Entrepreneurship

The importance of monitoring information that serves to assist in decision-making and to anticipate changes has been increasingly recognized in the organizational context because of the growing complexity of the environment. However, the more the strategic importance of the information in organizations is acknowledged, the more difficult it becomes to perceive the difficulties associated with the search and productive use of information. The issues of this research were therefore set up to investigate two points: is there an association between the difficulties perceived by managers in the management of weak-signal anticipative information and the level of entrepreneurial orientation of organizations? And is there is an association between the perceived difficulties and the dimensions of uncertainty perceived by organizations? To achieve this, we propose to conduct this research from the perspective of Intelligence, given that this view covers the steps involved in the search, identification, classification, storage, dissemination and use of information. This structure will make it possible to associate the main difficulties in the management of weak signals, which were identified in previous studies, according to their nature with the classic steps of the Intelligence process. In turn, this will enable an analysis of the relationship between the most significant difficulties perceived by organizations with the degree of entrepreneurship they employ, as well as with the dimensions of uncertainty perceived.

Building upon the recent literature on the empirical economics of management, we posit that different forms of management practices introduced by Universities to support academic entrepreneurship affect how well spin-offs get created, supported and evaluated and, eventually, account for academic spinoff performance. We draw on a longitudinal sample of 790 Italian University spin-offs founded by 42 different Italian Universities and observed over the period 2006-2014. Our results suggest that management practices contribute to explain the growth of academic spin-offs and that this effect varies across management practices (e.g. support operations management vs. target management) and spin-offs’ growth patterns (e.g. high-growth vs. low-growth spin-offs). Drawing on these results, the adoption of management practices by University managers should be carefully considered as they seem to serve different purposes. Their appropriateness can vary and, not surprisingly, some management prac...

Agricultural cooperatives have changed considerably in recent decades. In witnessing these structural changes, scholars have proffered analyses of nontraditional ownership models focusing on residual claim rights. However, crucial information on the allocation of control rights in cooperatives is missing. This study sheds light on alternative ownership-control models adopted by agricultural cooperatives in different regions across the world. In each of these models, we describe the allocation of formal control rights with a focus on decision management and decision control rights. We thus provide empirical evidence on the “separation of ownership and control” in agricultural cooperatives. We also analyze each of the governance models in terms of the associated ownership costs, including risk-bearing costs, the costs of controlling managers, and collective decision-making costs. In doing so, we are able to better understand the forces influencing the organizational efficiency of each cooperative model. [EconLit classification: Q130].

The most common business enterprise form in Germany today is the Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung (GmbH). The GmbH offers entrepreneurs the partnership’s flexibility combined with limited liability, capital lock-in, and other traits associated with corporations. Earlier enterprise forms such as the partnership and corporation were codified versions of longstanding practice; the GmbH, on the other hand, was the lawgiver’s creation. Authorized in 1892, the GmbH appeared during a period of ferment in German enterprise law and was an early example of the “Private Limited-Liability Company” (PLLC) prevalent in many economies today. This paper traces the debates and the legislative process that led to the GmbH’s introduction. The new form reflected challenges created by the corporation reform of 1884, problems in German colonial companies, and the view that British company law had put German firms at a competitive disadvantage. Many new enterprises adopted the GmbH, but significant sections of the financial and legal community harbored strong reservations about this legal innovation.

Abstract

Importance:  Entrepreneurs create the vast majority of new jobs, pull economies out of recessions, introduce useful products and services, and create prosperity.  Therefore it behooves us to understand the cognitive, affective, and behavioral strengths and vulnerabilities of entrepreneurs.  Prior research has identified the personality traits of successful entrepreneurs, but little is known about the nature of their mental health characteristics or those of their families.

Objective: To investigate the prevalence and characteristics of mental health conditions among entrepreneurs and their first-degree family members.

Method: Research procedures were approved by the UC Berkeley institutional review board.
In this study, 242 entrepreneurs and 93 demographically matched comparison participants took an anonymous on-line self-report survey to assess their engagement in entrepreneurship, and their individual and family mental health history. Differences between the two groups, and the first-degree relatives of asymptomatic members of both groups, were assessed for statistical significance using chi-square tests and t-tests.

