Mental Models

Nancy Cartwright’s most recent monograph: Nature, the Artful Modeler: Lectures on Laws, Science, How Nature Arranges the World and How We Can Arrange It Better presents the state of the art in the philosophy of science literature. Here, we are presented with the most coherent form of Cartwright’s views to date, combining building blocks she and other Cartwrightians have meticulously crafted throughout the last decades. We are thus presented with a book containing not only incredibly rich work on a diversity of topics spanning several decades, but also a number of novel ideas that will leave an impact on the philosophy of science in the decades to come.

Resumen Un buen número de estudios psicolingüís-ticos han analizado los costos de procesa-miento en relación con las expectativas del lector durante el proceso de lectura y com-prensión de textos, así como su vínculo con determinadas relaciones semánticas. Aun-que pocos han estudiado este fenómeno en producción de discurso, es posible sostener predicciones similares a las señaladas para el proceso de comprensión. En este trabajo presentamos un experimento que, a través de un paradigma de completamiento verbal espontáneo, permite deducir la organización progresiva de un modelo mental entendido como una representación abstracta del texto. Consideramos cuatro variables centrales: tipo de relación semántica, instancia de completamiento, dimensión conceptual y presencia / ausencia de partícula conectiva. Nuestros datos respaldan los enfoques que plantean que las expectativas causales guían el procesamiento y, además, muestran espe-cificidades respecto del proceso subyacen-te (comprensión vs. producción), así como mecanismos comunes a ambos. El estudio muestra posibilidades de transferencia, y sus resultados se pueden proyectar a diver-sas (sub)disciplinas lingüísticas y cogniti-vas, desde la psicología básica hasta los ám-bitos clínicos y educativos. Palabras clave: psicolingüística; partículas conectivas; producción de lenguaje; causalidad

There are significant differences between older and younger adults in terms of risk perception and risk behaviors offline. The previously unexplored existence of this dissimilitude online is the motivation for our work. What are the risk perceptions of older adults? How are these correlated with the classic dimensions of risk perception offline? Can we leverage episodic memory, particularly relevant for older adults, to increase the efficacy of risk communication? We conduct a survey based experiment with two groups: video (n=136) and text (113). We find that leveraging episodic memory using video risk communication can improve the ability of elders to avoid phishing attacks and downloading malware. The applicability of the dimensions of risk were different based not only the risk but also the mode of risk communication.

The paper offers a social science perspective on some of the assumptions and abstractions implicit in the semantic web vision in one bio-medical domain. The focus here is on the more persistent semantic and systemic alignment issues in the context of neuro-psychiatric disease, as experienced by Grid projects working in this domain in the UK, EU and US, where the opportunities and the challenges of integration have been particularly evident.

This study investigated the influence of training format on knowledge structure development and how differing knowledge structure measurement techniques can be used to best assess training effectiveness. The presence of diagrams was manipulated in a computer-based training tutorial designed to assess mental model development and knowledge acquisition. Participants presented with diagrams were more likely to accurately draw connections across modules of the training. Diagrams also facilitated performance on measures of integrative knowledge but not on measures of declarative knowledge. The results are discussed in the context of mental model theory. #

Equine-Human Relations –a shift in perspectives

• From a functional to an emotional/relational relationship/partnership
• From object to subject
• From un-equal to equal
• From non-sentient to sentient
• From species to individual
• From parts to whole
• From owned to agency
• From obey to choose etc.

This is my graduate thesis book. My thesis develops systematic methods in interaction design using three case studies. I am focusing on two systematic models - the conceptual model and the mental model. A  conceptual model is the model that is given to the user through the interface of the product. It is the model in the designer's mind. A mental model is the model that a user develops in his or her mind from the interface of the product. It is a model in the user's mind. My thesis relates and combines these two models in the design process, exploring three questions: How can we designers find the right way and the most efficient way find out  a user's mental model? How can we represent these models? How can we use these models in the design process?

In this presentation I will be discussing the relations between mental model theory, stemming from cognitive psychology, and fundamental image schemas that have been identified in the area of child language acquisition. In cognitive linguistics, the spatialization of form hypothesis posits that conceptual structure consists of image schema plus a metaphorical projection (or mapping). Exploring the implications of this hypothesis, I first discuss metaphorical topological projection of scenes and episodes in short term memory models. In cognitive discourse studies, the inner structure of a mental model is thought to be deictic in design, where conceptualisation occurs within a geometric mental space. After exploring the topological nature of image schematic projections, we will discuss how schemas act as space builders, content movers and attention pointers within a deictic space model for simulation (cf. Chilton 2005; 2014). Data will be examined from social movement texts appearing during the 1960s Cultural Revolution of the United States. The two key texts considered are opening sections of manifestos penned by university student organizers involved in Students for a Democratic Society (SDS). The Port Huron Statement (1962) is recognized as the first manifesto of the American New Left movement, while the Weatherman Statement (1969) appeared just before the dissolution of group in the early 1970s. I conclude with a mediation on the implications of mental model theory and image schematic structures for texts meant to collectively organize groups for socio-political action.

