Goat husbandry

Berbagai kelebihan dan fungsi ternak kambing yang memiliki nilai tambah merupakan peluang bagi peternak, pemerintah dan swasta untuk mengembangkan dan meningkatkan populasi ternak kambing dalam rangka peningkatan pendapatan petani peternak.
Sumber daya alam, sumber daya manusia, teknologi dan kelembagaan merupakan faktor penggerak dalam pembangunan pertanian. Potensi lahan untuk pengembangan peternakan kambing (ruminansia) di Kalimantan Barat  adalah seluas 4.928.306 ha atau sebesar 33,57 % dari luas wilayah. Selain jenis pakan hijauan alam, Propinsi Kalimantan Barat memiliki keunggulan komparatif sumber pakan alami seperti dari hasil samping produk pertanian, perkebunan, perikanan dan industri pengolahan. Hanya 0,018 % potensi lahan per hektar yang telah dimanfaatkan untuk mengembangkan peternakan kambing di Kalimantan Barat.
Dengan aplikasi perbaikan teknologi dapat meningkatkan produktivitas induk sebesar 71 % dan memberikan pertambahan bobot badan harian minimal sebesar 112,5 % dari teknik budidaya yang dilakukan petani. Sinergisme antar sub sistem agribisnis sangat mentukan kecepatan pengembangan ternak kambing di Kalimantan Barat. Besarnya potensi yang dimiliki Kalimantan Barat tidak akan memberi arti tanpa perencanaan, strategi dan aplikasi langkah tindak lanjut pada tingkat operasional.

Özet Çanakkale yöresindeki süt keçisi yetiştiriciliğine yer veren tarım işletmelerinin yapısal özelliklerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla il merkezine bağlı 9 köyde 20 işletme ile anket çalışması yapılmıştır. Ankete katılan yetiştiricilerin ortalama yaşı 47 ± 8.8 olup, ortalama sürü büyüklüğü 55.7 ± 36.2 baş olarak saptanmıştır. İşletmeler genelinde en yoğun yetiştirilen keçi ırkı Saanen (% 84.21) olup bunu sırasıyla Maltız (% 52.63) ve Kıl Keçisi (% 42.11) izlemektedir. İşletmelerdeki ortalama çoğuzluk oranı 0.59 ± 0.21 olarak bulunmuştur. Görüşülen işletmelerdeki tahmini günlük süt verimi ortalama 2.32 ± 0.90 ve laktasyondaki süt verimi 363 ± 144 litre olarak tespit edilmiştir. Yetiştiricilerin % 65'inin barınak tipi klasik ağıl olarak nitelendirilebilecek bir yapı türünde olmakla birlikte, % 20'sinde sundurma bulunmakta, %15'inde ise işletme ahırı keçi barınağı olarak kullanılmaktadır. Barınaklar genel durum itibariyle sınıflandırılacak olursa, % 39'u iyi, % 50'si orta ve % 11'i kötü olarak nitelendirilebilir. İşletmelerin % 75'i sürülerini köy ortak merasına çıkartmaktadır. Ortalama oğlak ölüm oranı 0.30 ± 0.19 olan isletmelerde, en çok görülen sağlık problemleri dış parazitler (% 68.42), solunum yolu hastalıkları (% 52.63) ve göz hastalıklarıdır (% 42.11). İşletmelerin % 84.21'inde hayvanlara çeşitli koruyucu aşıların yaptırıldığı saptanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, Kıl keçilerine göre süt verimleri daha yüksek olan Saanen ve Maltız melezlerinin sayısı işletmeler genelinde arttırılmalıdır. Küçük aile işletmeciliğinde fiziki alt yapı yetersizliği verimi olumsuz yönde etkilemektedir. İşletmelerde keçi için etkin bir sağlık koruma takvimi veya programı tüm yıl boyunca uygulanmalıdır. Abstract A survey was carried out to analyze the technical structure of the dairy goat producers in the Canakkale area. The survey was done in 9 villages with 20 producers. The mean age of the producers was 47 ± 8.8 and the mean herd size was 55.7 ± 36.2. The predominant breed in the region was Saanen (% 84.21), followed by Malta goat (% 52.63) and Turkish Hair Goat (% 42.11). The mean ratio of multiple births was 0.59 ± 0.21. Daily milk yield was 2.32 ± 0.90 and lactation milk yield was 363 ± 144 liters. 65 per cent of the producers had a classical type barn while 20 per cent had a shed and 15 per cent of the producers used the barn for goats as well as other animals. 50 per cent of the goat houses were in mid-condition while 39 per cent was in good condition and 11 per cent was in bad condition. 75 per cent of the producers used common pasture that belongs to the village. The mean mortality rate was 0.30 ± 0.19. The most common health problems were external parasites (68.42 %), respiratory diseases (52.63 %) and eye diseases (42.11%). Most of the producers (84.21%) had vaccinations done. Number of Saanen and Malta goat breeds should be increased. In small family farms, the resources are insufficient, which prevents increases in milk yield and other traits. An efficient preventive herd health program or a health calendar must be in place throughout the year.