Results: Self-reported mental health concerns were present across 72% of the entrepreneurs in this sample, a proportion that was significantly higher than that of the comparison group.  Entrepreneurs reported significantly more symptoms than the comparison participants, as 49% reported having one or more lifetime mental health conditions, 32% reported having two or more lifetime mental health conditions, 18% reported having three or more lifetime mental health conditions, and 23% reported being asymptomatic members of highly symptomatic families.  The entrepreneurs were significantly more likely to report a lifetime history of depression (30%), ADHD (29%), substance use conditions (12%) and bipolar diagnosis (11%) than were comparison participants. Groups did not differ in rates of anxiety, with 27% of entrepreneurs and 26% of non-entrepreneurs reporting anxiety concerns.  Asymptomatic entrepreneurs described their first-degree relatives as experiencing significantly more mental health conditions than did the asymptomatic comparison participants, including depression, ADHD, substance use conditions, and anxiety.

Limitations:  Limitations of the data include reliance on self-report measures, possible selection bias, vulnerability to shared method variance and comparison group differences, and the reliance on a cross-sectional design.

Conclusions and relevance: The findings of this study are important because they suggest an underlying relationship between entrepreneurship and many of the affective, cognitive, and behavioral differences associated with mental health conditions. Current findings add to a growing body of work suggesting that mental health symptoms, in individuals and their family members, may co-occur with highly advantageous and adaptive outcomes that benefit both the individual and society. Understanding the strengths and vulnerabilities associated with personal and familial mental health histories may contribute to improved entrepreneurial outcomes, and to the development of protective resources for entrepreneurs. These findings have programmatic and policy implications for business education, executive coaching, large employers and human resource managers, health policy, social policy, and macroeconomic policy practitioners, and for mental health advocates. Policies and programs to properly insure and care for people with a wealth of notions (those with mental health conditions) may be synchronized with policies and programs that empower their admirable relatives (the entrepreneurs) to create the wealth of nations.

This paper investigates the interface between organizational learning capability, entrepreneurial orientation (EO), and small business performance. It reports on the findings from 350 small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in North Cyprus operating in the services and retailing sectors. The findings indicate a positive relationship between EO and sales and market share growth, but not between EO and employment growth. There is also a positive relationship between organizational learning capability and EO. This paper contributes to the small business management literature by providing a holistic analysis of the interface between organizational learning capability, EO, and growth.

At the beginning of the 19th century, Pierre and Jean Laffite moved back and forth across fluid lines of law. Within the context of their times, pirate or outlaw behaviours might also be socially constructive entrepreneurship. Their story provides lessons for modern entrepreneurs and business ethicists working on economic frontiers.

... Sony Heru Priyanto* ... Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Priyanto, SH and Sandjojo, I. (2005) 'Relationship between entrepreneurial learning, entrepreneurial competencies and venture success: empirical study on SMEs', Int. ...

An entrepreneur is a person who organizes, builds, owns, and runs a business; however, what else is involved in starting a new business venture? The United States cultivates a society of individualist outlooks, people that place their needs and the needs of their immediate family before others, which is a sharp contradiction to South Korea’s traditionally collectivist society, where individuals put the needs of the community, family, and their country before their personal needs.  With such differing outlooks, which culture is better at supporting entrepreneurs? This paper will explore possible differences between the cultures of the United States and South Korea in relation to social support for female entrepreneurs.

