Bitcoin

The purpose of this study is to explore the determinants of bitcoin adoption among individuals and also to assess whether the usage of the bitcoin technology for payment of transactions is preferable to other modes of payment. The study proposed a conceptual model analyzing the driving factors that influence a behavior towards the utilization of bitcoins in a developing economy, Ghana, through the lens of the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology model. A qualitative method which employed a purposive sampling technique in the selection of twelve respondents who understand and utilize the bitcoin technology was used. The findings showed that majority of the respondents were exceptionally positive about the idea of bitcoin and had the goal to keep utilizing it, on conditions with respect to the usefulness, the ease of use, the secureness, and the price value of bitcoin. The study offers practitioners with a framework based on theory that goes beyond not only investigating the adoption but also to assess the impact in utilizing bitcoin for organizational benefits.

This master thesis presents an introduction to Bitcoin and Blockchain elements.  Firstly,we  introduce  how  Blockchain  works  and  its  fundamentals.  Then  the  cryptography  isreviewed  until  it  reaches  the  cryptographic  hash  functions.  Public  keys  cryptographyand the elements of symmetric cryptography are highlighted.  Bitcoin transactions, blockformation,  and  addressing  system  are  studied.  A  suggestion  of  blockchain  didatics  foreducation is made.  Are presented the Bitcoin Address composing and the cryptographichash functions used in the Bitcoin RIPEMD-160 and SHA-256, this one with a calculationprocedure.  Finally, Blockchain is contextualized with college education and it is made asuggestion for further study.

Crypto-coins (CCs) like Bitcoin are digitally encrypted tokens traded in peer-to-peer networks whose money laundering potential has attracted the attention of regulators, firms and the wider public worldwide. This article assesses the effectiveness of the global anti-money laundering regime in balancing both the challenges and opportunities presented by these novel ‘altcoins’. Two main arguments are advanced. First, the implications that crypto-coins presently pose for global anti-money laundering efforts stem less from the threats of their illicit uses as digital currencies and more from the opportunities presented by their underlying blockchain technologies. Second, despite several shortcomings, the risk-based approach pursued by the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) strikes an effective balance between the existing threats and opportunities that crypto-coins currently present. Rather than a conclusive evaluation however this article stresses the need for continual monitoring and investigation of the wider ethical implications raised by CCs for global efforts to combat money laundering in an era of rapid technological change.

Blockchain has numerous benefits such as decentralisation, persistency, anonymity and auditability. There is a wide spectrum of blockchain applications ranging from cryptocurrency, financial services, risk management, internet of things (IoT) to public and social services. Although a number of studies focus on using the blockchain technology in various application aspects, there is no comprehensive survey on the blockchain technology in both technological and application perspectives. To fill this gap, we conduct a comprehensive survey on the blockchain technology. In particular, this paper gives the blockchain taxonomy, introduces typical blockchain consensus algorithms, reviews blockchain applications and discusses technical challenges as well as recent advances in tackling the challenges. Moreover, this paper also points out the future directions in the blockchain technology.

Cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin and Ether encourage the owners of computing resources to bring ever-increasing levels of processing power to bear in validating the distributed ledger of cryptocurrency purchases and sales.  Initial coin offerings (ICOs) involve the sale of cryptocurrency coins or tokens with the aid of on white papers.  Crypto coin white papers involve a mixture of scientific, sociopolitical, and economic speech.  They often contain extended arguments for how users of the coins and the Internet or society in general could benefit from a new way of organizing economic relations, assembling and deploying assets, or exchanging messages or entitlements.  While they share some similarities with forms of commercial speech that enjoy quite limited First Amendment protection, they are arguably more similar to other economic statements that enjoy First Amendment protection against censorship, or to direct advertisements that are deemed insufficiently misleading to result in civil liability.  Nevertheless, some interpretations of U.S. securities and commodities law would prohibit authors of such white papers from raising funds for crypto coin platforms if the coin's users expect to earn a return on their investment and rely on the coin issuer's expertise or representations. 

