Module 3

Team Sports: Volleyball

Objectives
At the end of this module you are expected to:
1. observe the training principles when learning/participating in volleyball;
2. execute the basic techniques and tactics proficiently through volleyball game
play; and
3. Apply knowledge of the rules of volleyball.

Discussion
Volleyball is a sport that involves a number of distinct conditioning
considerations. Any healthy person can participate in a game of volleyball. It is
generally safe, being a sport played in a regimented fashion with a limited number of
contacts permitted with the ball when delivered across the net, with no physical
contact permitted between the participants. It is not necessarily physically
demanding in terms of exertion, as there are significant rest intervals between each
point scored in a game.

In volleyball, the athlete must develop a wide range of physical skills. Players should
be agile, possessed of explosive leaping ability, a superior vertical jump, and
balance. Volleyball players invariably possess outstanding reaction time and hand-
eye coordination.

The techniques involved in successful volleyball play are built on repetitive drills and
the simulation of various game situations to hone a combination of physical and
mental skills. The distinct skills of bumping, blocking, setting, spiking, digging, and
receiving the ball are those practiced at every volleyball training session.

I. Sports-specific volleyball physical conditioning and training principles

A. Sports-specific volleyball training principles

These are the training principles applied to futsal:
1. Specificity
2. Progressive overload
3. Variety
4. Individualization
5. Recovery
6. Reversibility

B. Sports-specific volleyball warm-up & cool-down

Warm-up
 1. High knee hug for balance
 2. High knees
 3. High knees laterally
 4. Sumo squat
 5. Quad stretch
 6. Baby skips
 7. Spider-man exercise
 8. Toes in, toes out
 9. Atlas
 10. Speed skater
 11. Lunge elbow tuck with hamstring stretch
 12. Hopscotch
 13. Basic volleyball shuffle
 14. Sumo shuffle
 15. Karaoke
 16. Backwards hip rotation
 Front straight leg run
 18. Toy soldier
 19. Lateral lunge and skip
 20. High skips

View the website for the execution of the following:

https://www.theartofcoachingvolleyball.com/20-dynamic-volleyball-
warmup-exercises-with-marie-zidek/?sfw=pass1599532265
Cool-down

A few minutes of slow jogging. Perform static stretches in a circle. Work

up from the bottom or down from the top. Hold stretches for a few seconds.
Each exercise should be performed for about 1-5 minutes. Here are some
cool-down exercises that you can perform:

 Sitting Toe Touch

 Side Quadriceps Stretch

 Semi-straddle

 Straddle

 Butterfly

 Straight Arms Behind Back

 Behind-Neck Stretch

 Cross Arm in Front of Chest

 Arms Straight Up Above Head

 Side Bend With Straight Arms

View the website for the illustration of the execution:

https://www.strength-and-power-for-volleyball.com/volleyball-static-
flexibility.html

C. Sports-specific volleyball fitness components

1. Aerobic training
2. Anaerobic training
3. Flexibility
4. Agility
5. Strength
6. Core
7. Endurance
8. Power
9. Speed

II. Sports-specific volleyball skills/techniques

A. Passing practice
Shuffle Steps
This drill, designed for beginners, emphasizes the fundamentals of 'shuffling' a
player's feet. Although, shuffling is not a motion that can always be executed in
competition, it is a good way to teach young volleyball players body control and a
smooth approach.
Drill Description: One player tosses the ball at another who passes it back. The
tosser lobs the ball high in the air, at least ten feet away from passer who must get to
the ball.
Passer must shuffle step to get to the ball without crossing their feet. Try to get to
the spot before the ball does.
Vary to which side the ball is thrown so the passer does not cheat to the
anticipated side. After five tosses, switch so that the tosser now passes, and the
passer now tosses.

3's and 2's

Drill Description: Two players (No.1 and No.2) stand on the opposite side of the
net as the third. Player No.2 stands where the setter would line up (front middle
preferably) and player No.1 stands in a back row position on same side.
Player No.3 lines up on opposite side of the net as No.1 and No.2 and tosses
ball over the net to player No.1 who passes it to setter (No.2). Setter bounce-passes
ball under net back to player No.3.
Meanwhile player No.3 throws the second ball immediately after player No.1
passes the first ball. The drill is fast-paced and designed to get a lot of passing done
in a short time period.
Note: Player No.3 should toss the second ball before No.2 has caught the first.
That way the drill is executed rapidly.