This volume has been prepared under the auspices of the project entitled, ‘Competition Reforms in Key Markets for Enhancing Social & Economic Welfare in Developing Countries’ (CREW Project). This project was implemented by CUTS in four countries: Ghana, India, Philippines and Zambia, and across two common sectors: Staple Food and Bus Transport with the support from DFID (UK) and BMZ (Germany) facilitated by GIZ (Germany). The aim of the project was to highlight the relevance of competition reforms for social and economic welfare in developing countries, and motivate other countries, governments and development partners to accord greater attention to the subject of competition reforms. In view of this overall aim of the project, with inputs from the project advisers CUTS designed the final conference of the CREW project on a broader theme to talk about ‘Relevance of Competition & Regulatory Reforms in Pursuing Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in Developing Countries’. The theme was thought to be both contemporary and relevant in view of the adoption of the SDGs a couple of months before this final conference. In addition to the support it received from DFID (UK), BMZ (Germany) and GIZ (Germany), the conference also received support from the World Bank, G-77 Secretariat and the OECD. CUTS is grateful to all the above organisations for supporting the conference, and indeed also the production of this volume. We acknowledge the support from the members of the Project Advisory Committee of the CREW project, who contributed to make this conference a grand success. Special thanks to Clement Onyango and colleagues at CUTS Nairobi for their support and tireless efforts in the run-up and during the conference. We gratefully acknowledge the hard work and patience of all the paper authors for contributing extremely interesting individual chapters to this volume. We are also thankful to those friends of CUTS who reviewed the draft papers – Eleanor Fox, Tania Begazo/Martha Licetti (World Bank), Rafaelita Aldaba, R S Khemani, Frederic Jenny, Payal Malik, Allan Fels, David Ong’olo, Ashwini Swain, Peter Holmes and John Davies/Lynn Robertson (OECD). We are indebted to Mukhisa Kituyi, Secretary General, UNCTAD for writing an encouraging Foreword – and we hope to continue to receive his and UNCTAD’s support. We greatly appreciate the diligence of Madhuri Vasnani and Garima Shrivastava for editing and Mukesh Tyagi for preparing the layout of this report. Special thanks are due to Ashutosh Soni for his excellent coordination of communication with authors and reviewers of papers of this volume. We acknowledge the efforts of all the members of the CREW team, especially Cornelius Dube, Shreya Kaushik and Neha Tomar. Last but not the least, this report would not have seen the light of the day without the skillful direction, and overall guidance of Pradeep S Mehta, Secretary General, CUTS. He took special interest in this volume and went through each and every paper carefully himself. Words alone cannot convey our sincere gratitude to each and every individual who have contributed in every small way towards bringing out this volume. But it is only words that this world thrives on. We express our sincere gratefulness to all such individuals, without whom the publication of this volume would not have been possible.

Institutions have a decisive impact on the prevalence and nature of entrepreneurship. To date, the impact of institutions on (productive) entrepreneurship and the effects of entrepreneurship on economic growth have largely been investigated in isolation. In this paper, we bring together institutions, entrepreneurship, and economic growth using a parsimonious growth model in a 3SLS specification. In our first stage, we regress multiple measures of entrepreneurial activity on institutional proxies that are known to correlate with more productive forms of entrepreneurial activity. Using the fitted values of this first-stage regression as our proxy for productive entrepreneurship, we can then estimate a panel growth regression following Islam (1995) in a second stage. The third stage then optimizes the estimation of the two equations simultaneously. Our results show that productive entrepreneurship contributes to economic growth. In our set of proxies for institutional quality, financial stability, small government, and perceived start-up skills are the most important predictors of such productive entrepreneurship.

The start-up acceleration phenomenon is a recent trend in the field of entrepreneurship, impacting academia, policy makers and practioners, but not yet fully researched or comprehended. The existing literature on business incubators, technology transfer and corporate entrepreneurship provide few cues on how to interpret the acceleration phenomenon, justifying the case for an in-depth analysis on how accelerators (and its accelerated ventures) differentiate from existing initiatives. This work aims to contribute to this discussion by mapping the current research and definitions of the acceleration phenomenon and suggesting a number of potential investigation lines to be deployed in the upcoming years.

Amid the emergence of the 21st century, a new era of modern business has set in India. Liberalization and globalization of Indian economy have provided challenges and opportunities to our new business and which has necessitated re-engineering of the present management education system. Recently, Union Budget is also decreasing the fund for higher education in India for the last five years. This research is focused mainly on existing problems and challenges which are needed to be addressed and seeks to provide the solution thereabout. At present in India, there exists three-tier management education administration i.e., Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs), Entrepreneur's and prestigious industry run best management institutes and management departments of Universities. Besides this, private B-Schools and non-statutory business training institutions also impact business education leading to MBA degree or PGDM diploma. Unfortunately, most of the students don't get the job in the completion of the course. In most of the cases, even the best student doesn't cater to the needs of the market because in the formal education system the gap between what is taught and what is demanded by the market is evident. Hence, an urgent need to rethink and redesign the management courses has arisen. It discusses the rationale of re-engineering of the whole management education system i.e, Admission, Instruction, Infrastructure, Regulation, Examination, Certification, Training and Placement etc.

