Chapter 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The chapter introduces what is used in this study in investigating the academic attitudes of the grade 11

learners

Research Design

The research design for the study entitled "Post-Pandemic Academic Attitudes of Grade 11 Learners

in Malasiqui National High School" will be a qualitative research design, A qualitative study is used in this

study. It is a subjective report which made utilization of a phenomenological way to deal with accumulating

important information. This approach concerns understanding and interpreting the meaning that

participants provide to their everyday lives (De Vos, 2018) The qualitative approach centers around

characteristics of human conduct (FerreiraMouton, Puth & Schurink, 2018). The point of such a method is

not to generalize but to comprehend and interpret the meanings and intentions that underlie everyday

human activities (Bailey, 2017; Bogdan and Taylor, 2015; De Vos, 2018; Ferreira et al., 2018)

The qualitative design manages information that is principally verbal and gets significance from the

participant’s point of view and also expects to comprehend the meaning that individuals append to their

daily experience (Favor and Higson-Child, 2015; De Vos, 2018). A qualitative approach is the most

appropriate approach for this study; the reason is because of its data collection procedure which focuses on

the participants' subjective experiences of the disclosure progress and the procedure and how it is

interpreted. Marshall & Rossman (2015) further elaborated that if a research study aims to uncover the

unexpected and explore new avenues, the most suited approach is the qualitative approach.

Research Environment

The research environment for this study will be selected senior high schools in the Malasiqui National High

School. The study will be conducted in a natural setting where senior high students. The selected

participants must have some awareness about post-pandemic academic attitudes and qualified to be the

participant.
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Research Participants

After a thorough selection of participants and the appropriate participants were acknowledged, the

researchers approached and invited them to participate in the data collection of the study. The participants

were provided an information sheet, for them to be aware that they have the right to refuse the researcher and

to make sure that the participation was voluntary. After the participants agreed to participate, they were

informed right away about the information provided by the researchers that it will be treated with

confidentiality; they were not required to disclose their identifying details. Finally, they were given consent

forms for their participation and for the audio tape recording that they signed to give their consent.

The chosen participants consisted of ten (10) Senior High School Students. All participants must have some

awareness of post-pandemic academic attitudes and be qualified to be the participant. The participants

provided information given with full disclosure which involves disclosing one's personal information or

presented information.

Sampling

The sampling technique that will be used in this study will be purposive sampling. Purposive

Sampling will be used because the researcher will select participants based on their experience. The sample

size will be determined based on data saturation, where data collection continues until no new information is

being gathered from the participants. The estimated sample size for this study is 10 senior high school

students coming from all strands such as; HUMSS, STEM, ABM, HE, ICT, and EIM.

Research Instrument

In this phenomenological study, the research questions made by the researchers were all accurate.

The inquiry will undergo first the evaluation and the validation process, attested by the validator Ms. Bealyn

Padilla. After the approval, the questions will be pilot tested. The instruments that are used for this

credibility purposes. The questions are composed and written in English, and they can utilize the language

they were comfortable with for them to be able to convey what they want to express without uncertainly.

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Data Collection Method

The face-to-face individual interview is used to gather data. According to Ferreira et al. (2018), the

most crucial data-gathering method is interviewing. The interview was semi-structured; hence, a series of

questions and issues to be discussed are prepared before the discussion. A semi-structured interview is used

in this qualitative study which it gives the researchers an opportunity to clarify pertinent issues and questions

that occurred during the interviewing process. This type of interview also allows the researcher to read the

non-verbal communication and reactions which is necessary for the data analysis. The interviewing process

was audio-taped and later transcribed. A non-judgmental attitude of the researcher toward the participants is

a crucial aspect in rapport building between the researcher and the participant as it encourages some

participants. The researcher is also cautious of the emotional aspect that could affect the efficacy and the

authenticity of the data (Ferreira, et al., 2018). according to Bogdan (2015), creating an atmosphere where

the participants can feel comfortable, which will make them talk freely and openly is the interviewer’s

responsibility. This process was attained by allowing the participants to take part in choosing an appropriate

and conducive venue for the interviews.

Interviews

Conducting interviews with senior high school students allows researchers to gather rich qualitative

data regarding the reasons, and factors. Semi-structured interviews will be employed in order to provide a

framework for the discussion while allowing flexibility for teachers to share their unique experiences.

During the interviews, researchers will ask open-ended questions that explore various aspects of

grade 11 learners, such as the positive and negative outcomes, the challenges faced by the working students,

students perceptions of working while studying.