Toss Catch Drill

Drill Description: One player tosses the ball at another who passes it back. The
idea is to develop consistency in basic passing skills and to make sure passer is
correctly using legs not arms and wrist when they pass.
To develop correct fundamentals, this drill requires one player to simply catch
the ball and throw it back.
Body Position: Wait with arms at a 90-degree angle from your upper body. Bend
at the waist so that your shoulders are forward and hips are back (but maintain 90-
degree angle between arms and upper body). Legs should also be bent.

B. Serving practice
Arm Toss
Right-handed players stand with left foot slightly ahead of right foot. Hold ball in
left hand and extend the arm straight out from body at a 90-degree angle. (Left-
handed players will be exactly opposite.)
With a firm wrist, arm toss the ball 18 inches high but let it fall to the ground. The
ball should fall to the spot on the floor just inside of the lead foot and in line with the
hitting shoulder.
The toss is crucial to a successful serve because an improperly tossed ball will
cause a poor arm angle resulting in a bad serve. Remember when serving: on a bad
toss you should let the ball fall to the ground and then attempt again.

Target Practice
On the other side of the net set up six main targets at the front right, left and
middle positions--as well as the back left, right and middle positions. Coach then
chooses target to aim for and server tries to hit the target on the serve.
The team can be divided in half and this can be turned into a competition with
points awarded to how many serves strike the chosen target area.
Make sure to keep wrist firm throughout the serve. Contact with heel of hand
through the middle back of the ball. The contact should sound like a "thud" not a
"slap" sound. Hand follows ball to target. Finish with hand along side or within
bodyline.

Amoeba
This drill has a time limit, so it introduces pressure—not only for serving, but for
hitting a target so accurately that another player can catch it from a seated position.
This loud, highly active drill begins with one player sitting in zone six on the
court, cross-legged and immobile. The rest of the team gathers on the other side at
the end line with balls ready to serve. When the whistle blows, everyone serves at
once. If the seated player catches your ball, you run over and sit cross-legged next
to him or her. As more players serve balls that seated players catch, an "amoeba-
like" pattern forms on the floor. The player serving often grows stressed and feels
pressure. The other players cheer loudly and and rally the server on. Once all
players are seated cross-legged on the other side of the net within the time limit, they
are rewarded with a game like "Queen of the Court" or scrimmage for the rest of
practice.

C. Spiking practice
Wall Spikes Drill
At the beginning, a player who wants to practice wall-spikes drill has to stand
about 10 feet the wall. A player has to hold a ball in one of his hands. It is better for a
player to hold a ball in his/her non-dominant hand. A player has to keep his/her hand
with a ball straight and then raise it up to head-height level. At the same time it is
necessary to lift and draw back another hand. Its elbow has to be bent, so the
opposite hand will be on the level of shoulders. Now, a player has to complete the hit
with the dominant hand. The ball will bounce off the floor, hit the wall and return back
to the player. The task of a player is to track the ball and hit it again. As a result, the
drill will be continued. If a player can’t receive or return the ball the volleyball drill is
finished. A player has to practice the wall spikes drill for about 5 minutes. Afterwards,
a player has to change hands. So, the drill is performed with another hand.

High Contact Drill

The main objective of practicing this drill is to help volleyball players master
hitting technique. This drill is performed by pairs of players. First of all, volleyball
players have to warm up their shoulders properly. In order to do this, players have to
throw the ball back and forth one to another. Then players have to toss the ball up
and hit it to each other.
Obviously, it is very important for players to reach high when hitting the ball.
When performing high contact drill volleyball players also have to focus on reaching
high and snapping the wrist. When tossing the ball players have to do their best to
bring both their arms up. Acting in such a way, they can prepare for completing an
attack hit.