The paper was to investigate the role the micro financial instititutions(MFIs)play in assisting small and medium enterprises(SMEs) grow in Kisii Town. The specific objectives were: To establish the role of credit provision on growth of SMEs in Kisii Town, to determine the role of training offered by MFIs in helping the SMEs to grow and role of savings account from MFIs on growth of SMEs in Kisii Town. From the sampling frame a representative sample of 100 respondents were obtained randomly and a survey was conducted on this sample using structured interview schedules. Data from the respondents was analyzed and translated into useful information using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) . Frequency distributions were used to draw conclusions. The study established that most of the businesses obtained credit from MFIs. The study revealed that savings account offered by micro financials assist the enterpreneurs in developing a culture of saving. The survey established that accessibility of training is positively related to growth of SMEs. The study concludes that provision of credit amd training and a cheap savings account helps the growth of SMEs. The study recommends that the government and MFIs to make credit easly available and affordable to the SMEs for them to grow. The study also recommends for accessible financial training from MFIsto influence growth of SMEs. The research further recommends for affordable saving account for savings to avoid dependence of MFIs for their growth.

This case examines the rise and fall of WeWork—a company that experienced one of the most dramatic changes of fortune in technology company history. For several years, WeWork was a Silicon Valley darling, growing at breakneck speed with visionary Adam Neumann at the helm. By some estimates, Neumann’s company was worth USD 47 billion in January of 2019. But when the company filed paperwork in preparation for going public later that year, investors balked at the details revealed in the documents: billions of dollars in losses and lots of questionable behavior on the part of Neumann (including numerous conflicts of interest involving his personal business dealings). The initial public offering was postponed and later withdrawn; Neumann was forced to step down as CEO; and by May of 2020 the company’s valuation had dropped to USD 3 billion. Exploring this recent history will provide an opportunity to ask what lessons can be drawn from the rise and fall of WeWork, and from the economic and social context that enabled its growth.

Research alignment is a relatively new concept with dissertations and research projects. Most researchers and dissertation chairs are not familiar with it. To achieve research alignment is very important and must be taught to novice and experienced researchers. The purpose of this article to discuss and illustrate how to achieve research alignment in studies. This article will provide a model and template for developing research alignment in a study. As basis for a research study, it is important the researcher and doctoral student understand the concept of alignment and know how to achieve it. First, this article discusses the definition of alignment. Second, it provides two models for developing alignment. Last, the article provides examples of research alignment with studies to illustrate it.

Globalization and virtual economy are external factors that drive companies to approach the global market from start up, giving birth to new studies on internationalization strategy, which represent an evolution of the classical stage models. According to the stage approach, companies start selling products in their home markets and then they sequentially look at new countries. Many firms do not follow incremental stage approach but is often reported that they start their international activities from their birth: they enter different country at once, approaching new markets for both exporting and sourcing. Debate in literature is still trying to define if the born global perspective is a new concept or a new label to indicate an old phenomenon. The study will go through a review and an analysis of the literature on market entry and sourcing strategy. The purpose of this paper is therefore to identify and categorize factors that drive companies’ choice towards the global approach instead of the stage approach.

This paper examines the impact of home country economic status on immigrant self-employment probability in the U.S. We estimate a probability model and find that, consistent across race, immigrants from developed countries are more likely to be self-employed in the U.S than are immigrants from developing countries. This result is unexpected given previous research which suggests that immigrants from countries with high levels of self-employment tend to be more involved in self-employment in the U.S. Developing countries on average have higher self-employment rates than do developed countries but our research shows that immigrants from developing countries have similar or lower self-employment probabilities relative to native born White Americans, whereas immigrant from developed countries have significantly higher self-employment probabilities relative to native born White Americans. We provide two potential explanations for this result. First, immigrants from developed countries ma...