For various reasons related to human diet, social prestige or cosmology, hunting-especially of large preys-has always been central in foragers' societies. When pre-Neolithic foragers have given up their nomadic way of life they have faced a sink-source problem about game procurement in the resource-catchment area around their settlements. Baiting, by mean of the cultivation of wild plants in food plots, may have help them to attract herbivores, thus improving the return of hunting activities. These foragers were also motivated by the capture of wild animals alive, in order to keep fresh meat for a while, to translocate these animals or for milk exploitation. For this capture, the use of a passive form of drive hunting seems best suited. The cultivation of food plots within the funnel and the corral might have been used to attract wild herbivores into the drive. Baiting was therefore designed either to increase the hunt or to improve the capture of large wild herbivores such as the Near-Eastern wild caprines that were later domesticated. Therefore baiting should be viewed as a hunting strategy as well as an unconscious selection mechanism since it has inadvertently contributed to the prey pathway to animal domestication.

Background and Aim: The Samosir goat has a high cultural value and is a source of germplasm in Indonesia. This study aimed to reveal the history and selection signatures of the Samosir goat.

Materials and Methods: A total of 25 goats were divided into seven subpopulations of Indonesian goat breeds. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from blood samples was isolated with the use of the gSYNC™ DNA Mini Kit (Geneaid, Taipei, Taiwan). Cytb gene amplification was performed by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method, and the PCR products were sequenced. A phylogenetic tree was constructed by the neighbor-joining method using MEGA 11 software. A questionnaire was used to collect information related to the history and breeding practices of the Samosir goat on Samosir Island.

Results: Samosir goats are divided into four groups based on their coat color: Completely white, white with brown spots, white with black spots, and white with brown and black spots. The body form of the Samosir goat is similar to that of the Kacang goat. The space below a traditional Toba Batak house is used as a goat pen. The genetic difference between the Samosir goat and the Kacang goat based on the Cytb gene was approximately 0.1%.

Conclusion: Phylogenetic analysis between Samosir goats and other indigenous Indonesian goats revealed that Samosir goats form a single clade, with a very close genetic distance from other local goats, such as the Kacang goat. The Toba Batak culture on Samosir Island has significantly influenced the selection and formation of the Samosir goat breed.

This research analysed the use of raw and pasteurised milk in the production of Macedonian white caprine milk cheese. Pasteurisation resulted in a considerable decrease in the nitrogen fractions, urea-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of caseins, peptide profiles and volatiles during the matura-tion period. Forty-five volatile components were detected, including twelve acids, fourteen esters, six ketones, three alcohols, four terpenes and six other compounds. It was deduced that pasteurisa-tion of milk for the manufacture of artisanal white-brined cheese delayed the evolution of volatiles, which are related to the unique flavour of the cheese.

Syrian (Damascus) goat breed was characterized using biochemical (SDS-PAGE and Native-PAGE)
and molecular genetic (RAPD-PCR) techniques. This breed was classified into prolific and non-prolific groups
according to litter size trait. Ten does from each group were blood sampled. The similarity averages within each
of prolific and non-prolific Damascus goat groups, based on SDS-protein profiles, were 0.94 and 0.98,
respectively. This indicates a high homogeneity value within each one. While native-protein analysis showed a
lower homogeneity value within each one of prolific and non-prolific Damascus goat groups. These were 71
and 66 %, respectively. RAPD analysis, using 10 random primers, showed high similarity average values of
each group for all used primers. These were 0.83 and 0.84 for prolific and non-prolific Damascus goat groups,
respectively. This indicates the presence of low genetic variations within this breed.

