CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Life is full of catastrophes, they can either be destructive or constructive. When an

individual knows what a certain problem entails, it is within man’s nature to act for survival.

Awareness pertains within the ability of a person’s consciousness, perception, and capability

of response to a certain event or situation. To this extent, a person is able to respond to

various scenarios through anticipation and/or observation, thereby implying that via intuition

or through sensory awareness, a person is adept in reacting and adapting to distinct scenarios.

Consequently, the propensity of awareness and adaptation can be influenced by the

enhancement of one’s knowledge, through past first-hand experiences, enculturated

awareness practices, and/or in participation of specific programs or training regarding to

unprecedented matters such as incidents (Nifa et al., 2018).

The occurrences of disasters, whether it may be natural or anthropogenic disasters, are

rather periodically predicted and sometimes unforeseen such that it often causes severe

hazards most often leading to disastrous events that may cause physical destruction to

surrounding environments leaving casualties, destruction of structural properties, leading to

losses of life, endangering the health and well-being of residents, and takes a huge toll on

aspects of social, economic, and cultural lives of victims (Castro, 2013).

Severe disasters are not uncommon among many countries. The impacts caused by these

events lead to the influence of tarnishing the overall state of an area or country. The country,

Nepal, has always been a subject to natural disasters. Most of Nepal’s Gross Domestic

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Product (GDP) are lost due to natural disasters prevalent among floods and landslides
(Tuladhar et al., 2015). In addition to that, most of the country’s inability to recover from

disasters are due to lack of disaster awareness, inadequacy of public awareness, limited

financial resources, and other supporting factors.

The Philippines is not an exception to the detrimental effects of disaster risks.

Especially as this country, located at the Pacific Ring of Fire, is a particular locus for

earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, typhoons, landslides, and occasional floods. At the very

least, population growth has not seemed to decline and apparently persists on hazard prone

areas exposing them towards disaster and hazard risks (Lagmay et al., 2017).

In the local scene, Cotabato City has always experienced disasters every year. In 2019,

the city and its vicinity were struck with a series of earthquakes and due to the quick

succession of these events, damages to structures were severe and widespread. The locality

also suffers from constant flooding from 2007 to the present, especially residents living near

estuaries and rivers of Rio Grande, Esteros, and Tamontaka (Corcoro et al., 2012). Moreover,

nearby victims of these disaster-prone areas are pressured to relocate, their houses are

vulnerable to natural hazards, and the residents’ overall health are compromised. According

to the Philippine News Agency (2020), the Typhoon Quinta brought a heavy downpour that

caused flooding, making certain high-risk barangays submerged to waist-deep waters. The

severely affected barangays include Rosary Heights 7, Poblacion 7, Poblacion 8, and other

Tamontaka areas. Moderate floodings were also reported in Poblacion 1, Poblacion 2,

Poblacion 3, Poblacion Mother, Rosary Heights 3, Rosary Heights 6, and Rosary Heights 8.

There is a plethora of studies that have engaged in assessing the implementation of

awareness in regards to disaster management and disaster reduction. Current practices involve

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in fortifying disaster-response as well as rescue capabilities in North Cotabato leaning to a

more response to solutions (Doguiles, 2012). Although several studies employ a response to
combat disaster-related issues, there seems to have an indeterminate number of empirical

studies and results that focus on the level of awareness of people, especially the students, with

regards to Disaster Risk Mitigation (Nifa et al., 2018). As Nifa et al. (2018) recommends, it is

vital that people’s awareness be checked and their ability to be prepared be resolved in

relation to disaster contingencies in order for other studies and programs by disaster

management offices like the Cotabato City Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office

be provided by sufficient knowledge they require. Hence, in response to the aforementioned

recommendation, the study investigates the level of awareness of Notre Dame University –

Senior High School (NDU – SHS) students residing in Cotabato City in terms of the Disaster

Risk Mitigation action in the locality.

The primary objective of the study is to measure the level of awareness of NDU - SHS

students on Disaster Risk Mitigation in Cotabato City. As the people are the heart of the city,

their lives should be top priority. To lessen future casualties and to mitigate risks of disasters,

recognizing the level of awareness of its citizens will help the Local Government Unit (LGU)

of Cotabato City combat risks of disasters, abrogate glorification of resiliency and demand

accountability from those in authority.

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Review of Related Literature

This chapter will be citing books, articles, and other literature, which are relevant to the
present investigation. It is composed of related literature and studies, both national and

international, which contains facts and information on the research problem at hand. It will

also provide explanations and logical connections between previous researches and the

present work.

The Philippines is one of the most disaster-prone countries in the world. The United

Nation’s 2017 World Risk Index ranks the Philippines as the third most at risk of natural

disasters among the 171 countries ranked. Situated along the Pacific Ring of Fire, this rank is

not surprising because the geographical location of the country makes it a hot spot for

numerous disasters each year. Not only is the Philippines at risk for disastrous weather

events, but it is also in a hot zone for earthquakes, floods, and other natural disasters.

Natural disasters like earthquakes, typhoons, and floods are now frequently occurring

in the country (A. Villanueva & P. Villanueva, 2017). The Philippine government had

increased its efforts to implement the disaster risk reduction management (DRRM) program

as its answer to the frequent occurrence. Natural disasters, including earthquakes, tsunamis,

floods, hurricanes and volcanic eruptions have caused tremendous harm and continue to

threaten millions of humans and various infrastructure capabilities each year. In their efforts

to take counter measures against the threats posed by future natural disasters, the United

Nations formulated the “Hyogo Framework for Action”, which aim to assessing and reducing

risk. This framework and a global review of disaster reduction initiatives of the United

Nations acknowledge the need for information systems research contribution in addressing

major challenges of natural disaster management (Schryen & Wex, 2014).

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Cotabato City is situated in the middle of two large rivers, which floods were the most

relevant disaster that hit the said city. According to Punzalan (2020), a typhoon Quinta

severely upset the specific barangays of the city namely Rosary Heights 7, Poblacion 7,
Poblacion 8, and other Tamontaka areas. Moderate floodings were also reported in Poblacion

1, Poblacion 2, Poblacion 3, Poblacion Mother, Rosary Heights 3, Rosary Heights 6, and

Rosary Heights 8. Over 40,499 households were affected as reported by a local radio station.

The mentioned barangays were vulnerable to floods and typhoons.

Natural Disasters

Natural disasters are phenomena that result from the natural processes and changes on the

environment and Earth itself. These natural disasters cause various adverse effects to

humankind in all ways possible. Due to the fact that these are inherent in nature, avoidance of

disasters is impossible, yet mitigation of their effects to the community is likely to prevent

further damage to humanity. A study of Seneviratne, Baldry, and Pathirage (2010) found out

that the number of natural disasters in the world has increased steadily over the past century

and risen very sharply during the past decade. These reported natural disasters bring about

the loss of lives, property, unemployment, and damage to infrastructure and quality of life.

Furthermore, disaster management aims to reduce potential natural hazards and to ensure

faster recovery after the occurrence of disasters. Though having knowledge on disaster

risk mitigation is helpful in reducing the impact of these disasters, the study shown that

there is a perceived gap in information coordination and sharing of these contexts in

disaster management in terms of different types of natural disasters. Hence, natural hazards

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such as floods, tsunamis, typhoons, droughts, landslides, volcanic eruptions, and earthquakes

exist everywhere in the world.

Earthquakes
Earthquakes are natural disasters characterized by the sudden shaking of the ground

caused by tectonic plates which results in vibration. They pose great threat to human lives,

property, and economic development just like any other natural disasters. To mitigate the

drastic effects of earthquakes, Olson and Wu (2010) studied emergency management and

described it as the process of coordinating an emergency or the aftermath of an earthquake

through communication and organization for deployment and the use of emergency

resources.

In the study of Ardalan and Sanaz (2016), Iran is placed among countries that are

suffering from the highest number of earthquake casualties. Household prepareness, as one

competent of risk reduction efforts, is often supported in quake-prone areas. In Iran, lack of

valid and reliable household preparedness tool was reported by previous disaster studies.

Their study aimed to fill this gap by developing a valid and reliable tool for assessing

household preparedness in the event of an earthquake.

According to Doocy et al. (2013), population growth and increasing urbanization in

earthquake-prone areas suggest that earthquake impact on human populations will increase in

the coming decades. Recent large earthquakes affecting large population in Japan, Haiti,

Chili and New Zealand are evidence of this trend and also illustrate significant variations in

outcomes such damage and mortality levels. The objectives of their study were to describe

the impact of earthquakes on human populations in terms of mortality, injury and

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displacement and, to the extent possible, identify risk factors associted with these outcomes.

This is one of the five reviews on the human impact of natural disasters. In association with

mitigating the effects of earthquake disasters, the Disaster Risk Reduction and Mitigation

(DRRM) provides a set of policies and effective mechanisms enabling individuals and

institutions to combat the issue assuring them the benefit of being capacitated and allow fit
for preparedness. With that in mind, the DRRM showcases the implementation of The

Conduct of National School-based Earthquake and Drills (DO 48, s.2012) with a goal in

mind to ensure that schools as well as offices to experience quarterly assessments of

earthquake drills and dissemination of earthquake preparedness. By such, this increases an

individual’s capacitance to adapt and cope when disasters do occur in happenstance.

In the month of October of 2019, Cotabato has experienced three consecutive tremors of

earthquakes ranging from a magnitude of 6.3 to 6.6 (Macaraeg, 2019). According to the

event, the reason for such occurrence was due to a factor played by the presence of active

faults near Cotabato City. As stated by Macaraeg (2019), Cotabato city is regarded as one of

many regions in Central Mindanao to be classified as seismically active with M’lang fault,

Makilala-Malungon fault, and many other faults and trenches being held into notice. As

pieces of evidence show, the correlation of active geological faults, as well as earthquake

activity, can be seen as a perceptible link.

Typhoons

A typhoon is an intense area of low atmospheric pressure which is made over the ocean. In

the last century, the northwest Pacific where Philippines is located, was expected to spawn

an average of 25 named typhoons during a year, but this average has increased in
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recent decades. According to Wang et al. (2020), intense rainfall induced by climate warming

is causing more common extreme meteorological events such as urban waterlogging in recent

years. The urban waterlogging often has a wide-ranged severe impact on urban traffic. its

operation safety but also challenges the service life of urban asphalt pavement.