This case takes place in late 2012 and examines Andrew Mason, the co-founder of Groupon, Inc. and his journey to build his company.  Mason was just reelected by the Board of Directors to remain as CEO of the company despite the stock price being down approximately 80% from its IPO in 2011.  Groupon was once the fastest growing company ever.  Now, Mason he had to figure out how to turn the company around.

Thinking strategically is what separates managers and leaders. Learn the fundamentals about how to create winning strategy and lead your team to deliver it. From understanding what strategy can do for you, through to creating a strategy and engaging others with strategy, this book offers practical guidance and expert tips. It is peppered with punchy, memorable examples from real leaders winning (and losing) with real world strategies.

Indian banking sector is going through a massive transformation day by day with the advancement of Information and communication Technology and impact of digitization in the banking industry. After the core banking system, banks have moved further to reap the benefits of internet and mobile banking. In order to engage more customers anywhere and anytime without visiting the brick and mortar branches, the banks have now introduced the social media banking. Most of the people are already active in different social media platforms, so banks have grabbed that opportunity to reach people easily and provide services through social media. This paper has made an attempt to analyze the engagement of social media customers in different banks including public and private sector with reference to facebook bank page. The results show that most of the banks have presence on popular social media platforms. With respect to the engagement of customer to all facebook posts during the study period, pu...

The following is an analysis of the IKEA case study found in the Strategic Management Text book. This analyses the strategies used by IKEA to gain competitive advantage in markets outside its original area. The report begins by providing a background into IKEA. It studies International Business Level Strategy and the three international corporate level strategies.

Anormal Psikoloji kitabı, ruhsal bozukluklar alanında çalışan tüm profesyoneller, psikiyatristler, klinik psikologlar, psikologlar, psikolojik danışmanlar, hekimler, sosyal hizmet uzmanları, psikiyatri hemşireleri ve bu alanlarda öğrenci yetiştiren akademisyenler ile eğitim alan öğrenciler için temel bir başvuru kitabıdır.
2013 yılının Mayısı ayında yayımlanan DSM-5 ölçütlerine göre ruhsal bozukluklarla ilgili sunulan bilgilerin güncellemesinin de yapıldığı bu kitap, tüm dünyada pek çok üniversitenin psikiyatri ve psikoloji bölümlerinde ders kitabı olarak okutulmaktadır.
Kitabın her bölümünde, ilk olarak ruhsal bozukluklarla ilgili vakalar sunulmakta, daha sonra bozuklukların klinik tanıları yapılmakta ve DSM-IV-TR’den farklı olan DSM-5’te yapılan değişikliklere yer verilmektedir. Ayrıca, DSM-5’teki tanı ölçütleri, bozuklukların etiyolojisi ve epidemiyolojisi, bozukluklar üzerinde kalıtımın ve çevrenin etkileri, biyolojik ve sosyal ve kültürel etkiler, en güncel araştırmalardan elde edilen verilerle harmanlanarak sunulmaktadır. Ruhsal bozuklukların tedavisinde etkili olacak terapi yaklaşımları ve ilaçla yapılan tedaviler hakkında da bilgiler veren kitap, sahip olduğu zengin içeriği ile eşsiz bir kaynaktır.
Anormal Psikoloji kitabının; profesyoneller ve öğrenciler için önemli bir rehber olacağına, yardıma ihtiyaç duyan insanların sorunlarının çözümüne, ruhsal bozuklukların tanı ve tedavisinde önemli katkılar sağlayacağına inanıyoruz.