"Dilmun established itself as the principal mercantile power in the Gulf at the end of the 3rd millennium BC, resulting in a 'Golden Age' which led to an increased socio-political complexity, a significant increase of its population, an extension of its territory and a cultural boom expressing a strong indigenous identity. Consequently, much emphasis has been placed on Dilmun's mercantile nature, masking the fact that it was basically a rural society with most of its population involved in the subsistence economy.

It has been suggested that the population explosion on Bahrain at the beginning of the City II period, exemplified by a remarkable expansion of habitation sites southwards along the west coast, was made possible because of increased precipitation which allowed extensive cereal production under dry-farming conditions. City II land use is captured in a theoretical model consisting of four exploitation zones centred around Qal'at al-Bahrain, the ancient capital, representing different modes of subsistence: two narrow bands of irrigated farm land (palm gardens) in the vicinity of Qal'at al-Bahrain, followed by wide areas of rain-fed extensive cereal cultivation along the eastern and western coasts and another for herding and hunting, which constituted the southern third of the island and the slopes of the Bahrain dome, i.e. marginal areas not suitable for agriculture.

Recent archaeological discoveries and studies, particularly of botanical and faunal remains from the settlements of Qal'at al-Bahrain and Saar, as well as new insights call for an assessment of this model. For instance, the newly established sites along the west coast are related to artesian fresh-water springs, while renewed chronologies now place the City IIa-c expansion in a period of reduced precipitation (with possible evidence of desertification). The dental record indicates that cereals did not play a significant role in Early Dilmun diet and yet it is retrieved in a majority of samples analysed from Saar. It is suggested that cereals, particularly barley, were produced primarily as animal fodder. Evidence suggests the existence of different modes of herd management (part-time v. full-time and specialised/'commercial' v. domestic) as well as a close link between the pastoral and agricultural cycles by means of a seasonal 'migration' through Bahrain's landscape. The various modes of animal husbandry are also indicative of, or at least congruous with, status differences in meat consumption and animal use."

The study was conducted to determine the influence of age, hair type and body condition score on body and testicular measurements, and semen characteristics using 31 Red Sokoto bucks. The ages of the bucks were categorized into four; 9-12, 13-16, 17-20 and 21-24 months. The hair types which were determined through touching and feeling were categorized according to the length and texture of the hairs as thus; short-smooth (SS) and long-curly (LC). The body condition was scored on a scale of 1 to 5 and then used to categorize the bucks into score 3 and 4. The linear body measurements {heart girth (HG), stature (ST), chest width (CW), withers height (WH), body depth (BD), body length (BL) and rump width (RW)} were measured in centimeters (cm) using flexible tape. The testicular measurements {testicular length (TL), testicular circumference (TC), were measured using flexible tape while testicular width (TW) and testicular weight (TWT) were estimated using the appropriate formulae}. The semen characteristics {semen volume, sperm motility, semen pH, sperm concentration and live and dead ratio were all determined accordingly). The study lasted for one year (July, 2011 – June, 2012). The results showed that the mean BW, HG, ST, CW, WH, BD, BL and RW were 15.02Kg, 59.9cm, 54.95cm, 8.37cm, 53.41cm, 32.86cm, 57.35cm and 17.03cm, respectively. Age and BCS significantly (P<0.01) influenced body weight, body conformation and testicular traits, but had a variable influence on semen characteristics. The BW, body conformation and testicular traits increased with increase in age of the bucks. Hair type had no influence on body weight, body conformation traits and semen characteristics but had influence (P<0.01) on some testicular traits. Bucks with BCS (4) were bigger in size (HG, ST, WH, BL,RW) and weighed more (BW) and had scrotum that are longer (TL), broader (TC), wider (TW) and heavier (TWT); hence producing more semen (SV) than those with BCS (3). The short-smooth haired bucks gave a better testicular dimension than the long-curly haired bucks. The results therefore, suggest that increase in age and body condition score may result into an increase in body and testicular size while hair type could be used as a predictor of testicular dimensions in Red Sokoto goat.

Background and Aim: Immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentration is high in goat colostrum, particularly in the first few hours after parturition, and this is important for the kid's immunity and growth. IgG levels vary depending on several factors, including breed, disease status, colostrum management, handling, and collection time postpartum. A handheld optical refractometer, an affordable instrument that is simple to use in the field, is used widely in dairy farms to measure total solids. However, it can also be applied to estimate colostrum IgG content on the basis of comparison with standard measurement methods, usually radial immunodiffusion. Studies comparing %Brix values in relation to IgG concentration measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in goats are limited. The present study aimed to evaluate the use of a handheld optical Brix refractometer for the measurement of IgG concentration in goat colostrum, compare results with those using ELISA, and estimate the %Brix cutoff value equating to low-quality colostrum.