Team Approach Jumps Drill

Performing this drill allows volleyball players to improve their spiking skills
dramatically. It is worth noting that this volleyball drill is performed without a ball.
First of all, a team has to form a line along a sideline. Once a player approaches
the net he/she has to take another approach. However, the next time a player has to
start approaching the net from inside the court. Finally, the player reaches the other
sideline. When the first player approaches the net it is time for the second player to
start moving towards the net. The drill is completed when the last player of a team
reaches the other sideline.
When performing this volleyball drill players have to do footwork properly. It
makes sense for players to practice a 4 step volleyball approach. This drill provides
volleyball players with an opportunity to make different experiments and increase
their creativity. For example, it makes sense for player to focus on a 4 step volleyball
approach. So, practicing this volleyball drill can help players develop new effective
strategies.

Spike Approach Drill

Doing this drill delivers multiple benefits to attackers and hitters. However, the
biggest advantage of this drill is that it teaches volleyball players how to choose the
best moment for completing an attack hit. It is a good idea to begin the volleyball
practice with such a spike-approach warm-up. As a result, players will be ready for
completing attack hits. This volleyball drill has to be performed by the players of the
front-row. The drill involves initiating the spike approach from the 10-foot line.
Prior to start practicing this volleyball drill, players have to stand behind the 10-
foot line on the left side of the playing court. Players are positioned one after the
other. So, they will have to create the line. Once all players occupy their positions on
the court they will have to start practicing a spike approach drill.
Initially, the left-front position mock-spike is performed by the first player.
Afterwards, the first player has to move to the central part of the playing court
quickly. From this position the first player will have to perform a middle-front
approach and afterwards he/she performs right-front approach. Then the same
actions are performed by other volleyball players. When practicing this volleyball drill
volleyball players are recommended to change their positions 2-3 times.

D. Blocking practice

Block Jump to Ball Drill

Block jump to ball drill is done by two players. A blocker and the second player
should stand near the net on different sides of the net. The player should hold the
ball. So, the task of a blocker is to do a block jump up to a ball.

A player holding the ball can stand on a chair at the beginning. When a blocker gets
used to the drill it makes sense to make it more difficult. Before the blocker jumps up
and touches the ball a player can also move the ball. As a result, the blocker will be
confused.

It is worth noting that performing block jump to ball drill delivers multiple
important benefits. At first, this drill helps a blocker master a successful blocking
technique. At second, block jump to ball drill provides a player with the perfect
opportunity to learn how to position hands properly.

Blind Blocking Drill

Blind blocking drill is performed by three players. Blocker and attacker are
located in front of each other. They stand near the net on different parts of the
playing court. The third player stands behind the blocker. The third player passes the
ball to an attacker. The attacker has to complete an attack hit. The task of a blocker
is to block the attack.
Coaches typically recommend this volleyball drill to defensive players. Mastering
blind blocking drill will certainly help a blocker understand the attackers of the
opposite team much better and practice a jump block approach. Moreover, this drill
will help a blocker select the right position on the playing court.

Side to Side Blocking Drill

Three players are involved in this volleyball drill. Two players should stand on the
boxes and hold the balls in their hands over the net. The task of a blocker is to move
from side-to-side quickly, jump up and block the balls. Doing this volleyball drill on a
regular basis will definitely help a blocker get into the blocking position during the
game quickly. As a result, blockers will be able to stop the attacks of the opposite
team successfully.

III. Basic strategies and tactics in volleyball

A. Team Offense strategies and tactics

1. Quick Set: This is a low set that is hit while the ball is still going up or has just
peaked. There are many variations. A quick one (known as 1 or A) is to the
immediate front of the setter, a back one (known as a back 1 or B) is set directly
behind the setter.

2. Hut/Go: This is a set that is to the outside hitter with a high arc, intended to land
just inside of the antenna. This can also be called a (4) set.

3. Front/Back Slide: This is a quick set that is shot out horizontally either in front of,
or behind, the setter. It is pushed out a little wider than a quick one. It can also
be calleda (3) set.