Youth unemployment is a problem that affects developing countries, including Nigeria. Recent research on youths and their involvement in entrepreneurship activities is gaining ground seriously due to the economic downturn that increases unemployment. The study's goals include providing suitable suggestions to promote entrepreneurship, problems confronting youth entrepreneurship, the examination of the role of entrepreneurial education in youth employment, and schemes that boost youth entrepreneurship. Data was collected from the primary source by using a structured questionnaire. The sample was selected using a stratified random sampling technique. The target respondents were youths between the ages of 20 and 40 years. Data was gathered from 220 youth entrepreneurs in Lagos, Nigeria. SPSS and Excel were used to analyse the data. The study found out parents and family influenced their decision to start a business. Lack of access to finance and financial risks were found to be significant demotivators for youths against starting up a business. Education was seen to support the entrepreneurial careers of the respondents. The study also showed that difficulty in attracting funding was a significant problem affecting youth entrepreneurship. The recommendations include Tertiary institutions should train students in entrepreneurship. The government should set up special funds (Loans & Grants) for youth entrepreneurship. Youth should be involved in policy development on entrepreneurship. Capacity-building should be organized often for youth entrepreneurs. More functional incubation centers should be established across the country to breed young entrepreneurs. Established adult and youth entrepreneurs should be encouraged to mentor up and coming, youth entrepreneurs. The government should be consistent in youth entrepreneurship policy. The Government should address the issue of multiple taxations, poor infrastructure, poor planning, corruption, etc. The government should encourage citizens to patronize homemade goods. Bureaucratic bottlenecks concerning government transactions with entrepreneurs should be eliminated. The government should improve the ease of doing business.

In the global scenario, the Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) sector is one of the fast growing sectors after the liberalisation, privatisation, and globalisation, to increase job opportunities day by day. The present study examines the relationship between the workplace stress, well-being, and quality of life. It also aims to investigate the differences between day and night shift workers, males and females, and married and unmarried employees working in BPO sector with respect to experienced workplace stress, well-being and quality of life. In the present study, 120 employees were selected from the different business process companies. The analysis revealed that organisational role stress is significantly correlated with sociability. And, quality of work life was significantly correlated with well-being. However, the difference in gender was found on organisational role stress and some of its dimensions, as well as on quality of work life. Succinctly, married and unmarried employees differed on dimensions of well-being. As far as, shift timings are concerned, day shift employees were found to differ significantly from night shift employees on organisational role stress and its few dimensions, as well as on quality of work life. From the findings of the study, it has been understood that the gender differences, marital status difference, and difference in shift timings have made an impact on the variables such as workplace stress, quality of work life, and well-being of BPO employees.

This thesis investigates the case of a generic business concept, the Web Bazaar, and evaluates its fit with current market conditions and trends. Further, it assesses strategic considerations that would be critical for a successful commercialization of the concept. Our findings do indeed suggest that the Web Bazaar concept fits with current market conditions
and trends, but identifies several challenges for a commercialization process. These challenges are broken down and discussed in our Analysis, and met with concrete suggestions of fitting strategies to overcome them.

Keywords
E‐commerce, business models, value configurations, value network, strategy, Internet, Web, Web 2.0, network effects, network externalities, positive feedback, bandwagon effect, standards, compatibility, lock‐in, online mediation services.