Materials and Methods: Colostrum samples were collected on day 0 from 21 goats (nine Black Bengal, six Saanen, and six of their crossbred offspring) and were frozen. Subsequently, they were analyzed for IgG concentration using a goat-specific ELISA test and Brix percentage using a handheld refractometer. The optimum %Brix cutoff value for the evaluation of colostrum quality was evaluated.

Results: The mean IgG concentration and %Brix in colostrum were 10.60±0.64 and 25.0±0.9 mg/mL, respectively. There was a significant (p<0.01) correlation between %Brix and IgG concentration. For an IgG concentration of 6.9 mg/dl, the cutoff value for %Brix was 18.5, equating to high specificity (100%) but low sensitivity (50%). A higher %Brix cutoff value of 21.5 showed high specificity (95%) and high sensitivity (100%).

Conclusion: A Brix refractometer can be used to estimate goat colostrum quality with a proposed %Brix cutoff value of <18.5%-21.5% for poor-quality colostrum.

Background and Aim: Promotions of goat farming by both public and private sectors encouraged considerable goat raising in central Thailand. Gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) infection is a major health and economic problem; however, evidence of resistance to broad-spectrum anthelmintics is frequently reported. Investigation of anthelmintic resistance (AR) status and identification of factors related to the development of AR is important components for sustainable GIN control. However, no information is available on this topic in the study area. The present study aimed to gather information on GIN control practices and to evaluate the effectiveness of albendazole, ivermectin, and levamisole for treating GIN infestation in goat herds in Sing Buri Province.

Materials and Methods: Twenty-nine herds were randomly selected. Information on management practices was collected by face-to-face interview using a structured questionnaire. Three field experiments for routinely used anthelmintics, including albendazole, ivermectin, and levamisole were conducted from June 2019 to November 2019. Fecal samples were collected pre- and post-treatment and examined for fecal egg count reduction to determine the status of anthelmintic resistance of goat GIN.

Results: Several improper practices were identified that lead to AR, especially chronic use of albendazole and ivermectin. All herds were considered resistant to albendazole and ivermectin, and levamisole resistant nematodes were detected in two herds. AR was strongly linked with the continuous use of anthelmintics.

Conclusion: Levamisole, which was still effective in the province, should be used with caution to minimize the selection of resistant strains. Farmers should be provided with updated information for sustainable parasite control. Further, the efficacy of anthelmintics should be routinely monitored.

Aim: This study aimed to investigate effects of rations containing formaldehyde-protected soybean meal on meat production in Kacang goats. Materials and Methods: Fourteen yearling Kacang bucks, weighing 15.8-19.8 kg, were arranged in a completely randomized design. The treatments included a control (PSBM0): 100% untreated SBM; PSBM50: 50% untreated SBM + 50% formaldehyde-protected SBM; and PSBM100: 100% formaldehyde-protected SBM. Results: The goats disliked the protected SBM. Therefore, differences in their intakes were reflected in their average daily gain (ADG). The ADG and slaughtered weight of the control group were the highest, while those of the PSBM100 and PSBM50 groups were similar. The carcass weights and meat production of the control group were higher than those of the PSBM50 group, but the retained protein to the meat conversion ratio of the PSBM50 group was lower than that of the control. The carcass percentages were similar between the treatments. Conclusion: The retained protein to meat conversion ratio of Kacang goats fed with 50% formaldehyde-protected SBM showed the lowest value, indicating that these rations efficiently produced meat in the carcass.

Aim: This study aimed to investigate effects of rations containing formaldehyde-protected soybean meal on meat production in Kacang goats. Materials and Methods: Fourteen yearling Kacang bucks, weighing 15.8-19.8 kg, were arranged in a completely randomized design. The treatments included a control (PSBM0): 100% untreated SBM; PSBM50: 50% untreated SBM + 50% formaldehyde-protected SBM; and PSBM100: 100% formaldehyde-protected SBM. Results: The goats disliked the protected SBM. Therefore, differences in their intakes were reflected in their average daily gain (ADG). The ADG and slaughtered weight of the control group were the highest, while those of the PSBM100 and PSBM50 groups were similar. The carcass weights and meat production of the control group were higher than those of the PSBM50 group, but the retained protein to the meat conversion ratio of the PSBM50 group was lower than that of the control. The carcass percentages were similar between the treatments. Conclusion: The reta...