The characteristics of meteorological phenomena such as climate warming, intense

typhoon and rainfall, and urban waterlogging are firstly discussed. Then, Shenzhen, the city

in South China, is chosen to analyze its historical meteorological variation in recent years,
which was recently affected by a typhoon name Ewiniar in 2018 and caused severe

waterlogging throughout entire city. Further, the operation safety of urban traffic is

investigated with an increasing depth of surface runoff in intense rainfall weather, followed

by the service life of asphalt pavement related to the moisture damage induced by dynamic

pore water pressure. Finally, a series of measures to alleviate the effects of intense rainfall

induced by climate warming on urban waterlogging and long service life of asphalt pavement

are recommended.

On November of 2013, Super Typhoon Haiyan, which is also known as Super

Typhoon Yolanda in the Philippines, made the record books as the strongest storm ever to

make landfall anywhere around the world and was even dubbed as the one of the most

powerful typhoons of all time. It laid waste to the Visayas group of islands, the country’s

central region and home to 17 million people. With wind speeds sustained at more than 150

mph, Haiyan was classified as a super typhoon. Local officials estimated that Tacloban City

on the island of Leyte was 90% destroyed, according to the World Vision Organization.

However, its massive storm surge was even more destructive.

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According to Rajan (2018), coastal hazards like storm surge expose a coastal area to risk of

property damage, loss of life and environmental degradation. The unexpected rise of the sea

level most commonly associated with a typhoon that can cause significant flooding and cost

people their lives. Rajan (2018) stated that storm surge can cause damage to building

foundation, framing, finishing collapsing the entire stability of structure. The non-structural

damage affects the usability of the building are also common during storm surge that were

brought about by typhoons.

Floods

Floods are natural part of the hydrological cycle of the world. Though it is part of

nature, its harmful effects to man are considered threats to life, property, and economy. In

addition, athropogenic impacts can also contribute to occurrence of this disaster, so it is

imperative that people must be aware of flood risk management because they can be both the

cause and result (Vojtek & Vojtekova, 2016).

Floods are among the most prevalent natural disasters in the world, and they are the major

contributor of natural disaster losses. Given deforestation and the rising closeness of large

populations to coastal areas, river basins, and lakeshores, the risk of severe flooding is high

(Doocy et al., 2013). As specified by Geminiano (2013), Typhoon “Ondoy” hit the

Philippines with heavy downpours, causing flash floods that killed nearly 140 people,

devastated half a million people, and damaged property valued over 13 billion pesos.

According to Poussin et al. (2014), it states that the recent destructive flood events

and projected increases in flood risks as a result of climate change in many regions around

the world demonstrate the importance of improving flood risk management. Flood-proofing

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of building is often advocate as an effective strategy for limiting damage caused by floods.

However, few empirical studies have estimated the damage that can be avoided by

implementing such flood damage mitigation measures. This study estimates potential damage

savings and the cost effectiveness of specific flood damage mitigation measures that were

implemented by households during major flood events in France.

According to Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (2013), Cotabato City

lies between the Rio Grande de Mindanao and the Tamontaka River, formed as a catch basin

for flood water from Maguindanao’s Liguasan marsh land, as well as flood flows from North
Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat, and South Cotabato. Flood water flows quickly into residential and

agricultural areas since the two massive rivers have been heavily deposited over the years,

causing destruction of property and million costs in agricultural crops.

Disaster Risk Mitigation in the Global Scene

According to the study conducted by Menoni and Margottini (2011), disaster risk reduction

is a world challenge. The UN International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction and the

Hyogo Framework for Action are contributing to this consciousness raising and stimulation

of action at various levels. In Europe, the 2009 communications, “A community approach

on the prevention of natural and man-made disasters” and “EU strategy for supporting

disaster risk reduction in developing countries” are strong contributions to this global effort.

Knowledge is a key partner for addressing risks and an integrated approach towards the

disaster issue is a prerequisite. Their study aims to strengthen the European research

community to promote scientific excellence and innovation and advance knowledge and

understanding, and support the implementation of related European policies.

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In the study of Muricho, Otieno, Kosura and Jirstrom (2019), it revealed that most

pastoralists in Sub-Sahara Africa are adversely affected by climate change related shock such

as droughts and livestock diseases. These shocks lead to deterioration of livestock quality and

even mass death of herds. This leaves pastoralist vulnerable as they derive most of their food

and income needs from livestock, necessitating emergency disaster response and the need to

build their long-term adaptive capacity. In most cases however, investments only focus on

reducing risk and not on building long-term adaptation strategies.

The study of Miao, Ferreira and Vicente (2018), stated that their paper aims at

providing a comprehensive review of disaster risk mitigation of urban culture heritage assets
located in historical centers, by providing a holistic framework on the features of such a

complex system. From all the hazards and threats that can possibly harm cultural heritage

assets, particular focus will be given to earthquake risk. The review of the state of science in

which the earthquake risk mitigation concern is considered fundamental to understand the

current streams of thought and to identify new research gaps and opportunities to enhance the

knowledge level on this particular field of research.

Demographics as Key Indicators of Awareness

In the study of Gayak (2017), it indicated that climate change is a global issue which brings

multiple exigencies. Everyone is a vulnerable prey but more adversities challenge those

living in flood-prone communities. The Philippines is a highly vulnerable to climate change

impacts (Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration

[PAG-ASA], 2011). In response with this, Gayak (2017) investigated the knowledge and

capacity building and women on climate change with very high-capacity

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building of women on climate change in flood-prone barangays and villages in Cotabato

City.

Considering that people do not have the same level of awareness may that be that they have

an exceptional training, experience, or have accumulated the knowledge as opposed to

others. Whatever the case certain depth of a demographics as well as coming from a

marginalized background do not receive an equal information dissemination, resources, or

treatment when it comes to Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR). Due to this varying and

uncertain demographic it is rather challenging to identify which should be prioritized.

In terms of age, Clark et al. (2015) suggests that the ability to acquire knowledge

incidentally about configural response relationships has no impact on cognitive aging. This
indicates that maturity and awareness do not correspond with how young or old an individual

is. Rather, knowledge is acquired through environment and upbringing of the person.

With regards to the grade level in basic education, Passion (2020) revealed in his

study that majority of the respondents who are grade 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 are much aware

about the risk reduction in terms of earthquake, typhoons, floods and landslides. As

compared to those who lack formal education who were found out to be less likely aware of

the dangers pose by disasters to lives of people and destruction of property.

Education as Tool for Disaster Risk Mitigation

Disaster Risk Reduction and Mitigation (DRRM) education is crucial for communities

prone to disasters. To mitigate the risks brought by disasters, sufficient information must

be given to all individuals as these disasters are part and parcel of life. As Preuss (2017)

asserted, education can integrate a catalytic effect to strengthen communities

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and reduce vulnerability. Awareness is an integral component of DRRM education, but

disaster risk reduction is most effective when it empowers individuals and communities to

become important actors in disaster reduction strategies. Indeed, education is key to achieve

empowerment.

In a study conducted by Apronti et al. (2015), they explored the presence and nature

of DRR within the syllabi of the basic education school system. Findings showed that a lack

of teacher training and professional development, and inadequate teaching and learning

materials generally account for students’ awareness on disaster risk mitigation. Hence, a new

and consolidated effort is required from all stakeholders to train teachers and to provide the

appropriate learning materials to improve on the current DRRM education.

When discussing DRRM education, the usual focus is more on the school, family or
community education and very little focus has been given so far to formal education. As

stated by Shaw, Mallick, and Takeuchi (2011), given the role education has for overall

societal and economic development, it is a dire need to ensure the responsiveness of formal

education to the changing needs and expectations of society. Furthermore, it is important to

ensure participation of external actors in the governance of education and to allow the

flexibility to accommodate the continually change needs and requirements over time.

A study conducted by Barreda (2018) evaluates the level of awareness on climate change

and its effects of students of Partido State University, Camarines Sur, Philippines. Results

show that its respondents possess a distinct progression in relations to perceived factors that

influence one’s awareness. Such factors include an individuals’ education, perceived public

sources, personal experiences, and an interference of government programs. Now, what this

means is that the youth or any person in particular regardless of age acquires

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their own sense of awareness through any of these factors. The study reveals the relevance of

the role and purpose of education as well as the responsibilities of youth in terms of raising

disaster-related awareness. Along the way the study stresses that educational institutions

should implore and implement an enhanced teaching to youth and community members

regarding climate change awareness complementing disaster risk mitigation.

Mamon et al. (2017) asserted that senior high school students have a wider depth of

understanding on disaster-related knowledge accompanied with related concepts on disaster

awareness, adaptation, preparation, and mitigation. This may be due to the effects of the

implementation of DRRM education to higher levels of education in their curriculum.

Awareness and understanding of disaster risk mitigation may be sourced from supporting

subjects dealing with a similar thread aside from DRRR such as Earth science and General

Science. Mentioned subjects are integrated among different Philippine education strands,
although some are regarded as specialized subjects to specific strands.

One thing to consider, an individual’s perceived public sources perform a heft

contribution in terms of disaster awareness. In line with external sources from community-

based information dissemination, people are able to grasp an understanding of hazard

management and disaster preparedness. The risk communication process of public sources

should follow key principles for effective awareness and public education, such principles

must meet within consistency and standard messaging, legitimacy and credibility,

scalability, and sustainability (Public Awareness and Public Education for Disaster Risk

Reduction [PAPE], 2020). The aforementioned principles not only guide risk communicators

for accurate and legitimate distribution of messages but also contribute in listener awareness

and aid in dispelling confusion and misguided information.

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Role of Authorities on Community-Based Disaster Risk Mitigation Along with

marginalized communities of third world countries such as Nepal, a study by Tuladhar et al.

(2015) claims that due to poor coordination of local governments and agencies to disseminate

DRR information, lack of financial resources to implement this initiative, lack of disaster

preparedness and public awareness, and many other supporting reasons, it has made clear

that without DRR knowledge, awareness, and initiatives communities are more liable to be

suppressed by natural disasters. Hence, if countries such as these experience drastic

conditions of disasters, then more could there be if there are communities that belong of a

marginalized group that is not capable of fending their community let alone be resilient

enough to withstand harsh calamities if appropriate protocols and awareness are not

exhibited.

On a similar context related to barangays in the Philippines, A. Villanueva & P.