Bu çalışmada girişimci, girişimcilik ve kişilik kavramlarına değinilmiş olup, girişimciler ile maaşlı
çalışanlar arasında kişilik özellikleri bağlamında bir fark olup olmadığı incelenmiştir. Çalışmada, Gençöz ve Öncül
(2012)’nin Türk kültürüne yönelik geliştirdiği ve 45 maddeden oluşan “Temel Kişilik Özellikleri” ölçeğinden
yararlanılarak bir anket formu hazırlanmıştır. Hazırlanan anket formu, 1 Kasım-15 Aralık 2016 tarihleri arasında,
Çanakkale il merkezinde yer alan 450 girişimci ve maaşlı çalışana yüz yüze görüşme yöntemi aracılığıyla
uygulanmıştır. Girişimciler ile maaşlı çalışanların kişilik özellikleri arasındaki farklılıklar, T-testi ve Anova testleri
aracılığıyla analiz edilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda girişimci – maaşlı çalışanların kişilik özellikleri bakımından yaş,
medeni durum, gelir seviyesi ve iş durumuna göre, “Dışadönüklük”, “Sorumluluk”, “Uyumluluk”, “Duygusal
Tutarsızlık”, “Gelişime Açıklık” ve “Olumsuz Değerlik” boyutları arasında anlamlı bir farklılık bulunmadığı tespit
edilmiştir. Girişimciler ile maaşlı çalışanların kişilik özellikleri arasındaki farklılıklar cinsiyet değişkenine göre
incelendiğinde ise, “Sorumluluk” ve “Uyumluluk” boyutlarında anlamlı bir farklılık olduğu; kadınların erkeklere
göre daha fazla sorumluk sahibi ve uyumlu oldukları sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Girişimciler ile maaşlı çalışanların
kişilik özellikleri arasındaki farklılıklar eğitim değişkenine göre incelendiğinde ise, “Duygusal Tutarsızlık”
boyutunda ilköğretim–lise ve lise–ilköğretim eğitim seviyeleri arasında farklılık olduğu; lise eğitim seviyesine sahip
girişimci ve maaşlı çalışanların, eğitim seviyesi ilköğretim olanlara göre daha fazla duygusal tutarsızlığa sahip
oldukları görülmüştür. Türk kültürüne yönelik olarak geliştirilen “Temel Kişilik Özellikleri” ölçeğinden
yararlanılarak gerçekleştirilen bu çalışmanın sonuçlarının literatüre katkı sağlayacağı ve ileride konu ile ilgili
yapılacak çalışmalarda yol gösterici olacağı düşünülmektedir. In this study, the concepts of entrepreneur, entrepreneurship and personality are mentioned and also it has
been examined whether there is a difference between entrepreneurs and salaried employees in terms of their
personality traits. A questionnaire form was prepared by using the "Basic Personality Features" scale developed by
Gençöz and Öncül (2012) for Turkish culture and consisting of 45 items for the study. The prepared questionnaire
was applied between 1 November and 15 December 2016 through 450 entrepreneurs and salaried employees, faceto-face
interviewing methods in Canakkale province center. Differences between personality traits of entrepreneurs
and salaried employees were analyzed through the t-test and Anova tests. As a result of the study, it is determined
that there is no difference between the dimensions of "Outwardness", "Responsibility", "Compatibility", "Emotional
Inconsistency", "Developmental Clarity" and "Negative Validity" according to age, marital status, income level and
employment status of entrepreneurs and salaried employees. When the differences between personality traits of
entrepreneurs and salaried employees are examined according to gender variable, it is seen that there is a
meaningful difference between "Responsibility" and "Compatibility" dimensions. According to this difference,
women are more responsible and accountable than men. When the differences between personality traits of
entrepreneurs and salaried employees are examined according to educational variables, it is found that there is a
difference between primary and high school and primary school education levels in the dimension of "Emotional
inconsistency". Entrepreneurs and salaried employees with a high school education level are found to have more
emotional inconsistency than those with an education level of primary education. It is considered that the results of
this study, which is realized by using the "Basic Personality Traits" scale developed for the Turkish culture, will
contribute to the literature and will be a guide for the future studies about this subject.

Purpose: To determine the cost-effectiveness of fulvestrant 250 mg compared to 500 mg in postmenopausal women with estrogen receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer and disease progression after antiestrogen therapy. Methods: A Markov model was constructed to find the incremental cost-effectiveness of fulvestrant 250 mg monthly when compared with the 500 mg monthly in patients with progression after antiestrogen therapy. The model duration was 24 months. Clinical efficacy data inputs were derived from a phase III clinical trial demonstrating a statistically significant increase in progression-free survival in patients receiving 500 mg versus 250 mg. Cost data utilized were all relevant Ambulatory Payment Classification payment rates from the 2011 Medicare Outpatient Prospective Payment System. A Monte Carlo simulation was performed to test the model at various willingness to pay thresholds. Results: The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio as determined by the Markov model was US$10,972 per month of progression-free survival for the 500 mg dose compared with the 250 mg dose. Using a Monte Carlo simulation, it was found that 500 mg monthly was cost-effective at and above the willingness to pay threshold of US$15,000 per month. A series of one-way sensitivity analyses showed this result is robust to geographical practice variations in costs of drug administration and physician examination. Conclusion: From a third party payer perspective, the value of fulvestrant 500 mg monthly is dependent on the willingness to pay threshold. Despite a labeling change for fulvestrant in September 2010, fulvestrant 250 mg monthly appears to be a viable option in the target population.