Welfare assessment can play multiple roles in the path to welfare improvement. In the dairy goat area, identification of the main welfare problems across countries and different production systems is needed. By the application of a prototype welfare assessment protocol, based on animal-based indicators, we aimed to provide an insight into the main welfare problems affecting intensively kept dairy goats in Portugal. Thirty farms, organised in three size categories, were assessed. The main areas of concern were claw overgrowth, queuing at feeding and hindquarter dirtiness, with larger farms heading higher concerns. Additionally, this paper aimed to investigate indicators’ consistency over time. Ten of the 30 farms were revisited four months later, during which no major husbandry changes were made. Our results showed an overall consistency. This study can help define intervention thresholds or minimum legal levels for each indicator, by determining their overall prevalence.

The study was conducted to determine the influence of age, hair type and body condition score on body and testicular measurements, and semen characteristics using 31 Red Sokoto bucks. The ages of the bucks were categorized into four; 9-12, 13-16, 17-20 and 21-24 months. The hair types which were determined through touching and feeling were categorized according to the length and texture of the hairs as thus; short-smooth (SS) and long-curly (LC). The body condition was scored on a scale of 1 to 5 and then used to categorize the bucks into score 3 and 4. The linear body measurements {heart girth (HG), stature (ST), chest width (CW), withers height (WH), body depth (BD), body length (BL) and rump width (RW)} were measured in centimeters (cm) using flexible tape. The testicular measurements {testicular length (TL), testicular circumference (TC), were measured using flexible tape while testicular width (TW) and testicular weight (TWT) were estimated using the appropriate formulae}. The ...

This research was carried out to investigate the correlations of milk biochemical parameters such as fat, total nitrogen and protein of machine milked goats and to show these biochemical parameters in early lactation period. In the 7 th and 14 th days, the 40 goat milk samples for each period were collected and examined from TURER Company. The milk component levels in this study were consistent with normal values for goats. There was positive correlation between protein and total fat (r=0.65; p<0.01) and between protein and total nitrogen (r=0.52; p<0.01). According to results of this study, researchers and producers who studied with dairy goats should observe clearer relationships among milk parameters such as protein, total nitrogen and total fat for scientific and economic merits.

This research was conducted in order to learn the effects of birth type (single or twins) in goats and sex of kids upon milk lactose levels. Therefore, 14 native goats (kıl) based on birth type and another 14 native goats (kıl) based on sex of kids were divided into two groups. Milk sample for once was obtained from the kids in the 3 rd and 4 th weeks of lactation. Lactose levels were specified as the mean of two weeks. As a result of series of analysis, no statistical differences were found in terms of milk lactose levels in the goats giving birth to female and male kids. However, it was found that birth type had a significant effect on milk lactose level. Also, it was found that milk lactose levels of the goats giving birth to twins were lower than milk lactose levels of the dams giving birth to one offspring. According to the results of the research, it can be said that it will be relatively advantageous for the ones showing mild lactose intolerance to prefer milk of the goats giving birth to twins.

Several hypotheses have been formulated to explain diet selection by herbivores, focusing on the maximization of nutrient intake,the minimization of plant secondary compounds, or the satiety hypothesis. This research aimed at studying diet selection revealingwhich chemical characteristics of plants form the bases for dietary preferences of goats. This was done by setting up a feeding experiment with three different combinations of tree species  Acacia karroo, A.nilotica and A.sieberana. The chemical characteristics of these three Acacia species were used to predict diet selection. To test the validity of the satiety hypothesis, goats were placed on a conditioning diet of one of the three species. We found a clear preference for A. karroo and an avoidance of A. nilotica when these two were offered to the goats.In trials where
A.nilotica was present, tannin minimization was the best explaining diet selection rule.In trials where A. nilotica
was not present, however, tannin minimization was not the best explanation. Our findings suggest that tannins are not avoided but kept below a certain threshold. Below this threshold, goats based their dietary choices on other chemical characteristics of the
Acacia species. Acid detergent fibre (ADF) minimization could then best explain preferences in trials with Acacia karroo
and A. sieberana that have generally low tannin content. Goats did not maximize nutrient intake or digestibility, and we found no support for the satiety hypothesis.