This article explores principles of free expression that could shield truthful speech and subjective opinions about new crypto coins from some of the worst chilling effects of U.S. laws.  It examines ways in which crypto coins may benefit marketplace participants and economic efficiency, including by providing a beneficial alternative to traditional software app stores, logistics infrastructures, or banking and payment systems.  It then surveys the First Amendment and other constitutional issues that onerous regulations raise, and draws analogies to doctrines that reconcile the freedom of economic expression with the cause of consumer or investor protection under the Lanham Act, the Securities Exchange Act, state deceptive practices laws, and the law of warranties.  Several themes in the case law are ripe for application to ICOs: the need for precision and proportionality in framing regulation, the proscription against regulatory overkill and one-size-fits-all approaches, and the requirement that basic freedoms be preserved.  More specifically, the securities or commodities are not properly read as applying to many crypto coin offering papers, and describes other concepts such as virtual commodities or virtual barter systems from other jurisdictions that may be a better fit. 

The article urges American lawyers and judges to probe thoroughly whether the interests served by prohibitions and penalties on crypto coin speech justify the burdens imposed on information providers. Regulating false statements of existing fact and enhancing the remedies for making them will be more effective and less constitutionally infirm measures than those aimed at preempting merely potential harm.  Courts must balance the values of fraud prevention and remediation with the values of freedom of expression and expanded economic opportunity.  Analogous fields of law provide several tools with which to achieve this balance, including the distinction between general or universal fraud prohibitions and narrower securities or commodities regulation regimes, the difference between forward-looking and other statements in several area of fraud law, First Amendment principles governing professional and occupational licensing, and rules against vague or discriminatorily enforced regulations. 

keywords: cryptocurrencies, tokens, appcoins, altcoins, coins, coin offerings, ICOs, "initial coin offerings", free speech, freedom of speech, freedom of expression, freedom of information, cloud computing, virtualization, virtual communities,  virtual currencies, virtual commodities, digital barter, securities law, regulation, consumer protection, false advertising, Lanham Act, misleading, First Amendment, commercial speech, least restrictive means, overbreadth, vagueness, Fifth Amendment, due process, human rights, Telegram, TON, Kik, Kin, Kik Interactive, Bitcoin, Ether, smart contracts, crowdfunding, SEC, The DAO, CFTC, CFPB, European Union, EU, banking, risk, innovation, technology, financial technology, payment systems, multistakeholder governance, polycentric governance, puffery, bespeaks caution doctrine, California, New York, Texas, occupational licensing, libertarianism

Blockchain technology is a new general-purpose technology that poses significant challenges to the existing state of law, economy, and society. Blockchain has one feature that makes it even more distinctive than other disruptive technologies: it is, by nature and design, global and transnational. Moreover, blockchain operates based on its own rules and principles that have a law-like quality. What may be called the lex cryptographia of blockchain has been designed based on a rational choice vision of human behavior. Blockchain adopts a framing derived from neoclassical economics, and instantiates it in a new machinery that implements rational choice paradigms using blockchain in a semi-automatic way, across all spheres of life, and without regard to borders. Accordingly, a global law and crypto-economics movement is now emerging owing to the spread of blockchain.

This Article suggests that such a rational choice paradigm is an insufficient foundation for the future development of blockchain. It seeks to develop a new understanding of blockchain and its regulation through code according to the emerging “law and political economy” framework. Blockchain is much more than a machine that enables the automation of transactions according to a rational choice framework. Blockchain should instead be understood as a technological infrastructure. Acknowledging the infrastructural dimension of blockchain technology may help identify a new role for the law in its interaction with blockchain, as well as for government in its interaction with the new technology. More precisely, identifying blockchain as an “infrastructural commons” helps us recognize that law and regulation should not be relegated to the role of merely facilitating the operation of the invisible hand of the market by and within blockchain, but should rather acquire more active roles, such as safeguarding access on non-discriminatory terms to users, on a model with net neutrality and other public utility safeguards. The Article closes by proposing a “law and political economy” framework for blockchain that is based on principles of publicness, trust, and interoperability.

This discussion applies quantitative finance methods and economic arguments to cryptocurrencies in general and bitcoin in particular ---as there are about $10,000$ cryptocurrencies, we focus (unless otherwise specified) on the most discussed crypto of those that claim to hue to the original protocol \cite{nakamoto2009bitcoin} and the one with, by far, the largest market capitalization.

In its current version, in spite of the hype, bitcoin failed to satisfy the notion of "currency without government" (it proved to not even be a currency at all), can be neither a short or long term store of value (its expected value is no higher than $0$), cannot operate as a reliable inflation hedge, and, worst of all, does not constitute, not even remotely, safe haven for one's investments, shield against government tyranny, or tail protection vehicle for catastrophic episodes.