Villanueva (2017) conducted a study on Nueva Ecija. The study focused mainly on flood and
typhoon-prone barangays in the community. Results have shown that awareness and disaster

preparedness differ significantly on how the Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction and

Management Committees (BDRRMCs) give priority to implementation of initiatives and

projects involving prevention, risk mitigation, and disaster preparedness. All of which are in

line with achieving the goals and objectives of Republic Act 10121, also known as the

Philippines Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM) Act.

Awareness with Action on Disaster Risk Mitigation

Awareness pertains within the ability of a person’s consciousness, perception, and capability

of response to a certain event or situation. The idea of vulnerability towards disaster

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is made to measure the level of awareness of people. Acknowledgement of the hazards or

potential risks that may pose an anticipated threat is a one-step act of awareness. However,

awareness alone does not guarantee the individual’s capacity to survive. Certain aspects such

as disaster preparedness should be considered as well.

However, the value of the certain person’s extent of awareness should substantially

be kept in check and observed in hopes for stakeholders and local organizations to implement

necessary programs or trainings for people in hopes to disseminate appropriate information in

times of calamity, what should be opt to do in these crises, and spreading knowledge about

the correct behavior of before, during, and after a disaster.

The expectancy of an upcoming disaster comes with a lot of hasty and oftentimes

incompetent disaster preparations complementing with severe anxiety and dread if one’s

awareness itself does not meet with the information that is passed on by the public or by self.

Through proper information dissemination communities are capable to adapt with certain

disaster situations and are able to avoid as much as fatalities as possible. And with that, the
benefit of awareness can save a lot of fates.

Public awareness can be a useful asset when it comes to raising awareness of disaster

risk mitigation. Through this method of risk communication, members of communities are

educated and instructed by the presence of current hazards and disasters as well as being

guided by appropriate protocols of disaster preparedness. These information progresses

among communities according to the sources of information relayed by specific government

agencies and organizations.

The role of prior disaster experience can be an exemplary key for disaster awareness

and preparedness. Becker et al. (2017) states that direct experiences procured from disasters

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are a substantial motivator and contributor that affects one’s belief about acting upon in

preparation for natural disasters. According to Becker et al. (2017), past researches indicate

that prior disaster experiences often influence one’s perception of a reoccurring disasters or

hazards and through their belief, it is within the individual’s behavior of how they should

respond to this situation. For instance, even the smallest or highest scale earthquakes can

trigger one’s awareness and preparedness, then by that behavior it can be exhibited from any

disaster experience. Ergo, due to prior experiences, an individual already has an awareness of

what is happening and that influence motivates the individual behavioral response pertaining

to what should be opt to do in ensuring his/her safety. A reliance to experience comes a long

way of maintaining self-preservation. That is why it one’s prior experiences should be taken

into account in determining his/her level of awareness.

The goal of reaching a disaster-resilient society relies within the progressive

cooperation of society’s members supplementary to competent governance. Comparatively,

Barua et al. (2020) stresses in depth that community initiatives should enforce well-designed

capacity-building programs and disaster awareness raising strategies in order to ensure local
participation of community members. Due to a positive interference of government agencies,

citizens are able to gain awareness from credible programs that influences disaster

awareness. Hence, due to established disaster-related programs, all that is left is for

encouraged and willing citizens to cooperate with community-based disaster management.

Only then where disaster-related vulnerabilities and risks are mitigated through communal

cooperation.

Natural disasters are inherent part and parcel of life. Though they cannot be prevented

to occur in nature, the risks and damage after their occurrence can be mitigated for the

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benefit of both people and property. Hence, the primary objective of the study is to measure

on what extent are NDU - SHS students aware on Disaster Risk Mitigation in Cotabato City.

To reduce future casualties and to mitigate risks of disasters, recognizing the level of

awareness of its citizens will help the Local Government Unit (LGU) of Cotabato City and

the community itself combat ignorance, abrogate forced resiliency and perform responsibility

to both fellowmen and nature.

Theoretical Framework

For the sake of clarity, the researchers have formulated a theoretical framework in the

interest of establishing a thorough context for this study as well as addressing the possible

factors that may influence its relationship/s with the current problem. The theoretical

framework renders a conceptual model or supporting key theories that are of response to the

addressed issue. Accordingly, this section shall serve as a means of guidance and a general

frame of reference for the present study.

The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)

This research study presents a theory of planned behavior. When it comes to disasters,

perceived behaviors of people may rapidly change due to a response to fight or flight

situations. In a sense, disasters more often influence how people behave at a current time. It

appears that TPB aids in preconceiving antecedent behaviors and with this advantageous

aspect, people are able to determine a person’s intended behavior. Basically, having a general

grasp on how people will behave during a disaster improves the knowledge towards how

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people in general should opt to behave in disaster situations. With this knowledge along with

the right agencies to render disaster awareness, people are advised accordingly on the

appropriate behavior and action implementation during disasters, hence the promulgation of

disaster drills. Do keep in mind that through behavioral preparedness and a well sense of

awareness, these can significantly ameliorate the effects of disasters, thereby mitigating its

risks and also effectively helps a person’s ability to cope.

On a side note, one of the constructs of TPB that controls a person’s behavior

involves a person’s attitude. The idea of attitude elucidates on how an individual has a

perceived evaluation of the behavior of interest wherein it entails a consideration of the

consequences of performing such behavior. And within the process of subjective evaluation

and a consideration to perform an intended action, a collective of knowledge and risk

awareness must take precedence as a basis for one’s evaluation to execute an action or

behavior. After all, one cannot act carefully without careful thinking. That is why the right

attitude and awareness to such things like disaster related concepts must be intact in the

matter of behavior and action through disaster situations.

Being able to anticipate outcomes requires awareness and with that reason, it is
imperative that a construct of awareness should be procured through initiatives that intend to

raise awareness and disaster-related education. By a matter of these initiatives, it is presumed

that a society may be able to become resilient in the occurrences of disasters.

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NOTRE DAME UNIVERSITY – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 19
Conceptual Framework

The focus of this study utilizes a Conceptual Framework shown below, which provides a

set of variables that are deemed essential for the study. A schematic diagram illustrates both

independent and dependent variables of the study. It depicts that the level of awareness of

Notre Dame University - Senior High School students on disaster risk mitigation, the

dependent variable, depends on the demographic profile of respondents, the independent

variable, based on an individual’s age, grade level, strand, and barangay residency pertaining

to their own understanding and awareness of their locality’s disaster risk mitigation.

The study’s objective is to assess the level of awareness of Notre Dame University -

Senior High School students on Disaster Risk Mitigation in the locality of Cotabato City.

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Demographic Profile of B. ) Grade Level

Respondents: C. ) Strand

A. ) Age D. ) Barangay
Figure 1. The Schematic Diagram of Conceptual Senior High School Students on Disaster Risk
Framework
Level of Awareness of Notre Dame University - Mitigation

Level of Awareness of Notre Dame University – Senior High School Students on Disaster Risk Mitigation in Cotabato City
NOTRE DAME UNIVERSITY – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 20
Statement of the Problem

The objective of this study is to evaluate the level of awareness of Notre Dame

University - Senior High School Students on Disaster Risk Mitigation in the locality of

Cotabato City.

Specifically, the study seeks to answer the following questions:

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

a) Age

b) Grade Level

c) Strand

d) Barangay

2. What is the level of awareness of Notre Dame University - Senior High School Students

regarding disaster risk mitigation in terms of the following natural disasters: a)

Earthquakes

b) Typhoons

c) Floods

3. Is there a significant difference between the grade level, strand, and barangay of the
respondents and their level of awareness of Notre Dame University - Senior High School

students on disaster risk mitigation in Cotabato City?

Hypotheses

Ho: There is no significant difference between the age of the respondents and their level of

awareness on disaster risk mitigation.

Level of Awareness of Notre Dame University – Senior High School Students on Disaster Risk Mitigation in Cotabato City
NOTRE DAME UNIVERSITY – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 21
Ho: There is no significant difference between the grade level of the respondents and their

level of awareness on disaster risk mitigation.

Ho: There is no significant difference between the strand of the respondents and their level of

awareness on disaster risk mitigation.

Ho: There is no significant difference between the barangay of the respondents and their level

of awareness on disaster risk mitigation.

Significance of the Study

The findings of the study will redound to the benefit outcomes of a multitude of

people and organizations, particularly on their level of awareness towards disaster risk

mitigation plans in Cotabato City. Disaster risk mitigation and management helps reduce

casualties brought about by incoming and inevitable disasters that yield serious impact to the

community. The study aims to raise awareness on how deadly and harmful disasters can be

when there are no accurate and comprehensive plans to help the people be aware on what to

do in challenging times of crises like disasters and calamities.

The results of this study may provide the Local Government Unit of Cotabato City,

specifically the city officials, insights on how will they come up with effective and
sustainable plans to reduce the harmful impact of disasters to their constituents. This study

aims to contribute to the overall knowledge of city officials regarding the awareness of NDU

– SHS students, who are also Cotabateños, in disasters and how to mitigate destruction

especially within areas which are prone to disaster risks. As disasters are inevitable and part

of life, it is important for those who have authority to determine what the residents know

Level of Awareness of Notre Dame University – Senior High School Students on Disaster Risk Mitigation in Cotabato City
NOTRE DAME UNIVERSITY – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 22
about their safety in times of calamity in order for them to take appropriate action that will be

paramount to the welfare of the people.

The results of this study may be of help to the City Disaster Risk Reduction and

Management Office (CDRRMO) in providing analytical feedback to review and reformulate,

whenever appropriate, policies or decisions related to disaster management, projects, and

activities to make the city responsive to disasters. By knowing how aware Cotabateños are on

the ways they can decrease physical and social impact of disasters, the CDRRMO will garner

more inclusive perspective on various affected areas in the city and will prioritize the

people’s health, safety, and security. As a result of having enough knowledge, city officials

will provide information needed to reduce risk and make the city much safer.

This study can be of help to the Notre Dame University Faculty, Staff, and Administrators to

integrate real-life application of disaster risk mitigation as part of students’ education. As the

university is situated within a low-lying area and is constituted with tall buildings, this study

can be of help to share ideas on how the administrators can implement ways in mitigating

the risks of natural disasters. Through sufficient learning input, the institution can produce

more students who are aware of disasters and life-ready as graduate outcomes. Incorporating

disaster risk mitigation on education can also encourage more enrollees as holistic growth

and development is highly prioritized by the university.