"An epidemiological study was carried out to determine the herd prevalence of Chlamydophila abortus and Coxiella burnetii antibodies in goats covered by a milk recording program in Poland. The survey took place in 2007 and 48 herds located in different parts of the country were involved. A representative sample from each herd was taken by a simple random sampling allowing to detect seropositivity of a herd on a 95% level of confidence. In total 918 goats were tested for specific antibodies against both germs with the use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. In addition, history of reproductive failures was recorded in these herds. The survey revealed that the herd prevalence of C. abortus was 4.2% (2 herds) while no C. burnetii antibodies were found. Abortions were reported to be a problem in 80% of herds while repeating estrus was encountered in 46% of herds. Reproductive failure concerned two seropositive herds as well. Since the germ is present in the population, it has to be taken into consideration in diagnostic process. Nevertheless, the results of the present study indicate that C. abortus infection occurs infrequently in Polish goats. As no antibodies against C. burnetii were detected in the screened sample the risk of goat-to-human transmission of both bacteria in Poland seems to be very low.

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The precise knowledge of the number and nature of the species belonging to a fossil assemblage as well as the age and sex structure at death of each species is of great importance in zooarchaeology. Mixture Analysis based on the method of Maximum Likelihood is a modern statistical technique that concerns the problem of samples consisting of several components, the composition of which is not known. Nonparametric Bootstrap and Jackknife techniques are used to calculate a confidence interval for each estimated parameter (prior probability, mean, standard deviation) of each group. The Bootstrap method is also used to mathematically evaluate how many groups are present in a sample. Experimental density smoothing using the Kernel method appears to be a better solution than the use of histograms for the estimation of a distribution. Some preliminary results concerning sex ratios assessments using bone metric data of goats (Capra) and fallow deer (Dama mesopotamica) from Neolithic sites are presented and discussed.

COULD C.A.E. IN GOATS JUMP SPECIES INTO SHEEP? Initially Maedi Visna (MV) and Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis (CAE) were thought to be due to infections by separate lentiviruses, causing separate diseases in sheep and goats respectively. However most researchers now regard both viruses as part of the same continuum and hence group them together as the Small Ruminant Lentivirus. The research that supports this conclusion and documented cases where CAE has spread into sheep, MV into goats and CAE into wild life are summarized. The likelihood of the CAE virus jumping species into sheep and causing CAE or even MV, is hopefully very low to minimal, but the consequences to the Australian sheep industry would be extremely high. All Australian veterinarians need to help reduce this risk by promoting the control and eventual eradication of CAE in Australia and in the meantime, encourage the separation of sheep from dairy goats (unless these goats are from accredited CAE free herds).

Aim: This study aimed to investigate effects of rations containing formaldehyde-protected soybean meal on meat production in Kacang goats. Materials and Methods: Fourteen yearling Kacang bucks, weighing 15.8-19.8 kg, were arranged in a completely randomized design. The treatments included a control (PSBM0): 100% untreated SBM; PSBM50: 50% untreated SBM + 50% formaldehyde-protected SBM; and PSBM100: 100% formaldehyde-protected SBM. Results: The goats disliked the protected SBM. Therefore, differences in their intakes were reflected in their average daily gain (ADG). The ADG and slaughtered weight of the control group were the highest, while those of the PSBM100 and PSBM50 groups were similar. The carcass weights and meat production of the control group were higher than those of the PSBM50 group, but the retained protein to the meat conversion ratio of the PSBM50 group was lower than that of the control. The carcass percentages were similar between the treatments. Conclusion: The reta...

Aim: This study aimed to investigate effects of rations containing formaldehyde-protected soybean meal on meat production in Kacang goats. Materials and Methods: Fourteen yearling Kacang bucks, weighing 15.8-19.8 kg, were arranged in a completely randomized design. The treatments included a control (PSBM0): 100% untreated SBM; PSBM50: 50% untreated SBM + 50% formaldehyde-protected SBM; and PSBM100: 100% formaldehyde-protected SBM. Results: The goats disliked the protected SBM. Therefore, differences in their intakes were reflected in their average daily gain (ADG). The ADG and slaughtered weight of the control group were the highest, while those of the PSBM100 and PSBM50 groups were similar. The carcass weights and meat production of the control group were higher than those of the PSBM50 group, but the retained protein to the meat conversion ratio of the PSBM50 group was lower than that of the control. The carcass percentages were similar between the treatments. Conclusion: The reta...

Aim: The aim of the study was to determine the carcass and meat characteristics of male Kacang goat fattened by complete silage made from natural grass, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench and Pennisetum purpureum.