Furthermore, there appears to be an underlying conflation between the success of a payment mechanism (as decentralized mode of exchange), which so far has failed, and the speculative variations in the price of a zero-sum asset with massive negative externalities.

Going through monetary history, we also show how a true numeraire must be one of minimum variance with respect to an arbitrary basket of goods and services, how gold and silver lost their inflation hedge status during the Hunt brothers squeeze in the late 1970s and what would be required from a true inflation hedged store of value.

Eser iki bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölümde iktisadi ve teknolojik açıklamalara yer verilmiştir. Bu kapsamda Blockchain ve kripto paralara ilişkin temel terimler, bazı ödeme yöntemleri, para kavramı ve paranın kısa tarihçesi, paranın özellikleri, paranın işlevleri, para türleri, para standartları, sağlam ve ucuz para kavramları, kripto paraların temelinde yatan Blockchain ve Tangle yapıları, Bitcoin, Ethereum, Ripple, Litecoin, IOTA gibi bazı kripto paralar, kripto paraların olumlu ve olumsuz yönleri, yasal para birimleri karşısında konvertibl olup olmadıklarına göre sanal/kripto para sistemleri, kripto paraların fiat paralarla değişim platformları, kripto para cüzdanları, Blockchain ve kripto paralara ilişkin kronoloji ve ülkemizde resmi makamların kripto paralara yaklaşımı gibi konular incelenmiştir.
İkinci bölümde ise kripto paralara ilişkin işlemlerin Türkiye’de yasak olup olmadığı, Bitcoin özelinde kripto paraların eşya niteliği, borçlar hukuku boyutuyla Bitcoin özelinde kripto paralar, akıllı sözleşmeler, Bitcoin özelinde kripto paraların ticaret şirketlerine sermaye olarak getirilmesi, Tokenlar ve hukuki değerlendirilmesi, medeni usul hukukunda ispat aracı olarak Blockchain teknolojisi, icra ve iflas hukuku yönüyle kripto paralara ilişkin bazı sorunlar ve nihayet kripto paralara ilişkin miras hukuku, kıymetli evrak hukuku gibi özel hukukun diğer alanlarına ilişkin konulara temas edilmiştir.

İçindekiler

1. Blockchaın ve Kripto Paralara İlişkin Temel Terimler
2. Bazı Ödeme Yöntemleri
3. Para Kavramı ve Paranın Kısa Tarihi
4. Kripto Paraların Temelindeki Yapılar
5. Kripto Paralar
6. Kripto Paralara İlişkin İşlemlerin Yasak Olmaması ve Suç Teşkil Etmemesi
7. Bıtcoın Özelinde Kripto Paraların Eşya Niteliği Sorunu
8. Borçlar Hukuku Boyutuyla Bıtcoın Özelinde Kripto Paralar
9. Akıllı Sözleşmeler
10. Bıtcoin Özelinde Kripto Paraların Ticaret Şirketlerine Sermaye Olarak Getirilmesi
11.Token
12. Medeni Usul Hukukunda İspat Aracı Olarak Blockchaın Teknolojisi
13. İcra ve İflas Hukuku Yönüyle Kripto Paralara İlişkin Bazı Meseleler
14. Kripto Paralara İlişkin Diğer Bazı Meseleler

This case study, written for Harvard Law School, proposes a fictional scenario in which students, playing the role of Federal Reserve staff members, are asked to consider two possible designs involving central bank digital currencies:  “Fedcoin” and “Fedcount.” Students are equipped with the information necessary to evaluate whether either design offers better payment efficiencies and monetary policy implementation. In conducting their analysis, students are encouraged to grapple with the policy, monetary and legal issues that could arise either from the two proposals or from a decision that the Federal Reserve stays out of the fray.

Based on the failure to cut down poverty rate to 7% by 2019, I argue that the Indonesian Government needs not only planning and identifying targets, but also look for ways to realise its objectives. The State Budget spent through social spending only have a minuscule impact on poverty reduction, which I strongly suspect to eventuate because the poor lacks the capability to decide on which aspects they should utilise the funds.

I then explained two underlying aspects of blockchain technology: smart contracts and digital identity, and how these two could help the Government achieve its development objectives.

The Government must be both a planner and a searcher. Identify what needs to be resolved and search for ways to resolve it.