This research would contribute to the students of NDU – SHS who are also residents of

Cotabato City, the Cotabateños, in order for them to be educated and be conscious of the

hazards posed by disasters as these cannot be avoided, but casualties may be reduced when

awareness is sufficient. The students are the next generation to be the head of the household,

so knowing how aware they are presently, can eventually impact the future of the community.

Level of Awareness of Notre Dame University – Senior High School Students on Disaster Risk Mitigation in Cotabato City
NOTRE DAME UNIVERSITY – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 23
Through proper information given to the residents, harmful potentials of disasters in their

communities can be mitigated so they can cope with occurrences of disasters. When

individuals are aware and mindful of the drastic effects of these disasters in their lives, they

will not stay silent and wait for the risks, instead, through effective plans from the authorities

combined with citizens’ civic engagement, a safer Cotabato City is feasible.

This study can also be used as a reference for the future study of researchers

interested in the same research topic. It can serve as framework for future researchers that

will conduct a similar study that will also give awareness to cities and residents that also deal

with disaster risk mitigation in their community.

Scope and Delimitation

The optimum goal of this study is to assess the level of awareness of Cotabateños,

specifically those who are studying in Notre Dame University – Senior High School (NDU –

SHS), regarding disaster risk mitigation in terms of the selected natural disasters including

earthquakes, floods, and typhoons which are the most frequent disasters experienced in the

city. Since disaster risk mitigation is crucial in reducing the impact of disasters to the lives of

the people, the respondents of the study are the NDU – SHS students who are residents of

Cotabato City. As the situation at hand does not permit face-to-face interaction between the
researchers and respondents, close-ended survey questions were used to gather data from the

respondents through online platforms like Facebook Messenger and Google Forms. The

course of this study was conducted within the bounds of Notre Dame University – Senior

High School.

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NOTRE DAME UNIVERSITY – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 24
Definition of Terms

The basic usage of the words in this section remains an essential reference guide that

will enable the readers of this study to understand both the content and the context of this

research.

Casualties - pertains to victims, whether person or things, that are injured, lost, or destroyed

because of serious incidents like disasters.

Cotabateños - are the people residing in Cotabato City.

Disaster - a condition arising from an environmental phenomenon or major engagement

which has caused severe stress, property damage,

physical harm, and economic/environmental disruption.

Disaster Risk Mitigation - to remove or to reduce the consequences and risks of hazards by

effective measures taken prior to an emergency or disaster

occurrence.

Hazard - considered as conditions, phenomenon, or risk potential activities that may be

susceptible to the causes of deaths, detrimental

health impacts, loss of livelihoods and services, damage to

property, as well as disruption for the social, economic, and

environmental sectors.
Public Awareness - a person’s common knowledge with regards to disaster risks,

encompassing the knowledge involved on disaster situations, the

causes-effects that come with it, and the appropriate response

action required to reduce susceptibility of vulnerability and risk

exposure.
Level of Awareness of Notre Dame University – Senior High School Students on Disaster Risk Mitigation in Cotabato City
NOTRE DAME UNIVERSITY – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 25
Risk - refers to the probability or chance of loss and injury when an individual is exposed to

hazard and danger caused by disasters.

Vulnerability - is subject to the qualities and conditions of a person, asset, and/or

community that makes it susceptible to the damage and

disruption of a particular hazard.

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NOTRE DAME UNIVERSITY – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 26
CHAPTER II

METHOD

This chapter presents the current study’s research methods and design that were used

in the conduct of the study. This further shows how procedures were conducted, instruments

were formulated, data were collected, and results were analyzed. It also presents the collation

of information pertaining to the setting, research respondents, sample size and sampling

technique, instrumentation, data gathering procedure, and statistical treatment of data in

which were applied to interpret and analyze the data gathered in the study.

Design

The research design used in the conduct of this study is the descriptive-comparative

research design. This design is considered appropriate for the study because it has the benefit

of examining and describing Cotabateños’ current level of awareness on disaster risk

mitigation in terms of their Age, Grade Level, Strand, and Barangay as well as their relation

in terms of the level of awareness of the respondents. Thereby, presenting summary figures

by providing answers to all possible questionnaire items that can contribute to the recognition

of their perception. The variables of this study will be measured with the use of a survey

questionnaire that will provide researchers sufficient data on the profile of the respondents

and their awareness of disaster risk mitigation. Through this, researchers will be able to

gather data to seek answers for the statement of the problem at hand.

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NOTRE DAME UNIVERSITY – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Setting

This study will be conducted within Notre Dame University – Senior High School,

yet specifically targeting the several identified disaster high-risk barangays: Poblacion

Mother, Poblacion 1, Poblacion 2, Poblacion 3, Poblacion 7, Poblacion 8, Rosary Heights 3,

Rosary Heights 6, Rosary Heights 7 and Rosary Heights 8 which are all situated at Cotabato

City, Maguindanao, Philippines.

Respondents

The respondents of this study are bona fide students of Notre Dame University –

Senior High School, both from Grade 11 to Grade 12. These respondents are from different

strands including Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Strand,

Accountancy and Business Management (ABM) Strand, Humanities and Social Sciences

(HUMSS) Strand, and Technological Vocational Track (TVL). Consequently, only students

who are also residents of the aforementioned disaster-high risk barangays are the respondents

of the study.

Sample Size and Sampling Technique

This study employed Non-Probability Sampling, specifically the Purposive Sampling

Technique, in determining the respondents for the study. Since there are certain barangays

identified to be at high risk for disasters, researchers opted to use this type of sampling

technique to distinguish NDU – SHS students who are residents of those barangays as well.

With this, the selecting of respondents is concentrated to those particular characteristics

Level of Awareness of Notre Dame University – Senior High School Students on Disaster Risk Mitigation in Cotabato City
NOTRE DAME UNIVERSITY – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 28
because their experience with disasters can establish relevant data for the study. Through

Purposive Sampling, the total number of respondents are 95.

Instrumentation

The primary instrument utilized to gather data in this study was a survey

questionnaire through online platforms. Due to the current pandemic situation, the survey is

conducted online using Google Forms. Adopted from the study of Pasion (2020), the survey

questionnaire was modified to realize the objectives of this study. The survey questionnaire

has two sections: the first section bears the demographic profile of the respondents in terms

of Age, Grade Level, Strand, and Barangay, while the second section bears an assessment

which comprises statements describing and reviewing the current level of awareness of

Cotabateños towards disaster risk mitigation and to what extent does it encompass in terms of

known natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods, and typhoons. The instrument’s results

were rated through a five-point Likert scale ranging from 1 to 5 which stands for, 5 for

“Highly Aware”, 4 for “Fairly Aware”, 3 for “Aware”, 2 for “Unaware”, and 1 for “Highly

Unaware.”

Data Gathering Procedure

Survey questionnaire was adopted from Pasion (2020) in his study entitled, “Disaster Risk

Reduction Among Students of Balligui High School as Basis for Policy Making” and was

modified to fit the specific objectives of this study. It was then submitted to the research

adviser for further validation and approval of the instrument. Purposive Sampling was

Level of Awareness of Notre Dame University – Senior High School Students on Disaster Risk Mitigation in Cotabato City
NOTRE DAME UNIVERSITY – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 29
employed by the researchers in selecting the respondents. To do this, researchers looked for
NDU – SHS students who are also residents of the identified barangays that are at high-risk

for disasters. Through an online platform, Messenger, researchers contacted the selected

respondents to participate in the data gathering procedure.

Due to the lack of face-to-face interaction, paperless survey questionnaires were sent

through the Internet, specifically encoded in Google Forms. Details about the data gathering

were posted to the respondents. Completion of the survey questionnaire via Google Forms is

projected as a form of approval of the respondents to participate in the study. Retrieval of the

online survey questionnaire is automatically done in the server. After the conduct of the

survey, data were collected and interpreted using numerical statistics and data analysis.

Statistical Treatment

The overall analysis and interpretation of the results of the survey utilized descriptive

statistics and One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Descriptive statistics, particularly

the frequency distribution and percentage, are used to treat Part I of the survey questionnaire,

which constitutes the demographic profile of the respondents which are age, grade level,

strand, and barangay. On the other hand, Part II, which includes the statements and

assessments pertaining to determining the level of awareness of Cotabateños regarding

disaster risk mitigation in terms of the natural disasters which are earthquakes, floods, and

typhoons, was treated using the weighted mean for grouped data and standard deviation.

One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was implemented to calculate and determine the

significant differences between the level of awareness on disaster risk mitigation in terms of

earthquakes, typhoons, and floods and each demographic characteristics of the respondents.
Level of Awareness of Notre Dame University – Senior High School Students on Disaster Risk Mitigation in Cotabato City
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The mean’s descriptive equivalent for every individual item as well as the overall score were

used based on the five-point scale which is weighted as follows:

Scale Mean Description Implication

People are already

aware of evacuation
paths, warning signals,
5 4.50 – 5.00 Highly Aware 4 3.50 – 4.49 Fairly People are aware about mitigating the impact of
disasters, but there is still a need to further widen
their understanding about disaster risk mitigation.

People are not aware about any way on how they

can be able to mitigate the effects of disasters.

People do not have any idea at all of what is

Aware disaster risk
mitigation and how it can benefit their lives.

3 2.50 – 3.49 Aware

2 1.50 – 2.49 Unaware 1 1.00 – 1.49 Highly

Unaware

and other ways to mitigate the effects of disasters

in the community.

People are quite aware about the safety

measures, procedures, and other ways to mitigate
risks of
disasters to both
people and property.
Level of Awareness of Notre Dame University – Senior High School Students on Disaster Risk Mitigation in Cotabato City
NOTRE DAME UNIVERSITY – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 31
CHAPTER III

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter focuses on the tabular presentation and interpretation of the results and

discussions based on the gathered data from the Senior High School students of Notre Dame

University. It should be denoted that the gathered data will be significant in answering the

research questions of the study.

Profile of the Respondents

The first research question examines the demographic profile of the respondents which

includes characteristics such as their age, grade level, strand, and barangay location. By

administering the questionnaires, they are compiled to supply the mentioned characteristics.