Materials and Methods: This study examined 12 young male Kacang goats aged 10-12 months with an initial body weight of 10-12 kg. The livestock was divided into three groups randomly to receive feed treatments. The three treatments of this study included T1: Complete silage made from natural grass; T2: Complete silage made from S. bicolor (L.) Moench, and T3: Complete silage made from P. purpureum. Data were analyzed according to the analysis of variance procedure.

Results: The carcass percentage of livestock T2 and T3 treatment was relatively similar but higher (p<0.05) than the T1 group. The non-carcass percentage of T2 and T3 was relatively the same but lower than T1. The water content of T1 treatment was higher (p<0.05) than T3, but relatively the same as T2 treatment. The collagen content of T2 and T3 was relatively the same but lower (p<0.05) than T1; likewise, the cholesterol of T2 and T3 treatments was relatively similar but higher than T1 treatment. The variables of slaughter and carcass weight, and non-carcass weight, meat protein content, acidity, cooking losses, water holding capacity, and tenderness were not significantly different between groups of animals.

Conclusion: The use of S. bicolor (L.) Moench and P. purpureum as a basic forage in making complete silage has been shown to increase carcass percentage, the content (%) of fat, collagen, and cholesterol. Otherwise, the treatments have no effect on the content of pH, tenderness (kg/cm2), cooking loss (%), and water holding capacity (%) of male Kacang goat fattened. Therefore, S. bicolor (L.) Moench and P. purpureum plants have great potential to be developed by farmers/ ranchers as feed for goats.

; Tel: +(286) 218 0018 / 1346; Faks: +(286) 218 0545 Özet Hayvansal üretimde üreme sürecinin sorunsuz olarak tamamlanabilmesi, doğumların sorunsuz bir şekilde gerçekleşebilmesinin yanında doğan yavrunun da hayatta kalabilmesi önemlidir. Gebelik süresince yeterli besin alımı ve fetusun gelişmesi arasındaki ilişki, gebeliğin başarısını, sağlıklı bir hayat sürmesini ve bireysel üretkenliği etkileyen en önemli noktadır. Doğumun son bulması ile uterus dışı dünyaya geçen yavru farklı çevresel etkilere maruz kalmakla birlikte, vücudunda metabolik, morfolojik ve fizyolojik değişimler şekillenmeye başlamaktadır. Bu durum yavrunun dış dünyaya adaptasyonu olarak tanımlanır. Doğumdan sonra sınırlı enerji rezervlerine sahip yavrular en kısa sürede anası ile bağ kurmalı, kolostruma ulaşmalı ve maruz kaldığı çevresel etkilerin olumsuzluklarına karşı direnebilmelidir. Sütten kesim öncesi yavru ölümleri üzerinde etkili faktörlerin incelendiği araştırmalarda yeni doğanların adaptasyon yetenekleri ile ilgili konulara büyük önem verildiği görülmektedir. Bu derlemede de gebelik, doğum ve doğum sonrası dönemlerde yeni doğanların canlılığı, yaşama yeteneği ve adaptasyonu üzerinde etkili olabilecek bazı faktörlerin incelenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Abstract In animal production, succesful completion of reproduction process, birth free of problems and high survival rate of newborn are important. The relationship between enough food intake of mother and the development of fetus during the gestation period is also crucial. This factor affects the success of gestation, healthy life of newborn and individual productivity of mother. Following the birth process, newborn is exposed to different environmental conditions. During this transition period, metabolic, morphological and physiological changes take place in newborn. This period is called as the adaptation of newborn in extra utarine life. Newborn, which has a restricted energy reserve, must immediately constitue mother-newborn bond, take colostrum and so develop resistance against the environmental factors to which it is exposed. Several studies on mortality in post weaning period suggested that adaptation deficiency increases mortality rate. This review focused on the effects of several factors on vitality of newborn, survival capability and adaptation parameters during gestation, birth and post partum period.