The birth of the internet and the subsequent adoption of information and communication technologies (ITCs) has revolutionized global business opportunities. Businesses worldwide now use ICTs to manage their day to day organisational processes and the Internet is an integral part of their marketing, communication and trading strategies (Sagi, Carayannis&Dasgupta, 2004). For many though, the process of globalization is just beginning and each year a growing number of eCommerce sites are trading globally and shipping internationally. The globalization of trade presents a number of risks and problems ranging over a variety of areas from political, economic, social and cultural perspectives. These issues include; Disparate laws and regulations, loss of tax revenue, issues of currency exchange, security of data and personal information, company validity, integrity and reputation, and differences in social and cultural communication approaches and transactional expectations (Pacini, Andrews &Hillison, 2002).

A presente pesquisa buscou analisar aspectos conceituais, inovativos, mercadologicos e quantitativos do Bitcoin (BTC) e como os mesmos se traduzem na volatilidade dos seus retornos. Apos expostos conceitos basilares sobre o BTC, moeda e moedas digitais buscou-se contextualizar o BTC como inovacao financeira. Foi usada como amostra os retornos das cotacoes do BTC/US$, do periodo de 13 de setembro de 2011 a 23 de junho de 2015 e, como subamostra, o periodo a partir de 10 de marco de 2013 a 23 de junho de 2015. A partir desses conjuntos de informacoes, estimou-se a volatilidade associada aos retornos no BTC fornecidos pelos modelos ARCH, GARCH, EGARCH e TARCH para testar qual deles se ajustaram melhor a esta trajetoria. Os resultados apontaram existencia de volatilidade persistente e que mostra, possivelmente, que esses retornos tiveram duas fases: primeiramente um momento de ‘euforia’ e depois de ‘convergencia’ para a media da volatilidade. Normal 0 21 false false false PT-BR X-NONE X...

Desde o surgimento da primeira criptomoeda, o bitcoin, empresas para intermediação entre quem quer comprar e vender moedas virtuais, as exchanges de criptoativos, foram surgindo com enfoque na comercialização de moedas virtuais. Nesse sentido, conflitos entre essas empresas e bancos geraram discussões que desembocaram no judiciário para dirimir sobre a matéria.

GET RICH WITH BLANK ATM CARD ... Whatsapp: +18033921735

I want to testify about Dark Web blank atm cards which can withdraw money from any atm machines around the world. I was very poor before and have no job. I saw so many testimony about how Dark Web Cyber hackers send them the atm blank card and use it to collect money in any atm machine and become rich.([email protected]) I email them also and they sent me the blank atm card. I have use it to get 250,000 dollars. withdraw the maximum of 5,000 USD daily. Dark Web is giving out the card just to help the poor. Hack and take money directly from any atm machine vault with the use of atm programmed card which runs in automatic mode.

You can also contact them for the service below

* Western Union/MoneyGram Transfer Hack

* Bank Transfer Hack

* PayPal / Skrill Transfer Hack

* Crypto Mining Hack

* CashApp Transfer Hack

Email: [email protected]

Text & Call or WhatsApp: +18033921735

Visit: https://darkwebcycberhackers.com

Blockchain has emerged as one of the finest and promising technologies in the last decade. Bitcoin started the journey in 2008 and soon blockchain technology paved the way much beyond cryptocurrencies in form of smart contracts deployment, permissioned blockchains, hyperledger, ethereum and the list is endless, so to say with a multitude of variants evolving across. This expansion of the implementations has been across domains, hitherto unthought-of. One such domain with definite connects in future are the evolving smart cities across the countries. Smart city concept pullulates to step-up functional efficiency, share information with the users and better the citizen welfare enabled by information and communication technologies (ICT). The rapidly evolving growth of the smart cities thus has thrown multiple challenges to the widely used traditional way of ensuring seamless, secure, robust exchange of information between devices and entities in the smart city ecosystem. This paper builds upon the concepts of blockchain, smart cities, and InterPlanetary File System and further explores possibilities of realizing blockchain enabled smart cities on InterPlanetary File System architecture concluded by challenges ahead. The proposed architecture is simulated with results in a limited environment.