The respondents’ names are by no means significant to the results of the study and are

excluded from the discussion to maintain discretion and confidentiality pertaining to their

identity. As for their profile, the aforementioned characteristics are relevantly involved in

the study in order to discern each respondent. The gathered data is analyzed by using

descriptive statistics which comprises data frequency and valid percentage

Level of Awareness of Notre Dame University – Senior High School Students on Disaster Risk Mitigation in Cotabato City
NOTRE DAME UNIVERSITY – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Table 1

Age of the Respondents

Age f %

16 9 9.5
17 29 30.5
18 40 42.1
19 13 13.7
20 4 4.2
Total 95 100.0 Table 1 presents the age of the respondents. This reveals that 40 or 42.1%

of the respondents are aged 18, 29 or 30.5% are aged 17, 13 or 13.7% are aged 19, 9 or

9.5% are aged 16, and 4 or 4.2% are aged 20.

Table 2

Grade Level of the Respondents

Grade Level f %

11 45 47.4
12 50 52.6
Total 95 100.0 Table 2 presents the grade level of the respondents. This reveals that 50 or

52.6% of the respondents are Grade 12 while the remaining 45 or 47.4% are Grade 11.

Level of Awareness of Notre Dame University – Senior High School Students on Disaster Risk Mitigation in Cotabato City
NOTRE DAME UNIVERSITY – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 33
Table 3
Strand of the Respondents

Grade Level f %

STEM 42 44.2
HUMSS 31 32.6
ABM 17 17.9
TVL 5 5.3
Total 95 100.0 Table 3 presents the strand of the respondents. This reveals that 42 or

44.2% of the respondents are from STEM, 31 or 32.6% are from HUMSS, 17 or 17.9% are

from ABM, and 5 or 5.3% are from TVL.

Table 4

Barangay of the Respondents

Grade Level f %

Poblacion Mother 11 11.6

Poblacion 1 5 5.3
Poblacion 2 5 5.3
Poblacion 3 8 8.4
Poblacion 7 3 3.2
Poblacion 8 8 8.4
Rosary Heights 3 20 21.1
Rosary Heights 6 13 13.7
Rosary Heights 7 9 9.5
Rosary Heights 8 13 13.7
Total 95 100.0 Table 4 presents the barangay which the respondents belong. This reveals

that 20 or 21.1% are from Rosary Heights 3, 13 or 13.7% are from Rosary Heights 6, 13 or

13.7% are from Rosary Heights 8, 11 or 11.6% are from Poblacion Mother, 9 or 9.5% are

from Rosary

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NOTRE DAME UNIVERSITY – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 34
Heights 7, 8 or 8.4% are from Poblacion 3, 8 or 8.4% are from Poblacion 8, 5 or 5.3% are

from Poblacion 1, 5 or 5.3% are from Poblacion 2, and 3 or 3.2% are from Poblacion 7.
Table 5

Awareness on Disaster Risk Mitigation in terms of Level of Awareness on Earthquakes

Items Mean SD Interpretation

A. Level of Awareness on Earthquakes

1. The first thing to do during an earthquake is to duck,

cover, and hold. 4.73 .643 Highly Aware

2. Earthquakes are not predictable, so one must have

presence of mind all the time.4.60 .735 Highly Aware

3. Areas near the fault line have higher earthquake risks.

4.45 .872 Fairly Aware
4. An earthquake drill is necessary to help us prepare
and act properly during an actual earthquake event. 4.71 .581 Highly Aware 5. It is important to
know the emergency numbers like
that of the Bureau of Fire, Local Hospital and
4.46 .796Fairly Aware
Emergency Response Team.

Overall Mean 4.590 Highly Aware

Table 5 reveals that among the senior high school students of Notre Dame University

Cotabato city, results show that with an overall mean of 4.590, the description indicates that

the respondents were highly aware in regards to the level of awareness disaster risk

mitigation based on earthquake phenomena.

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NOTRE DAME UNIVERSITY – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 35
Among the statement indicators above, an apparent observation can be perceived that

majority of students agreed that they are highly aware on the “Duck, Cover, and Hold” in

earthquake drills when circumstances of earthquakes transpire. Measuring of exactly a mean

of 4.73 and a standard deviation of 0.643, this implies that out of both grades 11 and 12
ranging from ages 16 to 20, they guarantee that they have sufficient knowledge and inherent

awareness of what should be done in the premise of an earthquake disaster.

Together with statement indicator number 4, the necessity of having earthquake drills

is evident. Garnering of an overall mean of 4.71, and a standard deviation of 0.581, results

show that respondent’s feedback on the statement tells that they are highly aware of the

matter. In relation to statements number 1 and 4, the results reveal that in regards to the

precautionary measures educated in earthquake drills and the necessity of the drill itself,

students concurred that they have a high level of awareness in this subject. As stated by the

Conduct of National School based Earthquake and Drills (DO 48, s.2012), a policy

institutionalized by the DRRMS (Disaster Risk Reduction Management Services), it

mandates schools as well as offices to engage in a quarterly earthquake and fire drills. In line

with that, students and educators are induced to participate in enhancing practices of disaster

risk mitigation as well as disseminating necessary disaster-related information. This may be

supported by the fact that the correlation of student’s experience of such phenomena and

their attained knowledge of earthquake related precautionary measures such as earthquake

drills, results into them being aware of the importance of these measures and enacting them

to do so when circumstances arise.

As depicted on statement number 2, results show with a mean of 4.6 and a standard

deviation of 0.735. Based on the results, it yields the description that the respondents are

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NOTRE DAME UNIVERSITY – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 36
highly aware and agreed upon this statement. This implicates that the students are educated

enough to know that earthquake occurrences are sometimes hard to predict. As a matter of

fact, natural disasters such as earthquakes are credited to be a risk of unpredictability, so

much so that these unpredicted events might lead to windows of hazards and disasters in

multiple communities (Castro, 2013). It is advantageous for students to know such a fact in
order to be aware and be able to maintain a presence of mind when earthquake disasters

ensue. This way, issues of disaster panic might be regulated if a person is vigilant.

Statement number 3 denotes that the areas near a fault line are prone to earthquake

risks, and with that notion, students seemed to be fairly aware with this fact. Yielding up to a

mean of 4.45 and a standard deviation of 0.872, students exhibited a fair awareness on the

statement. They are aware of the science involved in earthquake activity near fault lines, and

how such areas are prone to high-risk earthquakes. As explained by PHIVOLCS, Central

Mindanao, including Cotabato City, are regarded as seismically-active regions of the region

due to the presence of a number of active faults as well as the contribution of the Cotabato

trench with the recent 2019 Cotabato earthquake being the recent prime example that had just

occurred (Macaraeg, 2019). By such recent activity, it can be made clear that students were

aware of such an event and persists to be knowledgeable in regards to this fact.

And lastly, statement number 5 indicates an overall mean of 4.46 and standard deviation of

0.796, thereby describing that the respondents have a fair level of awareness in regards to

the emergency contact numbers and hot lines for nearby local hospitals, emergency fire

rescue, and general emergency rescue. It would appear that the students exhibit an

initiative of disaster preparedness as well as awareness in procuring emergency contact

numbers if and when earthquake disasters happen. This is a beneficial aspect

Level of Awareness of Notre Dame University – Senior High School Students on Disaster Risk Mitigation in Cotabato City
NOTRE DAME UNIVERSITY – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 37
especially when at times when disasters are unprecedented and the convenience of having the

assurance of disaster aid disseminating disaster occurrence are by of reach (Public Awareness

and Public Education for Disaster Risk Reduction [PAPE], 2020).

Table 6

Awareness on Disaster Risk Mitigation in terms of Level of Awareness on Typhoons Items

Mean SD Interpretation

B. Level of Awareness on Typhoons

1. Typhoon Public Information dissemination is done by

the PAG-ASA and PHIVOLCS through radio, strong structures to withstand impact caused by

social media, and text blasts. winds.

2. Damage caused by typhoons could be reduced 3. Be flood-ready because it could also be caused
by
by doing structural renovations or by building
4.34 .833 Fairly Aware 4.16 .879 Fairly Aware

typhoons. 4.38 .760 Fairly Aware

4. People should avoid building houses directly on

the coastline because they are at high risk on storm surge. 4.31 .935 Fairly Aware 5. There are
evacuation centers allotted for those people
living in medium-built houses or houses that are materials only.

not so well-constructed and made up of light

4.01 .928 Fairly Aware

Overall Mean 4.240 Fairly Aware

Level of Awareness of Notre Dame University – Senior High School Students on Disaster Risk Mitigation in Cotabato City
NOTRE DAME UNIVERSITY – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 38
Table 6 reveals the overall level of awareness of the respondents on the specific type

of disaster called Typhoon. Majority of the respondents are fairly aware as shown in the

overall mean of 4.240. Statements present the top three highest mean such as 4.38, 4.334, and

4.31. The statements also present the top two lowest mean such as 4.01 and 4.16.

Among the five statements, the third statement with the highest mean of 4.38 and a
standard deviation of 0.76 was agreed by the respondents which state that they should “Be

flood-ready as it could also be caused by typhoons.” According to Doocy et al. (2013), floods

were caused by high-intensity or prolonged rainfall, snow melt, overtopping or failure of

drainage systems, levees, dams, and reservoir mismanagement. Hence, the respondents are

fairly aware to be always ready as typhoons can cause a flood.

This is followed by statements number one with the second highest mean of 4.34 and

a standard deviation of 0.833 which was agreed by the respondents saying that “Typhoon

Public Information dissemination is done by the PAG-ASA and PHIVOLCS through radio,

social media, and text blasts.” Hence, the respondents know and are fairly aware that PAG-

ASA and PHIVOLCS were the ones that disseminate the public information and updates

regarding upcoming typhoons.

Statement number four with the third highest mean of 4.31 and a standard deviation of

0.9345 which was agreed by the respondents saying that “People should avoid building

houses directly on the coastline because they are at high risk of storm surge.” According to

Rajan (2018), coastal hazards like storm surge expose a coastal area to the risk of property

damage, loss of life, and environmental degradation. The unexpected rise of the sea level

most commonly associated with a typhoon that can cause significant flooding and cost

Level of Awareness of Notre Dame University – Senior High School Students on Disaster Risk Mitigation in Cotabato City
NOTRE DAME UNIVERSITY – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 39
people their lives. Hence, the respondents were fairly aware of avoiding the construction of

houses directly or near the coastline as it is at high risk of storm surge.

The second statement with the mean of 4.16 and a standard deviation of 0.879 was

agreed by the respondents saying that “Damage caused by the typhoons could be reduced by

doing structural renovations or by building strong structures to withstand impact caused by

the winds.” Rajan (2018) indicated that storm surge can cause damage to building foundation,
framing, finishing collapsing the entire stability of the structure. The non-structural damage

like the failure of MEP systems (depends on the location), affecting the usability of the

building are also common during a storm surge. Hence, the respondents were fairly aware that

doing structural renovations and building strong structures will be a very big help to

withstand the impact caused by the winds during the typhoon.