4. Two (2) Set: This set is directly in front of the setter up high. Can also be set
behind the setter as a back two.
5. Red: This set is set high and behind the setter for the right side hitter and should
be pushed to the right antenna. Can also be called a (5) set.

6. Back row attack: When somebody from the back row attacks the ball. They must
jump from behind the ten:foot line. There are 3 different back row attacks.

7. A Set: A back row attack from the left side.

8. Pipe Set: A back row attack from the middle.

9. D Set: A back row attack from the right side.

10. X Series: There are many different combinations of this play. The traditional X is
when the middle hitter comes in for a quick 1 and the outside hitter comes in for
a 2. The setter can set either hitter he wants to.

11. Spread Offense: This is when the offense is attacking from the sidelines, either a
4,5, A, or D set.

12. Double Quick: When two of the attack options are quick sets.

13. High Ball: A set to the left front zone:generally used off a bad pass because that
is the easiest spot to set the ball.

14. Tab6-0 Offense: When there are two setters on the court at the same time, the
one in the back row sets.

15. 6-2 Offense: When there are two setters on the court at the same time, the one
in the front row sets.

16. 16.5-1 Offense: When there is only one setter on the court, they are the only one
who sets.
17. Tool: When an attacker hits the ball off an opposing blockers arms out of
bounds.

18. Six-Pack: When an attacker hits the ball off of the face of an opposing player.

19. Overpass: When a player passes the ball over the net on either the first or
second contact, generally done by accident.

20. Freeball: When the ball is easily passed over the net because a proper attack
could not be made due to a bad set or pass.

21. Downball: When the ball is hit over the net by a player who does not jump to
attack it.

B. Team Defense strategies and tactics

Rotational Defense
As the name suggests, players rotate into their "read" position based on how the
play is developing. For instance, if the opponent sets to its outside hitter, the middle
front and right-side front players block. The outside blocker stays home and covers
the rest of the front court. The right back defender edges up behind the blockers to
pick up balls tipped over them. The left back is responsible for the deep angle ball.
The middle back rotates to the same sideline where the ball was set. The rotation
changes if the opponent sets to its right-side hitter or the middle hitter.

Perimeter Defense
In the perimeter defense, players start in the same base position as in rotational
defense. But as the play unfolds, there is less movement into the "read" positions.
This is a good defense to dig out hard-driven balls. It is more vulnerable to tips,
relying on players to take away those plays with their athletic ability. As such, it is
more popular with men's teams with more size and range.

Man Up or "Red" Defense

As the name suggests, the man up or "red" defense moves a back player up to
support the front three players. This protects the middle of court from middle attacks
and tips. It keeps the wing players deep. This formation minimizes the movement
from base position to defensive zone. The deeper base positions allow players to
keep most plays in front of them.

Fine-Tuning the Schemes

Within these basic concepts, countless adjustments can be made to suit the ability of
the team. Hybrid defensive schemes are common. As volleyball coaching legend Bill
Neville once said, "Defense should be designed so that it allows for putting the best
diggers in areas that will most often be attacked."

IV.Rules of Volleyball

A. Basic Rules

Variations of the game volleyball have been in circulation since around 1895.
The game has evolved since then and it was in 1964 where the sport entered its first
Olympic games. The sport now has a global following with nations from around the
world professionally competing. The pinnacle of the sport comes in the Olympic
Games were the best players are often on show.

Object of the Game

The object of volleyball is to hit the volleyball over the net (by only using your
hands) running through the centre of the court whilst trying to get it to bounce in your
opponents half. The opposing team have to try and prevent the ball from bouncing
before returning the ball. Games are played out in best of 3 or 5 sets and the team
with most sets at the end of the game wins.

Volleyball Court
The FIVB requires that the volleyball court surface must be a symmetrical
rectangle, with dimensions of 18 meters (or 59 feet) long by 9 meters (or 29.5 feet)
wide. Each side of the court measures 9 meters by 9 meters square.

Players & Equipment

Each team has 6 players on a court at any one time. Substitutes can be used
throughout the game. There are no professional mixed sex teams. Each player takes
up a position in either the attacking zone (next to the net) or the defensive zone (at
the back of the court). Three players are in each zone and rotate in a clockwise
position after every point.