This paper explores the effects of deregulation and globalization on the dominant mode of corporate governance in Swedish public firms. The effects are multidimensional-the direction of change in corporate governance cannot be determined by simply examining whether a convergence towards the Anglo-American model is occurring. Dispersed ownership with management control has not proven to be a viable model of corporate governance for Swedish listed companies. Instead, the control models with the most rapid growth in the most recent decades are found outside the stock market, notably private equity and foreign ownership. After a major revival of the Swedish stock market its importance for the Swedish economy is again in decline. Instead of adjustments in pertinent institutions and practices to ensure effectiveness of the corporate governance of Swedish public firms under these new conditions, a great deal of endogenous adjustment of the ownership structure has taken place. A major lesson from this study is that unless institutional reform renders management entrenchment and/or board independence possible, convergence to the Anglo-American model cannot take place.

Africa has been for many years misinterpreted and often referred to a continent of political instability, refugee’s crisis, civil wars, corruption and under development.
This perception leads and undermines confidence to venture into new businesses across the continent.
Despite many challenges the continent faces, the travel and tourism sector seems to keep moving on a safe pace.

The literature of agile manufacturing demonstrates that simultaneous emphasis on a wide range of competitive objectives has the potential to enhance business performance. Yet, some writers also suggest that companies should focus, based on prioritisation of competitive objectives into "order winners and qualifiers". Either way, a gap exists in the literature, due to paucity of empirical tests of the performance impacts of agile manufacturing. This paper set out to provide the empirical evidence that simultaneous emphasis on manufacturing competitive objectives has the potential to enhance company performance. To this end, the paper explores models of competition and differences in performance across them. A literature review was undertaken to stress the importance of several manufacturing objectives and performance measures. The review was by followed by an analysis of different models of competition, which have emerged over time as a means of responding to varying degrees of product and market complexity. It was argued that as environmental complexity intensifies, competitive pressures would compel companies to migrate towards agile manufacturing. The results presented in the paper are based on the results of a survey by questionnaire administered to 600 manufacturing companies in the UK. Factor and cluster analyses were applied to explore seven competitive objectives, which were low cost, quality, speed, dependability, product customisation, volume flexibility and leadership in new technology. The seven objectives were factored into three models of competition, which were described as lean, flexible and agile. The lean model was unique for superior emphasis on quality whilst the flexibility model was distinctive on volume flexibility and product customisation. As well, the agile model was remarkable for relatively equal emphasis on all the objectives. Across the three empirical models, statistical tests revealed significant differences in performance measures. Mean scores were lowest in the flexibility model whilst they were highest in the agile model. Although the agile model was superior to the lean and flexibility models, factor coefficients revealed that it was yet to attain the highest possible levels of competitive performance. The results provide sufficient justification for manufacturing systems redesign for agile manufacturing. However, the results identified a dilemma that might make agility difficult to realise. Whereas the literature suggests that flexibility-driven competition is superior to quality-driven competition, this study finds that performance was higher in the quality model than in the flexibility model. The result implies that incremental change from quality-driven competition (lean) to flexibility-driven competition (mass customisation), with a view to ultimately become agile, can result to getting trapped at the transient stage of flexibility. Suggestions for coping with the potential problems of the transient stage were proposed, in order to enhance rapid advance towards agile manufacturing. BACKGROUND

Repliker och kommentarer strider mot en hypotes som Braconier söker härleda ur vår artikel, nämligen att” den regionala utvecklingen inom en nation blivit alltmer ojämn som en följd av att lyckade klusterbildningar utvecklas i vissa regioner”.(Braconier [1999, s 439]).

In this paper we use a comparative perspective to explore the ways in which institutions and networks have influenced entrepreneurial development in Russia. We utilize Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) data collected in 2001 and 2002 to investigate the effects of the weak institutional environment in Russia on entrepreneurship, comparing it first with all available GEM country samples and second, in more detail, with Brazil and Poland. Our results provide strong evidence that Russia's institutional environment is important to explain its relatively low levels of entrepreneurship development, where the latter is measured in terms of both number of start-ups and of existing business owners. In addition, Russia's business environment contributes to the relative advantage of entrepreneurial insiders (those already in business) to entrepreneurial outsiders (newcomers) in terms of new business startups.

This case aims to discuss the development of a peer-to-peer car sharing company in Brazil and was developed as a basis for discussions in the classroom about the process of opportunity identification, business model development and entrepreneurship.