The article was published in April 2018 in Education Technology Solutions (ETS); it was co-jointly written with a primary classroom teacher Gaya Pillai who was a teacher in STEM research in a NSW public school in 2017.
ETS is now online and can be subscribed to and accessed here
https://issuu.com/store/publishers/interactivemediasolutions/subscribe

As internet users become subjected to stricter and more developed means of surveillance and censorship, the developments towards a decentralised version of the network move forwards by providing functional and scalable alternatives. These blockchain inventions are definitely marvelous from the perspective of engineering and cryptography, but they raise important questions about legitimacy and governance. By employing qualitative data analysis and comparisons, this paper aims to present the current state of the internet, explain the origins and nature of the blockchain as the underlying source of immutable decentralisation, and ultimately ask the question " What are the possible solutions to create a truly decentralised internet which makes use of all the new technological advancements but is simultaneously accountable to national, transnational, and international polities? ". According to the findings, a framework of trust, collaboration and consensus must be established between those who govern and those who are governed, as new cryptographic innovations are led by autonomous " law is code " systems.

What is Bitcoin? Bitcoin is different things to many different people. At its core it's a network of trust. A decentralized network that is coded to transact without the need for third party verification.
Its main application is the currency Bitcoin, which is labelled many things, such as digital gold, a store of value, peer-to-peer currency, digital scarcity.

Num cenário econômico globalizado é relevante pensar que se concebem novos mecanismos pelos quais a dinâmica comercial moderna possa desenvolver-se. As unidades monetárias fazem parte da história humana, e o homem valeu-se de uma vasta gama de elementos para representar valor no cambio de mercadorias. A moeda surgiu da necessidade da padronização de um instrumento único e comum para todos os tipos de transação. Para que possamos conceber como o Bitcoin, enquanto criptomoeda virtual, descentralizada e autônoma ganha relevância no contexto econômico atual, faz-se necessário uma abordagem teórica conceitual. Compreendo que o conceito de moeda descentralizada apesar de incomum não é exclusivo do bitcoin. Entender como funciona o processo de criptografia distribuida do bitcoin e sua mensuração de valor, alem de como iniciar seu processo de mineração, faze-se vitais a compreensão do funcionamento desta moeda.
Bitcoins: Fundamentos para mineração da criptomoeda

Uang adalah alat pembayaran yang sangat di butuhkan oleh masyarakat luas, kehadiran uang ini memungkinkan dalam melakukan kegiatan transaksi akan lebih cepat mudah dan efisien, sebelum adanya uang masyarakat pada zaman dahulu menggunakan sistem barter untuk memenuhi kebutuhannya. Namun cara ini tidak cukup efektif untuk perekonomian karena di lihat dari segi kebutukan, cara barter adalah cara yang tidak efektif karena setiap kebutuhan para individu individu sangatlah berbeda. Uang bisa berbentuk bermacam macam mulai dari batu, kulit kerang, emas, perak bahkan pasir sekalipun. Sesuatu barang yang dinilai tidak berharga akan bisa lebih berharga ketika semua masyarakat menghargai barang tersebut. Dan uang pada saat ini secara umumnya berbentuk seperti lembaran kertas, dengan berkembangnya kemajuan dalam bidang teknologi maka uang tidaklah berwujud seperti kertas melainkan bisa menjadi uang digital, dengan mempunyai sebuah kartu kredit saja ketika kita berbelanja kita tidak usah mengeluarkan uang kertas melainkan menggesek kartu kredit tersebut, dan hasilnya pembayaran sudah selesai. Dan dengan lebih pesatnya perkembangan teknologi saat ini, revolusi uang sangat cepat bahkan sekarang masyarakat sudah mengenal cryptocurrency atau biasa disebut mata uang digital. Mengenal Konsep Cryptocurrency Orang yang mengenalkan konsep cryptocurrency ialah Satoshi Nakamoto, Satoshi Nakamoto adalah panggilan anonim untuk orang yang mengembangkan cryptocurrency pada tahun 2008. Kemudian di tahun berikutnya konsep ini lebih di kenal dengan sebutan Bitcoin. Untuk cara kerja Bitcoin sangatlah unik dan apabila kita ingin memahami seluk beluk teknologinya, mau tidak mau kita harus mendalami ilmu komputer karena cryptocurrency di ciptakan menggunakan teknologi enskripsi dan deskripsi yang disebut Kriptografi, cara kerjanya seperti kita menggunakan torrent sebagai alat untuk berbagi file antar jaringan yang disebut peer-to-peer network. Untuk dapat menggunakan bitcoin maka kita harus mempunyai wallet bitcoin terlebih dahulu, fungsi dari wallet bitcoin ialah untuk memproses transaksi menjadi data tereknskripsi yang disebut sebagai block. Lalu wallet akan mengirimkan ke jaringan peer-to-peer untuk dapat diproses, tidak hanya berhenti sampai disini saja, akan ada sejumlah komputer yang berfungsi sebagai pemecah kode block dan memproses transaksi tersebut, proses ini disebut Minning dan setiap transaksi yang berhasil di proses oleh komputer tersebut akan diberi reward berupa Bitcoin. Namun proses mining bitcoin sangatlah sulit, dibutuhkan komputer dengan spesifikasi hardware yang tinggi untuk bisa digunakan untuk minning, karena minning sangat membutuhkan resource atau sumber daya yang sangat banyak, oleh karena itu ada banyak terobosan yang dilakukan oleh komunitas cryptocurrency jagat maya yaitu Cloud Minning yang artinya semua kegiatan minning tidak lagi bergantung pada komputer atau server yang anda miliki sendiri di rumah dan hal ini akan membutuhkan pengeluaran biaya yang tidak sedikit melainkan semua kegiatan minning yang anda lakukan akan di proses oleh penyedia Cloud Minning. Sejak dikeluarkan Bitcoin sebagai pembayaran, maka coin coin baru bermunculan seperti Doge Coin, Alt Coin, Cat Coin, dan lain sebagainya. Dan pada saat Bitcoin dikeluarkan 1 BTC dihargai sekitar dibawah 1 USD. Dan seiring berkembangnya waktu, pengguna Bitcoin semakin meningkat. Faktor yang menyebabkan popularitas Bitcoin semakin meningkat adalah kemudahan dalam bertransaksi serta sifat bitcoin yang anonim serta yang tak kalah penting lagi, Bitcoin bersifat open source.