The court is of a rectangular shape and measures 18m x 9m. Running across
the court is a 2.43m high net with the ball measuring 8 inches in diameter and
weighing between 9 and 10 ounces. Around the outlines of the court is an out of
bounds area and if the ball were to bounce in these sections then a point would be
awarded to the opposing team.
Each team gets up to two timeouts per set of 30 seconds each. After each set
the amount of timeouts resets back to two regardless of how many have been used
previously.

Scoring

To score a point the ball must hit the ground within the outlined section in your
opponents half. You can also score a point by your opponent failing to hit the
outlined section within your half or your opponent hitting the ball into the net. A point
can be scored off either teams serve.

A player serving must do so from behind the base line and can use either an
over or underarm action and hit with only the hand. Once the serve has been made
the sever can join their team in-play and battle out the point.

Each team is allowed to hit the ball three times before the ball must be returned. A
player is not allowed to hit the ball twice in succession. If the ball hits the boundary
line then the ball is deemed to be in-play. The defensive team can jump and try to
block the ball returning to their side of the court. If a block attempt is made and the
ball bounces in their opponents half then a point is awarded. If after the block the ball
bounces out then a point is awarded to the opposing team.

Each game is played to 25 points and must be two points clear. If the scores reach
24-24 then the game is played until one team leads by two.

Winning the Game

To win the game you must score more points than your opponents. The best of 3 or
5 sets are generally played and the winners will be the first team to reach the
required number of sets.
Rules of Volleyball

 Each team consist of 6 players and 6 substitutes. Players can be substituted

at any time but if they are to return can only be swapped for the player that
replaced them.
 Each team can hit the ball up to three times before the ball must be returned.
The defensive team can then try and block or return the ball again hitting it a
maximum of three times.
 Games are played up to 25 points and must be won by 2 clear points.
 Violations will be called for the following:
o Stepping over the base line when serving the ball.
o Ball hits the net and fails to get over the net (If the ball hits the net and
still goes over the net then this is perfectly legal).
o Players are not allowed to carry, palm or run with the ball.
o Players must not touch the net with any part of the body. If the net is
said to have hit them rather than vice-versa, then this is ok.
o The ball cannot travel under the net.
o Players cannot reach over the net and hit the ball.
B. Hand signal for referee
Guide Questions
1. What are the sports-specific principles and fitness components necessary in
playing volleyball?
2. What are the basic mechanics in performing the techniques in playing
volleyball?
3. What are the most common violations in volleyball?

Answer to guide Questions

1. The sports-specific principles applied to volleyball are the principles of
progressive overload, specificity, variety, individualization, recovery and
reversibility. While the fitness components necessary in playing volleyball are
anaerobic fitness, agility, power, balance, coordination, and reaction time.
2. In passing, keep your eyes on the ball, bend your knee in preparation and hit
the ball with the forearms with elbows locked. In serving, it is important to
keep the left knee forward if right handed, bend the knee in preparation and
hit the ball with forearm or the palm of the hand similar to spiking motion.
In spiking, it's important to strike the ball accurately with the hand. Step
backward for the preparation, jump with arm backward swing and hit it with
follow through. In blocking, in preparation bend the knees, jump and extend
the arms aligned to the spikers’s ball.
3. The most common violations in volleyball are: two hits, four hits, net touch by
player, illegal rotation, held ball, lifting, stepping on center line, and over
reaching.

Key points/Summary
1. In volleyball, the athlete must develop a wide range of physical skills.
Principles of training should be applied in the training.
2. Players should be agile, possessed of explosive leaping ability, a superior
vertical jump, and balance.
3. Volleyball players invariably possess outstanding reaction time and hand-eye
coordination.
4. The techniques involved in successful volleyball play are built on repetitive
drills and the simulation of various game situations to hone a combination of
physical and mental skills.
5. The distinct skills of bumping, blocking, setting, spiking, digging, and
receiving the ball are those practiced at every volleyball training session.
6. Each team consist of 6 players and 6 substitutes. Players can be substituted
at any time but if they are to return can only be swapped for the player that
replaced them.
7. Each team can hit the ball up to three times before the ball must be returned.
The defensive team can then try and block or return the ball again hitting it a
maximum of three times.
8. Games are played up to 25 points and must be won by 2 clear points.
Assessment
Name: Course, Year and Section:

Part I. Execute warm-up (5), cool-down (5) and physical fitness conditioning
exercises (5) for volleyball. Use videos or pictures in presenting your
performance(e.g. video, pictures, ICT, MS word, and/or ppt). 50 points

Part II. Execute the basic techniques (passing, serving, spiking, blocking) in
volleyball. Use videos or pictures in presenting your performance (e.g. video,
pictures, ICT, MS word, and/or ppt). 50 points

Part III. Submit a presentation (e.g. video, pictures, ICT, MS word, and/or ppt) on
strategies/ tactics for volleyball (1 offensive strategies/ tactic, 1 defensive strategies/
tactic). 50 points

Part III. Discuss briefly the basic rules and execute the hand signals in refereeing
volleyballl (own video/ picture). Use videos or pictures in presenting your
performance (e.g. video, pictures, ICT, MS word, and/or ppt). 50 points
Rubric for Presentation (Warm-up/Technique/ Strategy/Tactic/Hand Signal)
Criteria Exceeds Fully Meets Meets Expectations Not Yet Within
Expectations Expectations (minimal level) Expectations
10 8 6 4
Content Develops an Develops an Develops an Develops an
exercise/drill exercise/drill exercise/drill exercise/drill sequence
sequence that is sequence that is sequence that is that is incomplete and
logical, complete somewhat logical, incomplete and displays very little effort
and displays lots of complete and displays little effort and practice.
effort and practice. displays effort and and practice.
practice.

Technical Technique Technique Technique Only some

skills performed with performed with performed with understanding of
great attention to attention to details attention to most technical elements (ie.
quality of of technique, has details but hasn't footwork, quality of
movement, and attained attained proficiency movements, body
body position. Also proficiency. yet. Some technical positions) demonstrated
demonstrates an errors. in performance.
excellent
understanding of
body mechanics
Strategy/ Always able to Mostly able to Sometimes able to Rarely able to explain or
Tactic/ explain or explain or explain or demonstrate
Hand demonstrate demonstrate demonstrate technique/strategy/
Signal technique/strategy technique/strategy technique/strategy/ hand signal with many
/ hand signal with / hand signal with hand signal with errors.
no errors. few errors. some errors.  accurately performs
 accurately  accurately  accurately few technique/
performs all performs most performs some strategy, always
technique/ technique/ technique/ struggles and looks
strategy with strategy, strategy, overwhelmed
ease struggles at times struggles often
Graphics All graphics are All graphics are Some graphics are Several graphics are not
and creative, effective creative and creative and creative and effective.
creativity and balanced with effective, but there effective and their
text use. appear to be too use is balanced with
few or too many. text use.
Timelines Submitted on time Submitted 1 day Submitted 2-3 days Submitted 4 or above
s late late late
References and Supplementary Materials

Books
1.Barth, K., & Heuchert, R. (2006). Learning Volleyball. Meyer & Meyer Verlag.
2.Education, C. (2011). Coaching volleyball technical and tactical skills. Human
Kinetics.
3.Papageorgiou, A., & Spitzley, W. (2003). Handbook for competitive volleyball.
Meyer & Meyer Verlag.

Online Supplementary Reading Material

1. Refereeing rules. Retrieved from http://www.fivb.org/en/refereeing-
rules/documents/FIVB-Volleyball_Rules_2017-2020-EN-v06.pdf
2. Volleyball refereeing. Retrieved from
https://www.fivb.com/en/refereeingandrules
3. Volleyball rules. Retrieved from https://www.volleyballadvice.com/volleyball-
rules-regulations/
4. Volleyball techniques and tactics. Retrieved from
https://www.active.com/volleyball/articles/
5. Volleyball training. Retrieved from
https://www.encyclopedia.com/sports/sports-fitness-recreation-and-leisure-
magazines/volleyball-strength-training-and-exercises
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