The semi-structured questions will be as follows:

Problem 1.(Profile of the Participants)

1. Are you male or female

.
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2. How old are you?

3. Do you have a circle of friends?

4. Are you having a problem in your family?

5. Is your academic attitude good or bad during pandemic?

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

6. Which one do you prefer, online class or face to face class? Why?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________

7. How can you improve your academic attitude?

By delving into students’ challenges, the good, and bad academic attitudes of grade 11 learners,

interviews offer valuable insights on how they can improve their academic attitudes.

To ensure accurate data capture, interviews can be audio or video recorded. This approach allows for

detailed transcription and subsequent analysis, ensuring that important nuances and non-verbal cues are not

overlooked. Additionally, follow-up questions can be asked to seek clarification or elaborate on specific

points raised by the teachers, enabling deeper exploration of their experiences.

The interviews provide researchers with rich qualitative data, that we can give our readers insights

about the positive outcomes of working while studying.

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Data Analysis

The data analysis for the study will employ thematic analysis to identify and explore key themes and

patterns within the collected data. Thematic analysis involves a systematic process of coding, categorizing,

and interpreting data to extract meaningful themes. Here is an outline of the thematic analysis process for

this study:

Familiarization: Become thoroughly familiar with the data by reading and re-reading the interview

transcripts, observation notes, and any other relevant data sources. Gain a holistic understanding of the

content and immerse yourself in the participants' experiences and perspectives.

Initial Coding: Begin the coding process by identifying and labeling segments of the data that are

relevant to the research objectives. Assign descriptive codes to capture the essence of each segment. Use

both deductive codings based on predefined categories (e.g., academic attitudes) and inductive coding to

capture emergent themes.

Generating Initial Themes: Examine the coded data and identify patterns, commonalities, and

variations. Group similar codes together to form initial themes. Explore relationships and connections

between codes to generate a preliminary set of themes that reflect the post-pandemic academic attitudes of

Grade 11 students.

Reviewing and Refining Themes: Review the initial themes and examine their coherence,

relevance, and representatives across the data. Refine, revise, or combine themes as needed to ensure they

accurately capture the nuances and depth of the data. Seek input from colleagues or experts to enhance the

credibility and validity of the themes.

Defining and Naming Themes: Clearly define each theme, providing a concise description that

reflects the essence of the data within that theme. Use descriptive and meaningful names to facilitate

understanding and interpretation.

Data Charting: Create a data chart or matrix to organize the coded data and corresponding themes.

This chart helps visualize the relationships between codes and themes and aids in the interpretation and

analysis process.

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Interpretation and Analysis: Analyze each theme individually and in relation to other themes.

Explore the underlying meanings, interpretations, and implications of each theme within the context of the

research objectives. Look for patterns, contrasts, and connections to provide a rich and comprehensive

analysis of the post-pandemic academic attitudes of Grade 11 students.

Synthesizing the Findings: Synthesize the analysis findings into a coherent narrative that presents

the key themes and their significance. Connect the themes to the existing literature and theoretical

frameworks, providing a deeper understanding of how senior high school teachers handle delinquent

learners.

The thematic analysis allows for a systematic and rigorous exploration of the data, providing

valuable insights into the post-pandemic academic attitudes of Grade 11 students. It offers a flexible and

interpretive approach that captures the richness and complexity of the participants' awareness and

perspectives.

Ethical Considerations

After the participants were recognized, informed consent was sought from them. This stage was first

accomplished through reading with the participants both informed consents of participation and survey

questionnaire and asking them to sign to acknowledge and prove their consent. Steffen (2016), stated that

ethical considerations are significant in research particularly in a qualitative research context, as researchers

are in an authoritative position when interpreting participant’s words. Before gathering the data, the major

ethical issues concerning anonymity and confidentiality, consent, privacy, and safety of the participants will

deal with it. Participants were informed about the confidentiality clause. In this issue, it implies the

protection of personal information. Indeed, it means keeping a participant’s factual data between the

researcher and the participant, and not telling others. The researchers must do not harm their participants

because respect shall be highly acknowledged. Besides, the researchers will establish trust with the research

participants and will attain this through anonymity and confidentiality with the limits of law such as; the

researchers will interview students about how they can improve their post-pandemic academic attitudes thus,

being nameless and having secrecy may keep the respondent safe and comfortable. The final report and
transcripts will not reflect the subject's personal information such as their names although some participants

have satisfaction with their details being transcribed. After the transcription, keeping the tapes in a safe and

confidential place, destroying it after the study is finished and when there is already a written report will be

best for the participants privacy.

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