This booklet is designed to give the reader an overview of general bookkeeping practices
and accounting terminology in respect of the crypto-coin „Bitcoin”. It brings together
financial cryptography innovations such as the Signed Receipt with the standard accountancy
techniques of double entry bookkeeping

In The Curse of Cash, Kenneth Rogoff lists reductions in criminal activity and tax evasion among the primary benefits of eliminating cash. We maintain that, to the extent that individuals are interested in purchasing illicit goods and services or evading taxes, eliminating cash will encourage them to switch to close substitutes. Hence, governments intent on realizing the benefits cited by Rogoff would not merely need to eliminate cash. They would also need to ban alternatives. This is especially relevant given the proliferation of cryptocurrencies, which provide a fair degree of anonymity for users.

Blockchain technology is new technology for digital asset tracking and management. Initially Blockchain was implemented as a financial solution, through the Bitcoin and its digital cryptocurrency. This was changed with the development of Ethereum new approach for management of digital assets. The existence of Smart contracts in the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EMV), introduced new ways for dealing the problems with third-parties. This opens opportunities for plethora of new Blockchain implementations for smart homes, smart objects, healthcare, finance management, insurance, supply chain management and many others. This survey paper addresses the state-of-the-art and highlights the possibilities for integration of Blockchain technology and IoT, with main focus to healthcare systems. Due to the Blockchain specifics, there are many unsolved issues and open challenges for the researchers in this area.

This paper explores recent efforts by cultural institution and private start­-up companies to engineer digital art markets
using cryptocurrency technologies in order to propertize digital artworks that were previously presumed to be
‘uncollectible’ and ‘unsellable.’ I argue that such developments are heavily suffused with neoliberal perspectives and
counteract media artists’ efforts to situate their work outside the cultural and economic logic of property­-based
exchange.
The ‘virtual,’ the ‘digital,’ and the ‘immaterial’ hold special significance with regard to media artists’ ability to shield
their creative practices from the circuits of property­-based art production and dissemination. Media art frequently
invents new digital contexts of creative expression that disrupt capitalist technologies of commodification and
monetization. But because digital culture also holds the potential of representing hugely profitable markets, digital art
practices are under constant threat of being assimilated or co­opted by digital capital.
Tying digital art works to cryptocurrency blockchain entries could render them as truly ‘unique’ digital artifacts – as
commoditized artworks with a clear, indisputable pedigree and 'provenance. Such efforts are purportedly guided by a desire to protect artists’ ownership rights. But in stemming the dynamism of inherently copyable, malleable, and recombinable digital artefacts, these efforts also share the economic agendas of our current, expansive intellectual property regimes. Discussing relevant commercial and critical projects driven by Ascribe.io, Rhizome.org, and Furtherfield.org, I argue that the regulation of digital art markets through cryptocurrency technologies fundamentally contradicts the dynamic nature of the digital and the ideals of openness that guide many media artists. The fencing-in of digital art in tightly controlled virtual marketplaces can serve only to undermine – not to embody – the ‘value' of the
works to which such technologies seek to attach themselves.