Among the five statements, statement number five with the lowest mean of 4.01 and a

standard deviation of 0.928 which was agreed by the respondents saying that, “There are

evacuation centers allotted for those people living in medium-built houses or house that are

materials only.” Hence, the respondents were fairly aware of the allotted evacuation centers

for those affected areas and people especially those living in medium-built houses or houses

that are built with poor materials only.

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NOTRE DAME UNIVERSITY – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 40
Table 7

Awareness on Disaster Risk Mitigation in terms of Level of Awareness on Floods Items

Mean SD Interpretation

B. Level of Awareness on Floods

1. There is a local warning system on flood occurrences.

3.93 .914 Fairly Aware
2. It is not safe to build houses and to live in flood-prone
areas.4.37 .935 Fairly Aware

3. It is important to recognize the danger of the flood-prone

areas in our community. 4.41 .819 Fairly Aware

4. Drills on flood evacuation is necessary to keep us safe.

4.33 .904 Fairly Aware 5. Information
dissemination on emergency kits/bag

containing survival necessities are essential to keep

4.52 .756 Highly Aware
in mind and prepare at home in flood crisis.

Overall Mean 4.312 Fairly Aware

Table 7 reveals that among the senior high school students of Notre Dame University,

results have shown an overall mean of 4.312 in which the description indicates that the

respondents were only fairly aware with regards to the level of awareness disaster risk

mitigation in terms of the occurrence of floods. Statements present the top three highest mean

which are 4.52, 4.41, and 4.37. The statements also present the top two lowest mean which

are 4.33 and 3.93.

Among the five statements, the fifth statement with the highest mean of 4.52 and a

standard deviation of 0.756 was agreed by the respondents which states that, “Information

Level of Awareness of Notre Dame University – Senior High School Students on Disaster Risk Mitigation in Cotabato City
NOTRE DAME UNIVERSITY – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 41
dissemination on emergency kits/bag containing survival necessities are essential to keep in

mind and prepare at home in flood crisis”. Staal (2015) supports this as he identified disaster

risk mitigation as the work which focuses not only on disaster preparedness, but on building

resilience by helping communities mitigate the inevitable disasters they will face before,

during, and after they strike. Hence, respondents are highly aware about being ready at all

times.
The second highest mean of 4.41 and a standard deviation of 0.819 was observed on

the third statement saying that, “It is important to recognize the danger of the flood-prone

areas in our community.” In relation to the study conducted by Geminiano (2013), tropical

storm “Ondoy” hit the Philippines with heavy downpours, causing flash floods that killed

nearly massive people, devastated half a million people, and damaged property valued over

13 billion pesos. Hence, respondents are fairly aware about the danger that flood-prone areas

pose to people and property in the community.

The second statement got the third highest mean of 4.37 and a standard deviation of

0.935 which was agreed by the respondents saying that, “It is not safe to build houses and to

live in flood-prone areas.” Doocy et al. (2013) indicated that given the deforestation and the

rising closeness of large populations to coastal areas, river basins, and lakeshores, the risk of

severe flooding is high, making it unsafe for housing. Hence, the respondents are fairly aware

about the danger of building houses near flood-prone areas.

This was followed by the fourth statement with a mean of 4.33 and a standard deviation of

0.904 was agreed by the respondents saying that, “Drills on flood evacuation is necessary to

keep us safe.” In accordance with the study of Poussin et al. (2014), it states that the recent

destructive flood events and projected increases in flood risks as a result of climate

Level of Awareness of Notre Dame University – Senior High School Students on Disaster Risk Mitigation in Cotabato City
NOTRE DAME UNIVERSITY – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 42
change in many regions around the world demonstrate the importance of improving flood

risk management. So, flood-proofing of building and drills on flood evacuation often

advocate as an effective strategy for limiting damage caused by floods. Hence, the

respondents are fairly aware on the necessity of flood evacuation.

Among the five statements, the first statement garnered the lowest mean of 3.93 and a

standard deviation of 0.914 which was agreed by the respondents saying that, “There is a

local warning system on flood occurrences.” According to Office for the Coordination of
Humanitarian Affairs (2013), Cotabato City lies between the Rio Grande de Mindanao and

the Tamontaka River, formed as a catch basin for flood water from Maguindanao’s Liguasan

Marsh land, as well as flood flows from North Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat, and South Cotabato.

So, when these overflows, flood water flows quickly into residential and agricultural areas

since the two massive rivers have been heavily deposited over the years. Hence, respondents

are fairly aware about these local warning systems on floods.

Level of Awareness of Notre Dame University – Senior High School Students on Disaster Risk Mitigation in Cotabato City
NOTRE DAME UNIVERSITY – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 43
Table 8
Significant Difference in the Awareness on Disaster Risk Mitigation and Age of the Respondents

Variables N Mean SD F-value p-value Decision Level of Awareness on

Earthquakes

16
9 21.89 3.551
17 18 on 16 17
29 23.59 2.338 40 23.08 9 21.11 4.343 29 21.83
19 20 Typhoons 18 19
2.117 13 22.00 3.082 4 2.765 40 21.25 3.128 13
22.50 3.000 Level of Awareness
20 .972 .427 .742 .566 Not
19.62 4.519 4 21.25 3.304
Level of Awareness on Floods Significant
16 17
9 21.56 3.358 29 22.34
18 19
2.649 40 21.33 3.323 13
20
20.62 4.331 4 21.00 4.320

1.384 .246 Not

Not
Significant
Significant

Level of Awareness of Notre Dame University – Senior High School Students on Disaster Risk Mitigation in Cotabato City
NOTRE DAME UNIVERSITY – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 44
Through the One Way Analysis of Variance (Oneway ANOVA), the table shows the

significant difference between the level of awareness on disaster risk mitigation in terms of

earthquakes, typhoons, and floods and the age of the respondents. Respondents aged 17

garnered the highest mean of 23.59, 21.83, and 22.34 for the level of awareness on

earthquakes, typhoons, and floods respectively. Meanwhile, respondents aged 16 got the

lowest mean of 21.89 for the level of awareness on earthquakes. On the other hand,

respondents aged 19 got the lowest mean of 19.62 and 20.62 in terms of the level of

awareness on typhoons and floods respectively.

Based on the results, the significant value between the level of awareness and age of

the respondents are 0.246, 0.427, and 0.566 with respect to the mentioned natural disasters.

Hence, from these results, the null hypothesis is thereby accepted. Therefore, there is no

significant difference between the level of awareness on disaster risk mitigation in terms of

earthquakes, typhoons, and floods and the ages of the respondents.

This reveals that respondents ages which are 16,17,18, 19 and 20 do not influence their
level of awareness on disaster risk mitigation. It correlates with the study of Clark et al.

(2015) wherein the findings of their study suggest that the ability to acquire knowledge

incidentally about configural response relationships has no impact on cognitive aging.

Level of Awareness of Notre Dame University – Senior High School Students on Disaster Risk Mitigation in Cotabato City
NOTRE DAME UNIVERSITY – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 45
Table 9
Significant Difference in the Awareness on Disaster Risk Mitigation and Grade Level of the

Respondents

Variables N Mean SD F-value p-value Decision Level of Awareness on

Earthquakes

Grade 11 1.222 .272

45 22.64 2.838
Not

Grade 12 Significant
50 23.22 2.225 Level of Awareness on

Typhoons

Grade 11 .409 .524

45 20.96 3.268
Not

Grade 12 Significant
50 21.40 3.482 Level of Awareness on Floods

Grade 11 .168 .683

45 21.40 3.250
Not

Grade 12 Significant
50 21.68 3.395
Table 9 presents a tabular representation in regards to the significant difference

between the level of awareness on disaster risk mitigation from different natural disasters in

terms of Senior High School Grade Levels 11 and 12. On the basis of mean readings, higher

means are observed from the 12th Grade compared to the 11th Grade. Results indicate higher

mean values of 23.22, 21.40, and 21.68 from the level of awareness on earthquakes, typhoons,

and floods respectively.

According to the results, the level of awareness of the respondents towards mitigation

of natural disasters and the student’s grade level seems to exhibit a significant value of 0.272,
Level of Awareness of Notre Dame University – Senior High School Students on Disaster Risk Mitigation in Cotabato City
NOTRE DAME UNIVERSITY – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 46
0.525, and 0.683, respective to the mentioned awareness of natural disasters. Based on the

decision, the level of awareness of the respondents on disaster risk mitigation and student

grade level does not differ significantly. Consequently, since the significant values are above

the intended 0.10 level of significance, then the null hypothesis is accepted stating that there

is no significant difference between respondent’s grade level and level of awareness on

disaster risk mitigation. Therefore, there is no significant difference between the level of

awareness of Grade 11 and 12 respondents on the various disaster risk mitigation of natural

disasters in Cotabato City.

According to Passion (2020), disasters are inevitable. They are caused by

unsustainable development that has not taken account of possible hazard impacts in that

location. In the study of Passion (2020), it was revealed that majority of the respondents who

are grade 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 are much aware about the risk reduction in terms of

earthquake, typhoons, floods and landslides. Therefore, it implies that there is no significant

difference between the strand of the respondents and level of awareness on disaster risk and

mitigation.
Level of Awareness of Notre Dame University – Senior High School Students on Disaster Risk Mitigation in Cotabato City
NOTRE DAME UNIVERSITY – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 47
Table 10
Significant Difference in the Awareness on Disaster Risk Mitigation and Strand of the

Respondents

Variables N Mean SD F-value p-value Decision Level of Awareness on

Earthquakes

STEM
42 23.52 2.051
HUMSS ABM 2.678 .052 Significant
31 22.03 2.938 17
TVL
23.47 2.503 5 22.00 2.449
Level of Awareness on

Typhoons

STEM HUMSS
42 22.00 2.955 31
ABM
20.23 3.870 17 21.35 2.957 Not
TVL
5 19.80 3.701 Level of 2.013 .118 1.270 .289 Significant
Awareness on Floods

STEM HUMSS
42 22.17 2.921 31
ABM
20.71 4.068 17 21.76 2.682
TVL
5 20.80 2.683
Not
Not Significant

Table 10 presents the significant difference in the awareness on disaster risk mitigation

and the strand of the respondents. This reveals the significant value of 0.052 on

Level of Awareness of Notre Dame University – Senior High School Students on Disaster Risk Mitigation in Cotabato City
NOTRE DAME UNIVERSITY – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 48
level of awareness on earthquakes, 0.118 on level of awareness on typhoons, and 0.289 on
level of awareness on floods. Based on the decision, the level of awareness on disaster risk

mitigation and the strand of the respondents does not differ significantly. This means that the

null hypothesis is accepted stating that there is no significant difference between the strand of

the respondents and level of awareness on disaster risk mitigation.