Aim: The study was conducted at a smallholder goat farm located in Labu, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of proper feeding program on growth performances of replacement breeder goats. Materials and Methods: A total of 30 healthy female boer cross goats at the age of 4 months old with average initial live body weight (BW) of 20.05±0.5 kg were used for on-farm feeding trial to evaluate the growth performance as preparation for breeding purposes. The experimental goats were divided into two groups of 15 animals each labeled as control and treatment groups, which were kept under intensive farming system. Goats in control group were fed with normal routine feeding protocol practiced by the farmer, while goats in the treatment group were fed with new feed formulation. Throughout the experimental period, on-farm monitoring and data collection were carried out. Initial BW and body condition score (BCS) were recorded before the start of the experiment while final BW and BCS were gained after 7 months of the experimental period. Average daily gain (ADG) was calculated after the experiment end. Data on BW, ADG, and BCS were recorded from both groups for every 2 weeks and reported monthly. The feed intake for the control group was 2.8 kg/animal/day which practiced by the farmer and 3.2 kg/animal/day as new feed formulation for the treatment group. Results: After 7 months of the experimental period, final BW shows an improvement in treatment group (39.1±1.53 kg) compared with control group (32.3±1.23 kg). The ADG in treatment group also gives promising result when comparing with control group. Goats in treatment group significantly attained better ADG than control group which were 126.7 g/day and 83.3 g/day, respectively. For the BCS, goats in the treatment group had shown an improvement where 86.67% (13 out of 15) of the group had BCS ≥3 (1-5 scoring scale) and only 66.67% (10 out of 15) of the control group had BCS ≥3. Conclusion: Therefore, it was concluded that implementation of proper feeding program as shown in treatment group give promising result to improve the growth performance of replacement breeder goats which can be adopted by the farmers to improve farm productivity.

Investigation into herd-level seroprevalence of caprine herpesvirus type 1 (CpHV-1) and bluetongue virus (BTV) was conducted in 2007 in Poland. It involved the entire population of goats covered by a milk recording program in 2007, which included 49 goat herds. The number of goats examined in each herd was determined statistically in order to detect the presence of at least one seropositive animal in a herd with a 95% probability and simple random method of sampling was applied. No antibodies to CpHV-1 or BTV were detected. Further calculations were carried out to determine the herd-level true seroprevalence, taking into account sensitivity and specificity of the test as well as several other factors. It can be concluded that till the middle of 2007 population of Polish goats covered by the milk recording program remained negative with respect to CpHV-1 and BTV.

Background and Aim: Goats are widely distributed in southwest Algeria. The Saharan goat is perfectly adapted to the harsh conditions of arid areas, and it is characterized by resistance to long photoperiod and reduced metabolic needs, allowing the survival of its offspring by maintaining lactation. Several studies have demonstrated that parturition and lactation are critical periods that induce hormone, energy, and lipid status changes in mammals. However, the relationship between the blood biochemical parameters of parturition control and lactation functions in the Algerian Saharan goat has not been thoroughly documented. Therefore, this study assesses hormone and metabolite levels during parturition and early lactation in Saharan goats reared in arid areas. Materials and Methods: Experiments were performed on 14 multiparous female goats, and blood samples were collected during parturition, 4 days postpartum (D1PP-D4PP), and during the first 12 weeks of lactation (W1-W12) to analyz...

Background and Aim: Goats are widely distributed in southwest Algeria. The Saharan goat is perfectly adapted to the harsh conditions of arid areas, and it is characterized by resistance to long photoperiod and reduced metabolic needs, allowing the survival of its offspring by maintaining lactation. Several studies have demonstrated that parturition and lactation are critical periods that induce hormone, energy, and lipid status changes in mammals. However, the relationship between the blood biochemical parameters of parturition control and lactation functions in the Algerian Saharan goat has not been thoroughly documented. Therefore, this study assesses hormone and metabolite levels during parturition and early lactation in Saharan goats reared in arid areas. Materials and Methods: Experiments were performed on 14 multiparous female goats, and blood samples were collected during parturition, 4 days postpartum (D1PP-D4PP), and during the first 12 weeks of lactation (W1-W12) to analyz...

The study was conducted to determine the influence of age, hair type and body condition score on body and testicular measurements, and semen characteristics using 31 Red Sokoto bucks. The ages of the bucks were categorized into four; 9-12, 13-16, 17-20 and 21-24 months. The hair types which were determined through touching and feeling were categorized according to the length and texture of the hairs as thus; short-smooth (SS) and long-curly (LC). The body condition was scored on a scale of 1 to 5 and then used to categorize the bucks into score 3 and 4. The linear body measurements {heart girth (HG), stature (ST), chest width (CW), withers height (WH), body depth (BD), body length (BL) and rump width (RW)} were measured in centimeters (cm) using flexible tape. The testicular measurements {testicular length (TL), testicular circumference (TC), were measured using flexible tape while testicular width (TW) and testicular weight (TWT) were estimated using the appropriate formulae}. The ...