Safe surgical practice requires a combination of technical and nontechnical abilities. Both sets of skills can be impaired by intra-operative stress, compromising performance and patient safety. This systematic review aims to assess the effects of intra-operative stress on surgical performance.A systematic search strategy was implemented to obtain relevant articles. MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PsycINFO databases were searched, and 3,547 abstracts were identified. After application of limits, 660 abstracts were retrieved for subsequent evaluation. Studies were included on the basis of predetermined inclusion criteria and independent assessment by 2 reviewers.In all, 22 articles formed the evidence base for this review. Key stressors included laparoscopic surgery (7 studies), bleeding (4 studies), distractions (4 studies), time pressure (3 studies), procedural complexity (3 studies), and equipment problems (2 studies). The methods for assessing stress and performance varied greatly across studies, rendering cross-study comparisons difficult. With only 7 studies assessing stress and surgical performance concurrently, establishing a direct link was challenging. Despite this shortfall, the direction of the evidence suggested that excessive stress impairs performance. Specifically, laparoscopic procedures trigger greater stress levels and poorer technical performance (3 studies), and expert surgeons experience less stress and less impaired performance compared with juniors (2 studies). Finally, 3 studies suggest that stressful crises impair surgeons' nontechnical skills (eg, communication and decision making).Surgeons are subject to many intra-operative stressors that can impair their performance. Current evidence is characterized by marked heterogeneity of research designs and variable study quality. Further research on stress and performance is required so that surgical training and clinical excellence can flourish.

This article offers an interpretation of scientific concepts’ understanding in terms of mental simulation. A series of studies are reviewed, showing that mental simulation is a fundamental form of computation in the brain, underlying many cognitive skills such as mindreading, perception, memory, and language. Current investigations in cognitive neuroscience are then considered, that relate mental simulation with brain regions involved in episodic memory, future thinking and problem solving. The role of mental simulation in scientific thinking is described and a link is made with model-based reasoning in scientists and students. The simulation and linguistic systems are shown to be integrated and mutually reinforcing. The reviewed studies provide a set of ideas that are applied to science education. Finally, instructional design guidelines are proposed to facilitate the mental simulation-based process of concept understanding, together with a list of possible difficulties in concept comprehension and conceptual change.

The most common schizophrenia nursing problems found were the risk of violent behavior, hallucinations, and low self-esteem. It was found that 55% of clients were at risk of violent behavior, hallucinations, and low self-esteem who experienced recurrence and did not comply with medication. The purpose of this action was to determine the effect of health education on medication compliance on changes in symptoms of schizophrenia clients in the Medan Helvetia sub-district for 30 people. The result found that the knowledge of schizophrenic clients increased. medication adherence health education is recommended as a nursing therapy and a supporter of advanced nursing therapy in treating schizophrenic clients with a risk of violent behavior, hallucinations, and low self-esteem.

Tanulmányomban három olyan módszerről írok, amelynek használata a társadalomtudományokban elterjedt és bevált, és – bár nem általánosan, hanem inkább innovatív módon – az online felületek fejlesztése során is hatékonyan alkalmazható. Írásom elején bemutatom, hogy a felhasználói felületek előzetes kutatása napjainkra a körültekintő webes fejlesztések kihagyhatatlan része lett.
Ezt követően három területet mutatok be részletesen: a mentális modellek kutatását, a naplózó adatfelvételt, végül pedig a résztvevő megfigyelést. A módszerek bemutatásában kitérek azok (elterjedt) offline és (innovatív) online használati szokásaira, lehetőségeire, és saját tapasztalataim alapján gyakorlati szempontokat is leírok a módszerek UX területén történő megbízható alkalmazásához.

Abstract
In the following paper I write about three methods which are generally used and accepted in social sciences and can be effectively applied – not as a standard, but innovative way – during the development of online surfaces. At the beginning of the paper I present how preliminary testing of user interface has become an indispensable part of website development. Then I present three methods in details: mental model research, diary study, and participant observation. In case of each method I describe its (standard) offline and (innovative) online way of use, and-based on my own practice-I also describe their safe and reliable application on online surfaces.

