree in Architecture.
I am humbly asking your permission and precious time to conduct an interview for the
purpose of data and gathering of information in connection with this letter. Your
knowledge and expertise in the field of architecture will be of tremendous assistance in
making my suggested thesis proposal credible. Hoping that you find my letter considerable.
Thank you for your time and effort reading this letter.
Respectfully yours,
Noted by:

Thesis Adviser

December 04, 2022

Date
REQUEST FOR INTERVIEW
Engr. Brian Windam

Bacolod City
Negros Occidental
Dear Engr. Windam,

I am humbly asking your permission and precious time to conduct an interview for the
purpose of data and gathering of information in connection with this letter. Your
knowledge and expertise in the field of architecture will be of tremendous assistance in
making my suggested thesis proposal credible. Hoping that you find my letter considerable.
Thank you for your time and effort reading this letter.
Respectfully yours,
Noted by:

Thesis Adviser

THESIS CONSULTANCY TIME REPORT
Thesis Proponent:
Course:
Bachelor of Science Major in Architecture
Thesis Title:
“A SUSTAINABLE STATE OF THE ART PUBLIC MARKET IN UPPER EAST

BACOLOD”
Thesis Writing Consultant: Ms. Ma. Wilma Maravilla
Date Duration of Venue Signature

Consultation
Thesis Project Consultant: Ar. Richard Donguez
Date Duration of Venue Signature

Consultation
Noted:

Thesis Adviser

November 15, 2022

Date
REQUEST FOR INFORMATION
Engr Gil Cyrus L. Chua,

Record Officer
Registry of Deeds
Bacolod City
Dear Engr. Chua,

The site that I have chosen where my proposed thesis project will reside is next to
the road leading to Abada Escay Relocation Site and is situated on the Property Index No.
004 of Mrs. Josefina Escay and Mrs. Elvira Rodriguez based on the information from City
Assessor’s Office. I am humbly asking your good office for the Technical Descriptions
of the Updated Subdivide lots of Title No. T-99005, Survey Lot No. 111-B-4-A where
my proposed project will be resided. The information will be treated privately and solely
for the reason for which you provide it to me. I truly hope that you will take my request for
information into consideration.
Thank you very much for your time and effort.
Respectfully yours,

Appendix B
Structural Analysis











Appendix C
DESIGN OUTPUT


AppendixD
RECOMMENDATIONS
Name of proponent: MOORE ROGER R. MOÑERO
THESIS TITLE: “A SUSTAINABLE STATE OF THE ART PUBLIC MARKET IN
BACOLOD CITY”
Panel of Jury: Ar. Tiffany Penado Nifras
Ar. Andrew Gabriel T. Danoy
Ar. Renan Linas
1. Change Title as per project requirement
2. Consider to add Banks, catering, financing in your proposal
3. Change Flooring material in wet section area
4. Consider Sanitary Treatment Plant “STP”
5. Additional data to support the public market’s statistics like turn over tons per square
meter.
1. Change title as per project requirement.
In relation to the recommendation of the juries, the proposed title will be change
to “A Sustainable State of the Art Public Market in Upper East Bacolod” since the

proposed public market’s area can only serve the upper east region of Bacolod city which
includes the barangay of Alangilan, Granada and Vista Alegre.
2. Consider to add Banks, catering, financing in your proposal.
In relation to the recommendation of the jury, the proposed public market have
provided banks and catering services for customers which enables the sending and

receiving of money to anyone domestically or overseas. These spaces provide a
conventional method of money transmission for Filipinos without a bank account and have
numerous physical locations.
3. Change flooring material in wet section
To a safe built environment inside the public market and in relation to the

recommendation of the jury, the floor material for the wet area section of the market had
been design to have a ceramic nonskid tile. This material will lessen slips and falls, which
can help prevent accidents in the wet market area. It will also assist in increasing the
flooring's coefficient of friction. Anti-skid tiles are made to be less slick to walk on by
having a coating put to the surface. Due to this, consumers frequently choose them,
especially for locations that are more susceptible to wetness.
IV. Consider Sanitary Treatment Plant “STP”
The proposed public market will consider Sewage treatment plant in relation to
the recommendation of the jury. Sewage treatment plant or STP refers to a facility
designed to receive the wastewater from domestic sources and to remove materials that
damage water quality and threaten public health and safety when discharged into
receiving streams or bodies of water. Contaminants are eliminated through the process of
sewage treatment. From domestic and industrial wastes, as well as effluents. To remove

physical, chemical, and biological impurities, it uses a variety of physical, chemical, and
biological processes. Its goal is to generate solid trash that may be recycled or disposed of
in an environmentally responsible manner.
V. Additional data to support the public market’s statistics like turn over – tons per
square meter.
Estimating the overall supply, demand and consumption
The crucial stage in evaluating the sufficiency of the current facilities and estimating the
demand for additional facilities is estimating the supply, demand, and consumption of
produce. The actions listed below must be taken:
1. Define the population that the market system serves, taking into account both the local
(urban or rural) population as well as that of nearby locations that are included in the
market's catchment area.