Bugün pek çok tartışmaya konu olan ve yükselen bir fi nansal teknoloji olarak isimlendirebileceğimiz Bitcoin’in ortaya çıkışı 2008’de başlayan Küresel Finansal Kriz’den sadece bir buçuk ay sonra gerçekleşti. Satoshi Nakamoto isimli, şu ana kadar kim veya kimler olduğu ortaya çıkmayan biri (birileri) bitcoin.org sitesinde yayımlanan makalede eşler arası, aracıya ihtiyaç duymayan, kişi veya kurumlar arası güven temeline dayanmadan elektronik para transferi yapabilecek hiçbir merkezi olmayan yeni bir ödeme sistemi ve para birimi meydana getiren Bitcoin teknolojisini teknik bir dille açıkladı. Belki o günlerde pek dikkat çekmeyen ve önem de atfedilmeyen Bitcoin teknolojisi, bugün dünyanın önemli gündem maddelerinden biri. Bu makale, Bitcoin hakkındaki diğer makalelerden farklı olarak Bitcoin teknolojisini de kapsayan ve ismine Fintek (finansal teknoloji) denen yükselen finansal teknolojileri daha geniş anlamda küresel finansal sistemin 2. Dünya Savaşı sonrası geçirdiği dönüşümleri de dikkate alarak incelemeye çalışıyor. Buradan hareketle, küresel anlamda büyük öneme sahip ekonomik ve finansal dönüşümlerin arka planında yer alan iktisadi fikirlere dikkat çekiyor, bu iktisadi fikirlerin belki de ilham verdiği önemli teknolojik atılımları vurguluyor ve günümüzdeki tartışmalara küresel ekonomi politik çerçevesinde cevap vermeye çalışıyor.

Traducido al español por CriptoNoticias Resumen. Una versión puramente de igual-a-igual de dinero en efectivo electrónico permitiría que los pagos en línea sean enviados directamente de una parte a otra sin pasar por una institución financiera. Las firmas digitales proporcionan parte de la solución, pero los beneficios principales se pierden si aún se requiere un tercero de confianza para evitar el doble gasto. Proponemos una solución al problema del doble gasto utilizando una red de igual-aigual. La red marca el tiempo de las transacciones al agruparlas en una cadena continua de pruebas de trabajo basadas en hash, formando un registro que no se puede cambiar sin rehacer la prueba de trabajo. La cadena más larga no solo sirve como prueba de la secuencia de eventos presenciados, sino también como prueba de que proviene del mayor grupo de potencia de CPU. Mientras la mayoría de la potencia de CPU esté controlada por nodos que no cooperan para atacar la red, ellos generarán la cadena más larga y superarán a los atacantes. La propia red requiere una estructura mínima. Los mensajes se transmiten sobre una base de mejor esfuerzo, y los nodos pueden abandonar y unirse de nuevo a la red a voluntad, aceptando la cadena de prueba de trabajo más larga como prueba de lo que sucedió mientras estaban fuera.

Bitcoin has proven that a peer-to-peer electronic cash system can indeed work and fulfill payments processing without requiring trust or a central mint. However, for an entire electronic economy to be based on a fully decentralized, peer-to-peer solution, it must be able to do the following: process transactions securely, quickly and efficiently, at the rate of thousands per hour or more; provide incentives for people to participate in securing the network; scale globally with a minimal resource footprint; offer a range of basic transaction types that launch cryptocurrencies past the core feature of a payment system alone; provide an agile architecture that facilitates the addition of new core features, and allows for the creation and deployment of advanced applications; and be able to run on a broad range of devices, including mobile ones. Nxt (pronounced "next") satisfies all these requirements.