Resumen. Los procesos cognitivos involucrados en la conceptualización, la categorización, y sus implicaciones para áreas como la lingüística y la lógica, son un tema recurrente en la filosofía contemporánea de la mente y del lenguaje, como en las ciencias del conocimiento. El presente artículo es un estudio exploratorio y preliminar sobre la categorización en el contexto del corpus aristotelicum, y a partir del libro inicial del Órganon: Categorías y sus referentes en otras obras como: Primeros y Segundos Analíticos, Tópicos, Del Alma, Física y Metafísica. El eje articulador es el análisis del triple estatus de las categorías aristotélicas: ontológico, lógico y lingüístico, que permite a su vez explorar el concepto sobre los universales y sus implicaciones para la lógica y la matemática contemporáneas.
Abstract. The cognitive processes involved in conceptualization, categorization, and their implications for areas such as linguistics and logic, are a recurring theme in the contemporary philosophy of mind and language, as in the sciences of knowledge. The present article is an exploratory and preliminary study on the categorization in the context of the corpus aristotelicum, and from the initial book of the Organon: "Categories" and their referents in other works as Analytica Priora and Posteriora, Topics, De Anima, Physics and Metaphysics. The articulating axis is the analysis of the triple status of the Aristotelian categories: ontological, logical and linguistic, which allows in turn to explore the concept of universals and their implications for contemporary logic and mathematics

This technical note details the preliminary stage in the development of a postural analysis tool, Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA). REBA has been developed to "ll a perceived need for a practitioner's "eld tool, speci"cally designed to be sensitive to the type of unpredictable working postures found in health care and other service industries. A team of ergonomists, physiotherapists, occupational therapists and nurses collected and individually coded over 600 postural examples to produce a new tool incorporating dynamic and static postural loading factors, human}load interface (coupling), and a new concept of a gravity-assisted upper limb position. Initial reliability for inter-observer coding shows promise but further work is needed to establish the validity of the tool.

This study seeks to evaluate how interventions exposing leaders to ego development models and personality coaching could cultivate leadership maturity. The intervention targeted two levels of adult and leadership development. The first level involved basic understanding of differences in individual and other personalities and preferences. The aim here was to open up an individual’s perspective, fine tune their behavioural repertoire and to help them deal with people and situations more successfully. The second level aimed to provoke the individual to see the world through multiple sets of lenses, and change their interpretations and meaning of experience. The research revealed that maturity interventions were the first stage in sparking the process of maturity development for leaders. The intervention created a level of tension and disharmony that was necessary for participants to question their beliefs and assumptions about both the inner and outer worlds. The study highlights that the program had been successful on the first level; however, success on the second level was contingent on the individual taking the initiative and embracing their development needs. Only then could transition to post-conventional maturity be realized.

Back pain in thle nursing profession is an acknowledged wide spread occupational hazard. This study used OWAS (Ovako Working posture Analysis System) to measure the severity of the working postures adopted by nurses on Care of the Elderly wards when carrying out manual handling operations for animate and inanimate loads. Twenty-six nurses were observed on 31 occasions to obtain 4299 observations, these data were collected and processed using the OWASCO and. OWASAN programs, and then analysed by grouping the results into defined patient (animate) handling and non-patient (inanimate) handling tasks. A statistical comparison was made between the two groups using the percentage of action categories two, three and four, to the total number of action categories. A significant difference @ < 0.05) was found, demonstrating that the percentage of harmful postures adopted during patient handling tasks was significantly higher than during non-patient handling tasks. This high level of postural stress and the poor track record of risk management within the Health Care Industry leads to the recommenldation that an attitudinal change is needed to successfully address and reduce the manual handling burden which is currently being carried by the nursing staff.

Background: We aimed to improve the quality and safety of handover of patients from surgery to intensive care using the analogy of a Formula 1 pit stop and expertise from aviation. Methods: A prospective intervention study measured the change in performance before and after the implementation of a new handover protocol that was developed through detailed discussions with a Formula 1 racing team and aviation training captains. Fifty (23 before and 27 after) postsurgery patient handovers were observed. Technical errors and information omissions were measured using checklists, and teamwork was scored using a Likert scale. Duration of the handover was also measured. Results: The mean number of technical errors was reduced from 5.42 (95% CI ±1.24) to 3.15 (95% CI ±0.71), the mean number of information handover omissions was reduced from 2.09 (95% CI ±1.14) to 1.07 (95% CI ±0.55), and duration of handover was reduced from 10.8 min (95% CI ±1.6) to 9.4 min (95% CI ±1.29). Nine out of twenty-three (39%) precondition patients had more than one error in both technical and information handover prior to the new protocol, compared with three out of twnety-seven (11.5%) with the new handover. Regression analysis showed that the number of technical errors were significantly reduced with the new handover (t = )3.63, P < 0.001), and an interaction suggested that teamwork (t = 3.04, P = 0.004) had a different effect with the new handover protocol. Conclusions: The introduction of the new handover protocol lead to improvements in all aspects of the handover. Expertise from other industries can be extrapolated to improve patient safety, and in particular, areas of medicine involving the handover of patients or information.