The area to be served by the proposed public market is in the Barangays of
Alangilan which has a population of 8,079, Barangay of Granada which has a population
of 31,867 and Barangay of Vista Alegre, which has a population of 32,399 as per
National Statistics Authority of May 2020.
2. Define the catchment area's average annual population growth.
The population growth of Bacolod city is 1.92% as per National Statistics
Authority.
3. Use the "Food Balance" method to calculate the overall supply of produce, which is
often expressed in tons:
In relation to the table above, the combined urban market (Fruit, vegetables, fish,
meat) annual throughput is 10-15 tons per square meter.

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About the Author
Moore Roger R. Moñero is a 5th year student of Bachelor of Science in Architecture.
He started his 1st year in BS Architecture course on 2018 and presently completing his
bachelor studies in Architecture at La Consolacion College Bacolod. Before enrolling in
La Consolacion College Bacolod, he already completed his degree in Bachelor of Science
in Industrial Technology major in Architectural Drafting on the academic year 2012-2016
in Carlos Hilado Memorial State College. His interest in the field of architecture includes
drafting in autocad, making 3D models in sketch up and rendering those models in Lumion.
He hopes that one day, he could also design houses and buildings just like an architect.
Address: Purok Kaburihan Barangay Estefania Bacolod City
Emai Address: [email protected]
Mobile Number: 09951884822

Thesis Proposed Public Market

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A SUSTAINABLE STATE OF THE ART

PUBLIC MARKET IN UPPER EAST BACOLOD

MOORE ROGER R. MOÑERO

A Research Proposal Presented To

In partial fulfillment of the requirements in

La Consolacion College Bacolod

This Undergraduate Thesis entitled, “A SUSTAINABLE STATE OF THE ART

PUBLIC MARKET IN UPPER EAST BACOLOD”, prepared and submitted by Moore

Ar. Demie M. Verde, MS Arch

Zilla Javier, MAED Ar. Abemar Gegantoni

Accepted as partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Bachelor of Science in

Ar. Rolem L. Basiya, PhD

Ar. Demie M. Verde, MSArch Ar. Vincent Raymund Y. Alovera, Phd

Program Head Dean

La Consolacion College Bacolod

This Undergraduate Thesis entitled, “A SUSTAINABLE STATE OF THE

Ar. Andre Gabriel T. Danoy

Ar. Tiffany Penado Nifras Ar. Renan Linas

Accepted as partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Bachelor of Science in

Ar. Rolem L. Basiya, PhD.

Ar. Demie M. Verde, MsArch Ar. Vincent Raymund Y. Alovera, PhD

La Consolacion College Bacolod

La Consolacion College Bacolod

List of Figures and Tables

La Consolacion College Bacolod

devotion to achieve their dreams and objectives.

La Consolacion College Bacolod

is given for these individuals' amazing assistance in supporting me as I conducted this

by giving it their all. I want to express my gratitude, in particular, to the following:

To my Writing Consultant Ms Maria Wilma Maravilla, for sharing with me his

knowledge in research writing;

always encouraging me and making me into a better person.

express their views and opinions and to be part of this study;

La Consolacion College Bacolod

urban and rural linkage.

order to promote sustainable development, the researcher is personally driven to conduct

La Consolacion College Bacolod

which is essentially unknown” – Norman Foster

the immerging local independent businesses of the city (Serrano 2018).

facilities (Studdert 2006). The typical public market is usually characterized by

inadequate waste management and cleanliness standards, the existence of dishonest

La Consolacion College Bacolod

and ambitions to become a heavily urbanized city, the emergence of contemporary

to achieve this objective (Serrano 2018).

Traditional marketplaces have been superseded by the existence of contemporary

the degree of comfort in modern markets is higher than in traditional marketplaces.

environment, designing, building, and managing resilient built assets requires a

comprehensive integrated understanding of how to prevent and minimize the

far-reaching environmental changes happening in the Anthropocene period offer

requires transformative transformation in cities (Crane et al. 2021).

Sustainability is transitioning from an unsustainable state of activity to one that is

we refer to as consumption, sustainability is concerned with the welfare of future

La Consolacion College Bacolod

generations and, in particular, with irreplaceable natural resource well-being (Kuhlman

and Farrington 2010).

This research study aims to provide an Architectural design of a Sustainable State

is an advancement in engineering, building materials, social justice, health, and industrial

In order toward further sustainable development, the researcher is personally driven to

conduct this examination.