Moreover, it also reveals the highest and lowest mean in level of awareness on

earthquakes which are the 23.52 from STEM Strand and 22.00 from TVL Strand,

respectively. It also shows the highest and lowest mean in level of awareness on typhoons

which are 22.00 from STEM strand and 19.80 from TVL strand. Lastly, it depicts the highest

and lowest mean in level of awareness on floods which are 22.17 from STEM Strand and

20.71 from HUMSS Strand.

Based on these findings, it can concur with the study of Mamon et al. (2017) such that

senior high school students have a wider depth of understanding on disaster-related

knowledge accompanied with related concepts on disaster awareness, adaptation, preparation,

and mitigation. R. Manalo & M. Manalo (2020) also suggested that DepEd itself prescribed

DRRM as a core subject only for STEM, with the other strands not required to take this

subject. Therefore, it is recommended for DepEd to revisit the Senior High School curriculum

and try to include Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction as a required subject in all Senior

High School strands in order to prepare the next generation in dealing with various hazards in

the Philippines. Supplementary to this fact, awareness and understanding of disaster risk

mitigation may be sourced from supporting subjects dealing with a similar thread aside from

DRRR such as Earth Science and General Science, making students of STEM more aware of

disasters compared to other strands.

Level of Awareness of Notre Dame University – Senior High School Students on Disaster Risk Mitigation in Cotabato City
NOTRE DAME UNIVERSITY – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 49
Table 11
Significant Difference in the Awareness on Disaster Risk Mitigation and the Barangay of the
Respondents

Variables N Mean SD F-value p-value Decision Level of Awareness on

Earthquakes

Poblacion Mother 11 22.45 3.205

Poblacion 1 5 22.80 2.683
Poblacion 2 5 24.80 .447
Poblacion 3 8 22.50 2.619 Level of Awareness on Poblacion 3 8 20.00 3.780
Poblacion 7 3 20.67 5.132
Poblacion 8 8 21.38 3.889 Typhoons
Rosary Heights 3 20 23.45 1.905 1.267 .267
Rosary Heights 6 13 23.38 1.502 Poblacion Mother 11 21.55 3.387 Not
Rosary Heights 7 9 23.78 1.716 Poblacion 1 5 21.00 5.148
Significant
Rosary Heights 8 13 22.69 2.496
Poblacion 2 5 23.80 2.168

Poblacion 7 3 17.67 3.215 Poblacion 8 8 18.25 21.44 3.844 Rosary Heights 8 13 20.15 3.625
2.659 Rosary Heights 3 20 22.65 2.084 Rosary
2.414 .017 Significant
Heights 6 13 21.92 2.629 Rosary Heights 7 9
Level of Awareness of Notre Dame University – Senior High School Students on Disaster Risk Mitigation in Cotabato City
NOTRE DAME UNIVERSITY – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 50
Level of Awareness on Floods 13 20.54 3.573

Poblacion Mother 11 22.09 3.270 Poblacion 1 5

21.20 5.215 Poblacion 2 5 24.80 .447 Poblacion 3
8 20.75 2.915 Poblacion 7 3 16.67 2.887
Poblacion 8 8 19.00 3.423 Rosary Heights 3 20
22.65 1.843 Rosary Heights 6 13 21.62 3.042
Rosary Heights 7 9 22.78 3.383 Rosary Heights 8
2.809 .006 Significant

Table 11 presents the significant difference between the level of awareness on

disaster risk mitigation of natural disasters and the barangays where respondents belong.

With regards of the mean in terms of the level of awareness on earthquakes, the highest mean

was observed from the residents of Poblacion 2 with a mean of 24.80, while the lowest mean

was depicted from the residents of Poblacion 7 with a mean of 20.67. Meanwhile, for the

mean in terms of the level of awareness on typhoons, the highest mean was yielded from the

residents of Poblacion 2 with a mean of 23.80, while the lowest mean was garnered from the

residents of Poblacion 7 with a mean of 17.67. On the other hand, in terms of the level of

awareness on floods, Poblacion 2 and Poblacion 7 also got the highest and lowest mean with

a mean of 24.80 and 16.67, respectively.

Based on the results, the barangay of the respondents and their level of awareness towards

mitigation of earthquakes, typhoons, and floods have a significant value of 0.267, 0.017,

and 0.006, respective to the mentioned natural disasters. According to the decision, it can
be inferred that the barangay of the respondents and their level of awareness on
Level of Awareness of Notre Dame University – Senior High School Students on Disaster Risk Mitigation in Cotabato City
NOTRE DAME UNIVERSITY – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 51
earthquakes does not differ significantly. Consequently, since the significant value is above

the intended 0.10 level of significance, then the null hypothesis is accepted stating that there

is no significant difference between the barangay of the respondents and level of awareness

on disaster risk mitigation. Meanwhile, both the level of awareness on typhoons and level of

awareness on floods are significant in terms of the barangay. With this, the null hypothesis

stating that there is no significant difference between the barangay and the level of awareness

on typhoons and floods are thereby rejected. Therefore, there is no significant difference

between the barangay and the level of awareness on earthquakes, yet there is a significant

difference between the barangay and the level of awareness of the respondents in terms of

typhoons and floods in Cotabato City.

From the tabulation, the data about the barangays in Cotabato City which are related

to disaster risk reduction are scarce and insufficient. Nevertheless, on a similar context

related to barangays in the Philippines, A. Villanueva (2017) & P. Villanueva (2017)

conducted a study on Nueva Ecija in which they focused on flood and typhoon-prone

barangays. Results have shown that awareness and disaster preparedness differ significantly

on how the Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Committees (BDRRMCs)

give priority to implementation of initiatives and projects involving prevention, risk

mitigation, and disaster preparedness. All of which are in line with achieving the goals and

objectives of Republic Act 10121, also known as the Philippines Disaster Risk Reduction and

Management (DRRM) Act.

Level of Awareness of Notre Dame University – Senior High School Students on Disaster Risk Mitigation in Cotabato City
NOTRE DAME UNIVERSITY – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 52
CHAPTER IV

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary

1. For the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of age, grade level, strand, and

barangay residence, the majority of the Senior High School students in Notre Dame

University are aged 18, Grade 12, STEM students, and residing in Rosary Heights 3,

respectively. Furthermore, based on the conduct of the survey, receptive responses were

derived from the classification of aged 18 Grade 12 STEM student respondents. 2. The

yielded results from the study declare that the respondents are well-versed and aware in

correlation to Disaster Risk Mitigation of certain natural calamities close to their locality. In

fact, results seem to exhibit outcomes that their level of awareness ranges from Fairly Aware

to Highly Aware. This is an exceptional level of awareness that may be proven useful in

avoiding natural hazards and mitigating disasters. However, based on the predetermined

types of natural calamities and their overall awareness of each, this might not be a guaranteed

aspect when it comes to completely safeguarding themselves and the constructs around them.

First off, the results signify that in terms of Level of Awareness on Disaster risk mitigation

based on earthquake disasters, the majority of the respondents affirm that they are highly

knowledgeable and aware in regards to the threats and risks of such disasters and how to

mitigate its effects. In fact, the sample population classifies as “Highly Aware” when it

comes to the level of awareness on disaster risk mitigation despite the variety of

demographics and affiliations of the respondents.

Level of Awareness of Notre Dame University – Senior High School Students on Disaster Risk Mitigation in Cotabato City
NOTRE DAME UNIVERSITY – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Secondly, with regards to the level of awareness of Typhoons, student respondents show

“Fair Awareness” on the said disaster. This means that though they impart a fair awareness of

disaster risk mitigation on floods, it is somewhat fairly enough to efficiently mitigate the

disaster itself and its effects. They are fairly aware of what to do beforehand the disaster

happens or escalates as well where to get help when the disaster does occur happenstance.

And lastly, with respect to the level of awareness in terms of Floods respondents are fairly

aware of handling disaster risk mitigation. They have exceptional awareness of such disasters

and are able to mitigate their effects by abiding by their accumulated knowledge on local

flood warning systems, drills, and information dissemination from the government. 3. This

study found out that there is no significant difference between the level of awareness on

disaster risk mitigation of the respondents based on age, grade level, and strand. Although

findings appear that in terms of barangay residence among the sample population, it can be

perceived that the level of awareness on earthquakes leads to no significant difference

towards the samples’ barangay residence. However, both level of awareness on typhoons and

floods happens to serve a significant difference towards the respondent’s barangay residence.

This discovery leads to the idea to such that there are some of the respondents specific to

certain barangay residencies who have a greater awareness of disaster risk reduction in

disasters such as typhoons and floods.

Conclusion

Based on the findings, the researchers therefore, conclude that the Senior High School

students of Notre Dame University are aware towards disaster risk mitigation in Cotabato

Level of Awareness of Notre Dame University – Senior High School Students on Disaster Risk Mitigation in Cotabato City
NOTRE DAME UNIVERSITY – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 54
City. Furthermore, the researchers found out that the demographic profile of the respondents,
particularly the age, grade level, and their level of awareness towards disaster risk mitigation

in terms of natural disasters differ not significantly in determining and identifying their level

of awareness as respondents of the study. However, in terms of their barangay, it is

significant with regards to their level of awareness on typhoons and floods, while it is also

not significant with the level of awareness on earthquakes due to the reason that all

barangays experience an earthquake simultaneously when it occurs in the city.

Nevertheless, although the respondents know and understand the different types of disaster

and their impact to both people and property, there is still a need to give and provide them

adequate information about the aforementioned disasters and in what ways can they be of

help to mitigate the risks of these disasters. To ensure that residents of Cotabato City have

sufficient and accurate knowledge which they can utilize to protect themselves in critical

times of disaster occurrence, this study is of significance. Finally, it may be concluded that

the more people are aware about natural disasters, the higher the chance that these people can

mitigate the impact of these disasters, resulting to a stronger and better community.