มโนมติในวิชาเคมีจำนวนมากเกี่ยวข้องกับเรื่องของนามธรรมที่มองไม่เห็นและสัมผัสไม่ได้ ทำให้นักเรียนจำนวนมากมีมโนมติที่คลาดเคลื่อนเกี่ยวกับวิชาเคมีอย่างไรก็ตาม การเรียนรู้วิชาเคมีในยุคไอซีทีนี้มีการพัฒนาสื่อการเรียนรู้ที่ช่วยเสริมให้นักเรียนสามารถสร้างเมนทอลโมเดลระดับโมเลกุลได้ใกล้เคียงความเห็นร่วมของวิทยาศาสตร์มากขึ้น และสามารถเชื่อมโยงความสัมพันธ์ระหว่างมโนมติในระดับโมเลกุลเข้ากับสิ่งที่มองเห็นในระดับมหภาคและการเขียนด้วยสัญลักษณ์ทางเคมีได้สิ่งเหล่านี้สามารถช่วยให้นักเรียนเรียนรู้วิชาเคมีได้อย่างมีประสิทธิภาพมากขึ้น

Chapter 1. The notion and conceptions of virtual reality. Chapter 2. "Platonic" senses of the "virtual": the "virtual" as a produced by the activity of the objectively-mental. Chapter 3. "Platonic" senses of the "virtual": naturally-caused subjectively-mental virtual reality. Chapter 4. "Platonic" senses of the "virtual": artificially-caused subjectively-mental virtual reality. Chapter 5. "Aristotelian" and "Plato-Aristotelian" senses of the "virtual".

Background Teamwork in surgical teams is at the forefront of good practice guidelines and empirical research as an important aspect of safe surgery. We have developed a comprehensive assessment for teamwork in surgery-the Observational Teamwork Assessment for Surgery (OTA-S)-and we have tested it for general surgical procedures. The aim of the research reported here was to extend the assessment to urology procedures. Methods After refining the original assessment, we used it to observe 50 urology procedures. The OTAS comprises a procedural task checklist that assesses patient, equipment/ provisions, and communication tasks as well as ratings on five team behavior constructs (communication, cooperation, coordination, leadership, and monitoring). Teamwork was assessed separately in the surgical, anesthesia, and nursing subteams in the operating theater. We also assessed the reliability of the behavioral scoring. Results Regarding task completion, a number of communication and equipment/provisions tasks were not routinely performed during the operations we observed. Regarding teamwork-related behaviors, adequate reliability was obtained in the scoring of behaviors. Anesthetists and nurses obtained their lowest scores on communication.

BACKGROUND: Failures in nontechnical and teamwork skills frequently lie at the heart of harm and near-misses in the operating room (OR). The purpose of this systematic review was to assess the impact of nontechnical skills on technical performance in surgery. STUDY DESIGN: MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO databases were searched, and 2,041 articles were identified.

Background Stress can impair surgical performance and may compromise patient safety. This prospective, crosssectional study describes the feasibility, reliability, and validity of the Imperial Stress Assessment Tool (ISAT) as an approach to measuring stress during surgery. Methods A total of 54 procedures were observed with 11 surgeons (4 attendings, 4 senior residents and 3 junior residents) in a large university teaching hospital in London, UK. Data collection involved physiological measures of operating surgeons [heart rate (HR) and salivary cortisol] and self-report questionnaires (State Trait Anxiety Inventory, or STAI). Results In all, 23 of 54 procedures were stressful, as identified by self-reporting. For stressful procedures compared to nonstressful ones, STAI was higher (mean ± SD) 9.81 ± 2.20 vs. 12.87 ± 4.27, t (30.64) = 3.15 as was the HR (mean ± SD) 79.94 ± 8.55 vs. 93.17 ± 14.94, t(32.57) = 3.81) (p \ 0.05). Significant positive correlations were obtained between the measures indicating concurrent validity: Pearson's r = 0.47 (HR vs. STAI), 0.34 (cortisol vs. STAI), and 0.57 (HR vs. cortisol) (p \ 0.05). Perfect correlation of subjective and objective measures was found for 70% of the procedures. HR and cortisol had specificities of 78% and 91% and sensitivities of 91% and 70% respectively for detecting stress during surgery. Conclusion ISAT is a nonintrusive, feasible approach that combines subjective and objective methods for measuring stress in the operating room. The ISAT may increase understanding of the effects of stress on clinical performance and outcomes, leading to improved patient care.