Blockchain technology (BCT), since its emergence touted to be disruptive, is gaining momentum especially in the agri-food system owing to its multiple benefits. In the paper, we attempted to conduct a systematic bibliometric analysis of the BCT in the agri-food system. The analysis investigated the list of countries and institutions that conducted research on BCT in agriculture, growth trend analysis in research publications, bibliographic coupling of journals, followed by the countries and institutions researching on BCT. We discovered that many researchers have started exploring the implementation of BCT in agriculture sector and its application to resolve various issues in internet of things (IoT). China, the USA and India were the highly active countries on BCT research and publication, however, India has only limited research collaboration with the other countries as compared to China and the USA. The keyword analysis indicates the role of BCT in order to maintain the transparency of supply chain by means of protecting the privacy of personal data of the stakeholders. The analysis indicates that, inter alia, BCT offers multiple benefits and scope in the agri-food system in terms of enabling food safety and traceability, timely and transparent payment mechanism, record keeping, efficient supply chain management, and, warranting credit as well as insurance in the agri-food system. The paper also discusses the opportunities and challenges at the forefront followed by policy implications targeted for different stakeholders. Future research should aim to formulate policies in order to encourage implications of BCT in agricultural supply chain along with incorporating blockchain as a fragile sector in agriculture for ensuring undistorted competition among the stakeholders.

The emerging cryptocurrency market has lately received great attention for asset allocation due to its decentralization uniqueness. However, its volatility and brand new trading mode has made it challenging to devising an acceptable automatically-generating strategy. This study proposes a framework for automatic high-frequency bitcoin transactions based on a deep reinforcement learning algorithm-proximal policy optimization (PPO). The framework creatively regards the transaction process as actions, returns as awards and prices as states to align with the idea of reinforcement learning. It compares advanced machine learning-based models for static price predictions including support vector machine (SVM), multi-layer perceptron (MLP), long short-term memory (LSTM), temporal convolutional network (TCN), and Transformer by applying them to the real-time bitcoin price and the experimental results demonstrate that LSTM outperforms. Then an automatically-generating transaction strategy is constructed building on PPO with LSTM as the basis to construct the policy. Extensive empirical studies validate that the proposed method perform superiorly to various common trading strategy benchmarks for a single financial product. The approach is able to trade bitcoins in a simulated environment with synchronous data and obtains a 31.67% more return than that of the best benchmark, improving the benchmark by 12.75%. The proposed framework can earn excess returns through both the period of volatility and surge, which opens the door to research on building a single cryptocurrency trading strategy based on deep learning. Visualizations of trading the process show how the model handles high-frequency transactions to provide inspiration and demonstrate that it can be expanded to other financial products.

In summer 2018 bitcoin gained a huge popularity and media coverage, this attracted
a lot of speculators that pushed its value to over 20000$, in the couple of months
from the peak it feel down to 3000$. Many skeptics such as Warren Buffet were
more than sure that it was just a rich quick scheme and its value would have
reached 0$ sooner or later. The negative trend ended after 6 months and at the time
of writing this thesis the value raised up to 9000$ again. Few years ago it would
have been impossible to imagine that piece of digital code not controlled by any
government could even reach these values.
Amazon at its early stages was as well victim of the same skepticisms, Its value
raised up to 110$ per share, and after the dot-com bubble popped it feel down to 10
(91% drawdown). Today Amazon is worth more than 1300$ per share.
The total cryptocurrencies’s combined market cap reached almost
1.000.000.000.000$ (1 Trillion) at bubble peak. At the time that I am writing this
chapter it is almost approaching 300.000.000.000$ on positive trend, after the
bubble popped. Considerable amount of trust is given to the market, even if now is
more than clear that investing in it would not get people rich quickly by any chance.
Consistently with the assumptions explained above, the first objective of this thesis
is to extremely simplify the basic concepts behind blockchain for everybody really to
understand how it works and how it could impact society for the better.
Secondly it will analyse all the different possibilities and technological features that
the discovery of blockchain lead to. To connect these abstract concepts to reality I
will take advantage of my personal experience at Euklid as an Intern.
Later by explaining the Tangle network and its features I will try to make the reader
grasp how the possible blockchain’s varieties can be the perfect base ground were
to build the Industry 4.0 form. Considering the Tangle in specific I will analyse how it
could possibly power the Internet of Things.
Finally, by placing those incremental changes in historical perspective considering
the past industrial revolutions, I will make data-based predictions on how those
technologies will impact the major subject’s group we studied during the Business &
Economics degree course.