Recommendations

In the light of the findings and conclusion of the study, the following

recommendations are listed as follows:

1. The Local Government Unit (LGU) of Cotabato City and other disaster-related local

offices must continue in organizing symposiums and seminars on disaster risk mitigation to

elevate Cotabateños awareness on disaster.

Level of Awareness of Notre Dame University – Senior High School Students on Disaster Risk Mitigation in Cotabato City
NOTRE DAME UNIVERSITY – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 55
2. Cotabateños should always be prepared for any incoming disaster by being knowledgeable
on what to do or where to go if one of the disasters occurs.

3. Science teachers should provide more input on natural disasters other than typhoons,

floods, and earthquakes, as well as collect data on disaster risk mitigation concerns. 4.

Improve information and propagation practice for earthquakes, typhoons, floods, and

precautions for these natural disasters.

5. Strengthen the activities of the school DRRM with the inclusion of different grade levels

who take charge as primary persons per grade level to raise awareness in Disaster Risk

Mitigation through trainings and seminars.

6. Form a team to discuss specific types of natural disasters at each grade level, with a

rotation policy. Make an action plan about the different activities for disaster risk and

mitigation. 7. Make committees in barangays and each group should have a specific type of

natural disaster to discuss. Involve discussion of each nature, formation and risk

preparedness, as well as incorporation of Disaster Risk Mitigation and continue to tie up with

different organizations like LGU, Red Cross, DRRMC to equip the school with the necessary

Disaster Risk Mitigation safety mechanisms.

8. Gain additional financial assistance to local government units for the plan activities and tie

up. Make request letters and resolution for the procurement of equipment for trainings and

seminar purposes and conduct more trainings, seminars and drills to the community-based

scenario about disaster risk mitigation and its benefits to both people and property. 9. Create a

Facebook Page dedicated as an avenue for sharing of insights and disaster-related

experiences, advocating disaster risk mitigation in Notre Dame University, Cotabato City and

the rest of the country, and providing recent updates about natural disasters.

Level of Awareness of Notre Dame University – Senior High School Students on Disaster Risk Mitigation in Cotabato City
NOTRE DAME UNIVERSITY – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 56
Recommendations for Further Study
In view of the established findings and conclusion of the study, the researchers would like

to recommend the following research study titles in line with the current research:

1. Level of Awareness of Notre Dame University - Senior High School Faculty and Staff on

Disaster Risk Mitigation of Cotabato City

2. Knowledge Level of Residents in Cotabato City on Natural Disasters and Its Mitigation

3. Satisfaction Level on Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Initiatives by the Local

Government Unit of Cotabato City

4. Challenges and Coping Mechanisms of Grade 11 Notre Dame University - Senior High

School Students on Disaster Risk Reduction Management Education

5. Perception of Notre Dame University - Senior High School Teachers on the Challenges

and Coping Mechanisms of Grade 11 students on Disaster Risk Reduction and Management

Education

6. Factors Affecting the Level of Awareness on Disaster Risk Mitigation of Senior High

School Students

7. Efficacy of the Implementation of Disaster Risk Reduction Management Education to

Senior High School Students of Cotabato City

Level of Awareness of Notre Dame University – Senior High School Students on Disaster Risk Mitigation in Cotabato City
NOTRE DAME UNIVERSITY – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 57
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APPENDICES
APPENDIX A

NOTRE DAME UNIVERSITY

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

March 12, 2021

DR. DANILO D. CABURNAY

School Principal
Notre Dame University – Senior High School
Notre Dame Avenue, Cotabato City 9600

Dear Dr. Caburnay:

Greetings of Peace!

We, the selected students of Grade 12 – St. Monica from Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
(STEM) Strand of Notre Dame University Senior High School (NDU - SHS), are currently working on our
research paper entitled, “Level of Awareness of Notre Dame University - Senior High School Students on
Disaster Risk Mitigation in Cotabato City”. The respondents of this study are bona fide Senior High School
students of the aforementioned institution.

In this connection, may we respectfully request permission from you to allow us to conduct the study and to
gather data regarding disaster risk mitigation from selected students of Notre Dame University – Senior High
School who are also residents of the City of Cotabato. To ensure safety of both researchers and respondents,
dating gathering procedure will be done through online platforms: Messenger, E-mail, and Google Forms. Rest
assured that data gathered will be used for academic purposes only and will be treated with utmost
confidentiality.

Your positive response on this request will greatly contribute on the success of this study. Thank you and God
bless!

Respectfully yours,

JORHIC ANTEPUESTO MARY RICA CRISTHEA C. AUSTIAL

Researcher Researcher

RAHEMA GUIAMANO LAKMAN

NADZRANYSSA RHYDAMIE ADAM USMAN
Researcher Researcher

Noted by:

(SGD.) MS. KATHRINA G. PIDLAON

Research Adviser

Approved by:

(SGD.) DR. DANILO D. CABURNAY

School Principal
Level of Awareness of Notre Dame University – Senior High School Students on Disaster Risk Mitigation in Cotabato City
NOTRE DAME UNIVERSITY – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 64
APPENDIX B
Notre Dame University
Senior High School
Cotabato City

Dear Respondents:

Greetings of Peace!

We are students from Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Strand of
Notre Dame University - Senior High School from Grade 12 - St. Monica. Regarded as a part
of our final requirement in our subject, Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion, is to conduct
a study entitled, “Level of Awareness of Notre Dame University - Senior High School
Students on Disaster Risk Mitigation in Cotabato City”.

Accompanied with this letter is the survey questionnaire we wish you to answer honestly
which will take you for about 5 to 10 minutes to complete. Writing your name is completely
optional and rest assured, your response to the questions will ultimately remain confidential.
Kindly answer the given questions as genuinely as possible and ascertain to leave no
questions unanswered and/or blanked. Furthermore, we request you to return the answered
survey questionnaires punctually.

All the data that will be collected shall have a significant impact on our research. Therefore,
your participation will be very much appreciated. Good day and thank you very much!

Sincerely,

JORHIC ANTEPUESTO MARY

RICA CRISTHEA C. AUSTIAL
Researcher Researcher

RAHEMA GUIAMANO LAKMAN NADZRANYSSA RHYDAMIE ADAM USMAN

Researcher Researcher

Noted by:

(SGD.) MS. KATHRINA G. PIDLAON

Research Adviser

Approved by:

(SGD.) DR. DANILO D. CABURNAY

School Principal
Level of Awareness of Notre Dame University – Senior High School Students on Disaster Risk Mitigation in Cotabato City
NOTRE DAME UNIVERSITY – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 65
Notre Dame University
Senior High School
SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE

Level of Awareness of Notre Dame University Senior High School Students on Disaster

Risk Mitigation in Cotabato City

General Instructions: Kindly read and understand the following statements carefully. It is

highly recommended to answer the statements honestly according to your level of awareness.

Furthermore, it is highly advised that you complete the survey with no questions unanswered.

Rest assured that your response will be treated with confidentiality.

PART I. DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF THE RESPONDENTS

Instruction: Supply the needed information.
NAME (optional): _____________________ AGE: _________ GRADE LEVEL:
STRAND: BARANGAY:
o 11th Grade o 12th o Poblacion Mother o o Poblacion 7 o RH 7
Grade Poblacion 1 o Poblacion 8 o RH 3 o RH 8
o STEM o HUMSS o o Poblacion 2 o RH 6 o Tamontaka 3
ABM o TVL o Poblacion 3
o
PART II. AWARENESS ON DISASTER RISK MITIGATION
Instruction: Read the statements carefully. Kindly choose the number according to the level
of your awareness regarding disaster risk mitigation on natural disasters. As a basis for your
answers, please be guided by the rating scale below:
5 – Highly Aware (HA)

4 – Fairly Aware (FA)

3 – Aware (A)
Level of Awareness of Notre Dame University – Senior High School Students on Disaster Risk Mitigation in Cotabato City
NOTRE DAME UNIVERSITY – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 66
2 – Unaware (U)

1 – Highly Unaware (HU)

A. LEVEL OF AWARENESS ON EARTHQUAKES HA FA A U HU

1. The first thing to do during an earthquake is to emergency numbers like that of the Bureau of Fire,
duck, cover, and hold. Local Hospital and Emergency Response Team.
2. Earthquakes are not predictable, so one must 5432154321
have presence of mind all the time.
3. Areas near the fault line have higher earthquake 5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1
risks. 4. An earthquake drill is necessary to help us
prepare and act properly during an actual 54321
earthquake event. 5. It is important to know the

B. LEVEL OF AWARENESS ON TYPHOONS HA FA A U HU

1. Typhoon Public Information dissemination is the coastline because they are at high risk on storm
done by the PAG-ASA and PHIVOLCS through surge. 5. There are evacuation centers allotted for
radio, social media, and text blasts. those people living in medium-built houses or
2. Damage caused by typhoons could be reduced houses that are not so well-constructed and made
by doing structural renovations or by building up of light materials only.
strong structures to withstand impact caused by 5432154321
winds.
3. Be flood-ready because it could also be caused
by typhoons.
4. People should avoid building houses directly on 5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1

Level of Awareness of Notre Dame University – Senior High School Students on Disaster Risk Mitigation in Cotabato City
NOTRE DAME UNIVERSITY – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 67
C. LEVEL OF AWARENESS ON FLOODS HA FA A U HU

1. There is a local warning system on flood flood-prone areas in our community.

occurrences. 2. It is not safe to build houses and to 4. Drills on flood evacuation is necessary to keep
live in flood-prone areas. us safe. 5. Information dissemination on
3. It is important to recognize the danger of the emergency kits/bag containing survival necessities
are essential to keep in mind and prepare at home 5 4 3 2 1
in flood crisis.
5432154321 5432154321

Level of Awareness of Notre Dame University – Senior High School Students on Disaster Risk Mitigation in Cotabato City
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BARANGAY MAP OF COTABATO
CITY
P
oblacion Mother

Poblacion 1

Poblacion 2

Level of Awareness of Notre Dame University – Senior High School Students on Disaster Risk Mitigation in Cotabato City
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Poblacion 3

Poblacion 7

Poblacion 8

Level of Awareness of Notre Dame University – Senior High School Students on Disaster Risk Mitigation in Cotabato City
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Rosary Heights 3

Rosary Heights 6

Rosary Heights 7

Rosary Heights 8

Level of Awareness of Notre Dame University – Senior High School Students on Disaster Risk Mitigation in Cotabato City
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