Phronetic organizational research is an approach to the study of management and organizations focusing on ethics and power. It is based on a contemporary interpretation of the Aristotelian concept phronesis, usually as ‘prudence’. Phronesis is the ability to think and act in relation to values, to deliberate about ‘things that are good or bad for humans’ in the words of Aristotle (1976:1140a24–b12). Phronetic organizational research effectively provides answers to the following four value-rational questions, for specific problematics in management and organization studies: 1. Where are we going with this specific management problematic? 2. Who gains and who loses, and by which mechanisms of power? 3. Is this development desirable? 4. What, if anything, should we do about it?

The following comparison of Henry James’ The Turn of the Screw and Benjamin Britten’s adaptation of this novella to the operatic stage reveals there are two oceans that are crossed: the Atlantic Ocean and the ocean of time. In spite of his life spent between the USA where he was born and where he had brother, sister, father and mother, Henry James is not English at all. This ghost story is typically American and never reaches the Gothic level British stories construct or the ironic if not sarcastic level of Oscar Wilde. It is also the time of the great debunkers of ghost stories known as Sherlock Holmes and Dr Watson who do not believe in ghosts but do believe in criminals and murderers and know from experience that ghosts are a good cover up for a crime, still used in many TV series.

On the other side Benjamin Britten is British to the core and ghosts cannot be ghosts because the ocean of time has been crossed along with two world wars, the two successive births of globalization. We have more or less abandoned the soul in psychiatry and we have vastly replaced it with the mind and the great masters of the mind in 1955 were Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Jacques Lacan already and emerging fast, but not yet Michel Foucault. Each one of these set the mind in one special place of the body. For Freud the mind is in emotions and impulses. For Jung the mind is heritage from the old culture we receive with our milk after birth. For Jacques Lacan it is in the conflict and construct of two essential dimensions: the basic physiological body and the concept of authority, both in their conflict and cooperation constructing a superego he called the Phallus. Michel Foucault sets the mind at the level of the consciousness of one’s sexual apparatus, in many ways like Wilhelm Reich but with a mental dimension that Wilhelm Reich never reached, tied up and locked up in the sexual drives, both penile and anal, or vaginal and anal.

But, and that’s my main point, Benjamin Britten moves away from the ghosts to deal with mental memories or constructs that replace the parents these children do not have any more, but he refuses the innuendo Henry James invested in his novella all the time in the form of extreme sexual obsession in the nameless Governess. He brings the kids back to their ages, eight and ten, and at ten a boy needs a male model and not a male sexual partner. This model is a father substitute when the father is absent or a father extension that brings into the mental father of the boy new elements to build his superego, or Phallus to use Lacan’s concept.

And Benjamin Britten shows his deep consciousness that with any maternal figure in that situation who would be too possessive and in this particular case a power and control (sexual) freak, the boy might be mentally destroyed to the point of desiring to get out of this world back into the world where his mental model is living, since Quint is dead and not dead at the same time. Simultaneously that boy, in the most innocent way, will punish the maternal substitute who dared push him into non-existence by dying in her arms, in her lap, his big death punishing the mother-torturer-executioner who dared provoke some ripples in the field of his still unawake little death without understanding that you cannot play with that impulse even with a boy of ten without running the risk of destroying him because it is castrating if you frustrate the dim satisfaction of it and traumatic if an adult takes advantage of it to satisfy his or in this case her phantasms.

This is part of a longer study due in December on the figure of the stranger in Benjamin Britten’s operas, still six to go out of twenty-one.

In der Frühen Neuzeit finden sich idealisierte Denkfiguren, welche die Regeln der geometrischen Abstraktion durch praxeologische und inszenatorische Verankerung unterlaufen. Sie werden in diesem Beitrag als Modellszenarien aus der Per spek tive einer Wissensgeschichte des Theaters entwickelt. 1 Schematisiert betrachtet sind das Drama und das Theater bei Nicolaus Cusanus (Nikolaus von Kues) auf vier Ebenen als Wissensmodell anzutreffen: (a) Seine Schriften weisen stets typisiertes Personal auf; (b) die an den Dialogen Beteiligten lassen sich als Rol lenfiguren beschreiben, die durch variable Register individueller Merkma le ge kennzeichnet sind (wie in frühen Stegreifvarianten der Typenkomödie, i. e. Com me dia dell'arte/Commedia all'improvviso/Commedia a soggetto); (c) die Rede vollzieht sich nicht etwa im luftleeren, neutralen Raum logischer Argumentationsgänge, son dern wird inmitten von bedeutungsgeladenen Szenerien und architekto ni schen Wort ge stel len zu sam men ge reimt, welche zum integralen Bestandteil sei ner Ge sprächs theatralik geraten; 2 (d) vielgestaltig sind die Rückbezüge und Quer ver wei se in bi bel exe ge ti scher und allgemein philologischer Hinsicht; 3 aller dings

Internet használat közben sok esetben előfordul, hogy a különböző tartalmakat (pl fontos dokumentum, érdekes cikk, megvásárolni kívánt árú, egy jó fotó vagy zene) szeretnénk megőrizni, ezért elmentjük őket valamilyen formában. Szakdolgozatomban a mentési szokások mögött meghúzódó mentális modelleket és a bennük megjelenő affordanciák szerepét igyekeztem feltárni. Kutatásomban 14 fő (N=14) részvételével vizsgáltam ezeket a mentési szokásokat félig strukturált interjú és megfigyelés keretében. A vizsgálat során 34 féle mentési módszert mutattak a résztvevők, amelyeket 7 fő kategóriába és azokon belül 18 alkategóriába lehetett rendezni. Fény derült továbbá a különböző mentési folyamatok lépéseire, illetve a mentésre használt eszközök közös jellemzőire, nemcsak vizuális, hanem elvárás szinten is. Ez arra enged következtetni, hogy a mentésre használt eszközök alsó és felső szintű affordanciákkal is rendelkeznek, amelyek hatnak a mentéssel kapcsolatos mentális modellekre. Az eredmények rámutattak a digitális környezetben működő emberi agy más jellegzetességeire is: a kiterjesztett memória és a párhuzamosan végzett feladatok befolyására az emlékezeti rendszerekben.

Kulcsszavak: HCI, affordancia, mentális modell, kiterjesztett memória, multitaszkolás, eszközhasználat, digitális környezet

Este estudo objetiva comparar duas técnicas de avaliação subjetiva da usabilidade (SUS e DS) aplicadas em estudo perceptivo de objetos domésticos. Estudos desta natureza norteiam futuras aplicações e possibilitam a valorização de técnicas que apesar de simples, são capazes de revelar informações de relevância sobre a interação usuárioobjeto.

The classical view of a manager's role has been that he/she organizes, coordinates, plans, and controls. In 1973, Mintzberg clarified that on any given day managers are very busy, frequently interrupted, and at pains to control what they do. Revisiting his observations 35 years later, Mintzberg (2009) delineated a Model of Managing that depicts managing on three planes: through information, with people, and for action. Framed by Mintzberg's (2009) Model of Managing, this précis presents findings, analyses, and reactions from observation of a single manager.

Complex domains require cognitive work for which current approaches to training may be ill-suited. To improve training for cognitive work, Klein and Baxter have proposed Cognitive Transformation Theory (CTT), a learning theory that characterizes sensemaking processes as essential to the development of expertise. The objectives of this research were to compare CTT with the instructional strategies of two expert air traffic control instructors to evaluate the relevance of CTT’s four teaching practices, propose refinements to CTT, and identify potential instructional strategies to serve as guidance for the application of CTT. Data were collected using cognitive task analysis methods, including course observation, artifact examination, and knowledge elicitation with two instructors and seven of their students. Data were coded using categories derived from theory and patterns emergent within the data. Results suggest that many of the instructional strategies used were consistent with the teaching practices of CTT and that learning was aligned with the active sensemaking claims of CTT. An integrated set of instructional strategies and a few refinements to CTT are advanced to further its application to training in complex domains. Although this set of strategies may benefit current training practices, further research is needed to evaluate their effectiveness.

Referat ma charakter metodologiczny, jego zasadniczym celem jest opis i dyskusja jakościowej analizy danych wizualnych jako procedury poznawczej w badaniach zachowań informacyjnych człowieka (ang. human information behavior). W interpretatywnych/rozumiejących dociekaniach informatologicznych, zwłaszcza związanych z refleksją nad człowiekiem w świecie informacji, wizualny materiał empiryczny (fotografie, nagrania wideo, rysunki i schematy wykonane przez respondentów) stanowić może – obok „klasycznych” danych werbalnych (pochodzących np. z dzienniczków albo wywiadów) – wartościowe źródło poznania. W szczególności zwraca na to uwagę Jenna Hartel, pionierka badań wizualnych w dziedzinie information behavior. Należy dodatkowo pokreślić, iż analiza danych wizualnych nie jest tożsama z wizualizacją danych, mimo podobieństwa nazw obydwu procedur.
Opracowanie niniejsze składa się z dwóch głównych części. Pierwsza z nich powstała na podstawie analizy i krytyki piśmiennictwa informatologicznego z lat 2001-2019 oraz wybranych publikacji z zakresu innych nauk społecznych. Odpowiada na następujące pytania badawcze: (1) czy wizualne dane empiryczne są w ogóle wykorzystywane w obszarze zachowań informacyjnych i – jeżeli tak – w jaki sposób i w kontekście jakich zagadnień szczegółowych, w tym – za pomocą jakich technik są gromadzone, (2) jak prowadzona jest analiza tych danych – intuicyjnie czy systematycznie, ze świadomością i eksplikacją przyjmowanych założeń teoretycznych oraz epistemologicznych i metodologicznych.
Część druga referatu ukazuje sposób wykonania, typ rezultatów oraz możliwe korzyści, wady i zalety jakościowej analizy danych wizualnych w badawczej praktyce. Stanowi studium przypadku przestrzeni informacyjnych w życiu codziennym studentów pierwszego roku zarządzania informacją w Uniwersytecie Jagiellońskim. Materiał empiryczny w postaci 63. rysunków przeanalizowano stosując kodowanie indukcyjne oraz analizę tematyczną. Perspektywę teoretyczno-metodologiczną opisywanych badań uformowały m.in. teoria horyzontów informacyjnych Diane H. Sonnewald, a także koncepcje małych światów Elfredy Chatman oraz tymczasowych miejsc informacyjnych Karen Fisher.
Analiza danych wizualnych może być bardzo owocna poznawczo, umożliwia m.in. uchwycenie „rzeczywistości informacyjnej” tak, jak ta faktycznie jest postrzegana przez użytkowników (współczynnik humanistyczny). Jest jednak czasochłonna, wymaga skrupulatności, solidnej autorefleksji badacza oraz – podobnie jak inne procedury jakościowe – pozostawienia tzw. „ścieżki sprawdzenia” w celu zapewnienia wiarygodności i intersubiektywnej sprawdzalności dociekań.

Abstract Mental models which is figured by Senge in his book “The Fifth Discipline” published in 1990 was mentioned as a proper way of thinking for the learning organizations in every step of the management. In this study the generation of mental model configuration process is deeply defined and dimensions of the model is explained. The relation between Argyris’ left column, facing with reality and learning organization has been stated in this study and the variables of these theories and their connections within organizations increased the quality of forming mental models as a result.

The main objective of this thesis is to provide elements for the consolidation of a new culture of the territory and for a new theory & practice of urban and territorial planning, based on the the so-called paradigm ecological and the battery of concepts arisen around it, so contributing to complement and redirect the range of instruments developed by the urban discipline since its formation. To develop this objective, a double hypothesis has been used as a starting point: - First, that the new perspective from the ecology that was consolidated throughout the twentieth century in parallel with the increasingly clear symptoms of a global environmental crisis, is really a new global paradigm, intrinsically multidisciplinary, which can be called ecological paradigm, whose basic components and whose construction in epistemological and propositive terms reached maturity half a century ago. - Secondly, that this paradigm has already been translated in the field of urban and territorial planning in response to the crisis of cities and the crisis of urbanism, but that these theories and practices are not yet sufficiently articulated with each other and that there are many fields in which the new perspective has not yet been consistently applied. The epistemological perspective developed by the philosopher and psychoanalyst Félix Guattari in his work The Three Ecologies (1989) has been used as a framework of reference, built around what he defines as the three basic ecological dimensions: environmental, social and mental. This framework is very suitable to address the multidimensional nature of the new paradigm in relation to urban-territorial reality, considered as a mental and social phenomenon in permanent interrelation with its environment, and as an artifact product of the metabolic flows of energy, materials and information generated within a certain model of appropriation-transformation-distribution and consumption. This three-dimensional framework has allowed a systematic approach to a rhizomatic reality, in which many more interconnected dimensions can be identified. In order to adjust the dissertation to the necessarily linear structure that a written text must have, the thesis has been ordered in a series of thematic chapters according to the following sequence: 1. CONTEXT_Global crisis in an urban planet: the global crisis is addressed as a framework of reference, and then a synthetic tour is carried out through the movements of opposition to that crisis throughout the twentieth century, emphasizing the search for a unifying paradigm. 2. ECOLOGY_ Systems of relations: based on the biological roots of knowledge, as well as on the concept of paradigm according to Kuhn's formulation, the main features of the two conflicting paradigms, that of progress and the ecological one, are presented, tracing the origins of the latter. After presenting the three dimensions of ecology as an expression of a new Ecosophy, the grounds for the elaboration of a Theory of Needs are introduced. 3. SPACE_ The material configuration of the place: the bases for a theory of the space are established, following the formulation of Henri Lefebvre (The production of the space, 1974) and Placemaking by means of open and recursive strategies is proposed as the main objective of spatial planning 4. ACTION_ Objectives, subjects and tools for the ecological transition in urban and territorial planning: the proposal of an autopoietic utopia, that is, in permanent self-construction, really constitutes the core of the dissertation. The unavoidable vectors for the ecological transition are identified and the objectives and tools for a new urbanism inspired by the ecological paradigm are presented. 5. SCENARIOS_ Visions of a possible future: the main advances in the field of spatial planning following the ecological paradigm are set out, pointing out possible ways for its better articulation and focusing on the relevance of the creation of counter-spaces as mechanism of implementation of the open planning model proposed. The last chapter, TOWARDS THE CITY OF THE THREE ECOLOGIES, is offered as a coda or epilogue in which all the themes of the dissertation are presented intertwined and interwoven, revealing its articulation, and identifying the City of Three Ecologies as the utopia in progress or autopoietic utopia that needs to be built as a new model for the species' relationship with the Biosphere.

El objetivo principal de la presente tesis es aportar elementos para la consolidación de una nueva cultura del territorio y para una nueva teoría y una nueva práctica de la planificación urbana y territorial que, a partir de los materiales conceptuales que se articulan en torno al denominado paradigma ecológico, contribuya a complementar y reorientar el abanico de instrumentos desarrollados por la disciplina urbanística desde su formación, Para desarrollar dicho objetivo se ha partido de una doble hipótesis: •en primer lugar, que la nueva mirada desde la ecología que se fue consolidando a lo largo del siglo XX en paralelo con los cada vez más claros síntomas de una crisis ambiental global, constituye realmente un nuevo paradigma global, intrínsecamente multidisciplinar, al que podemos llamar ecológico, cuyos componentes básicos y cuya construcción en términos epistemológicos y propositivos alcanzó la madurez hace medio siglo. •en segundo lugar, que dicho paradigma ya se ha traducido en el ámbito de la planificación urbana y territorial como respuesta a la crisis de las ciudades y a la crisis del urbanismo, pero que estas teorías y prácticas parciales aún no están suficientemente articuladas entre sí y que son muchos los campos en los que todavía no se ha aplicado de forma consistente la nueva mirada. Como marco de referencia se ha recurrido a la perspectiva epistemológica desarrollada por el filósofo, y psicoanalista Félix Guattari en su obra Las tres ecologías (1989), a partir de lo que él define como las tres dimensiones ecológicas básicas: la ambiental, la social y la mental. Este marco resulta muy adecuado para abordar el carácter multidimensional del nuevo paradigma en relación con la realidad urbanoterritorial, considerada como fenómeno mental y social en permanente interrelación con su medio, y como artefacto producto de los flujos metabólicos de energía, materiales e información generados dentro de un determinado modelo de apropiación-transformación-distribución y consumo. Este armazón tridimensional ha permitido abordar de forma sistemática una realidad rizomática, en la que se pueden identificar muchas más dimensiones interconectadas. Con el fin de ajustar la disertación a la estructura forzosamente lineal que debe poseer un texto escrito la tesis se ha ordenado en una serie de capítulos temáticos de acuerdo con la siguiente secuencia: •1 CONTEXTO_Crisis global en un planeta urbano: se aborda la crisis global como marco de referencia y se lleva a cabo un recorrido sintético por los movimientos de respuesta a dicha crisis a lo largo del siglo XX, haciendo hincapié en la búsqueda de un paradigma unificador. •2 ECOLOGÍA_ Sistemas de relaciones: partiendo de las raíces biológicas del conocimiento, así como del concepto de paradigma según la formulación de Kuhn, se presentan los rasgos básicos de los dos paradigmas en pugna, el del progreso y el ecológico, rastreando los orígenes de este último. Tras presentar las tres dimensiones de la ecología como expresión de una nueva ecosofía, se introducen las bases para la elaboración de una teoría de las necesidades. •3 ESPACIO_ La configuración material del lugar: se establecen las bases para una teoría del espacio, siguiendo la formulación de Henri Lefebvre (La producción del espacio, 1974) y se propone como principal objetivo de la planificación espacial la Configuración de Lugares mediante estrategias abiertas y recursivas •4 ACCIÓN_ Objetivos, sujetos y herramientas para la transición ecológica en la planificación urbana y territorial: la propuesta de una utopía autopoiética, es decir, en permanente autoconstrucción, constituye realmente el núcleo de la disertación. Se identifican los vectores ineludibles para la transición ecológica y se exponen los objetivos y las herramientas para un nuevo urbanismo inspirado en el paradigma ecológico. •5 ESCENARIOS_ Visiones de un futuro posible: se exponen los principales avances en el campo de la planificación espacial de acuerdo con las premisas del paradigma ecológico, señalando posibles vías para su mejor articulación y haciendo especial hincapié en la relevancia de la creación de contraespacios como mecanismo de puesta en práctica del modelo de planificación abierta que se propone. El último capítulo, HACIA LA CIUDAD DE LAS TRES ECOLOGÍAS, se ofrece como una coda o epílogo en el que se presentan entrelazados e imbricados todos los temas de la disertación, poniendo de manifiesto su articulación e identificando la Ciudad de las Tres Ecologías como la utopía en marcha o utopía autopoiética que es preciso construir como modelo de relación de la especie con la Biosfera.