History

This paper examines the evolution of double article systems in two Romance varieties, Balearic Catalan and Picard. In these languages the two definite articles have different syntactic distributions. We account for these double article systems with a multi-layered DP analysis that maps semantically onto Lobner’s (1985, 2011) Uniqueness Scale, further developed in Ortmann (2014). We trace the origins of the present-day definite articles to the Latin demonstrative ille (Catalan, Picard), emphatic pronoun and adnominal ipse (Catalan), and emphatic interjection particle ecce (Picard).The development of the present-day definite articles involved a stage where an emphatic form competed with the demonstrative. In the majority of the present-day Romance languages, a single definite article emerged from the competition that was already underway in Latin. In the Romance varieties considered here, two different forms emerged, but they took on different semantic interpretations. We show how the...

Robinson, a committed researcher and lobbyist as well as a learned international lawyer. It explores the Institute's case made to Jackson and his team, looking at how Jewish professionals, consumed by evidence of the destruction of the European Jews, understood the Jewish calamity and tried to relay their concerns to a wider public. Historians continue to debate how the Holocaust appeared at this most famous of the postwar trials of Nazi leaders. I have myself argued that, notwithstanding the centrality of other issues in the American trial plan, the varied objectives of the Allied powers and the eventual outcome of the proceeding, Nuremberg was a major landmark in the presentation of the dreadful fate of the Jewish people at the hands of the Nazis. 2 Although the Holocaust was not, to be sure, described at Nuremberg quite as we would today, the trial provided the first validation, before an international body, of the death toll of six million; it provided major elements of the history of the Holocaust such as the role of Adolf Hitler and his immediate entourage, especially the SS; prewar persecutions; the mass shootings of the Einsatzgruppen; the Wannsee Conference of 1942; ghettoization; the death camps of the East, especially Auschwitz; the uprising of the Warsaw Ghetto; the Hungarian Jewish deportations, and so on. Others have focused on the trial's shortcomings: how the emphasis on conspiracy tilted Nuremberg in the direction of an overly "intentionalist" interpretation of the Holocaust; how the American obsession with crimes against peace distracted attention from the assault on European Jewry; how the trial's privileging of documentary evidence meant that Jewish voices were scarcely heard before the tribunal; and how the framing of the case meant inattention to prewar crimes and, more importantly, prevented the presentation of the Holocaust as a distinctive element of Nazi criminality. In what follows, I revisit this debate from the perspective of those with "four and a half years" of painful accumulation of information, frustration, and appeals on behalf of the Jewish victims of the Nazi onslaught. The Institute of Jewish Affairs was not, to be sure, the only Jewish presence in the lobbying on behalf of a trial of major German war criminals or the only organized effort to bring the destruction of European Jewry to the attention of those who scrambled, at the end of the war, to organize an international proceeding. In England, among others, the great Cambridge University authority on international law, Professor Hersch Lauterpacht, made the case for a war crimes trial and he may have been the first to recommend applying to the Holocaust the category of "crimes against humanity". In the United States, drawing on his understanding of the slaughter, which included that of his own family, Raphael Lemkin lobbied single-mindedly for the recognition of a new crime of genocide, a term that he coined in his 1944 book Axis Rule in Occupied Europe.

In this study I review two conflicting scenaria of the .history of northwestern Arabia from approximately 1300 to 200 BC and discuss their theoretical and methodological determinants. The still sparse archaeological and historic information on this topic has been used in two quite different ways. On one hand there is the traditional culture historical approach which subordines all social interpretation to the precise strictures of an interrupted ceramic typology, on the other a recent attempt to interpret archaeological and textual data within the theoretical framework of a long-term historical model that integrates the Hejaz into the broader Near Eastern world system. I argue that these two approaches reflect fundamentally different approaches to the study of ancient society and that each incorporates a conceptual approach that necessarily determines its interpretational outcome. Furthermore I conclude that use of an inclusive theoretical model permits better integration of the growing archaeological and textual information bases and obviates much of the inconsistency and interpretational naivity that unavoidably derives from the culture historica approach.

Archaeologists have turned to domestic remains to address a wide range of con cerns. Typically, these concerns pertain to archaeological formation processes, pre historic sociopolitical and economic organization, prehistoric value systems and worldview, and processes of cultural evolution. The popularity of using the domestic remains to address these concerns results from the household status as a universal social form as well as the ubiquity of the domestic archaeological record. Households are often described as "basic units" of human societies, and domestic remains are com mon at most archaeological sites (Ashmore

T his volume is a compilation of papers presented in the symposium Us and Them: Archaeology and Ethnicity in the Andes, held at the 64th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology in Chicago in April 1999. All of the original symposium participants have contributed to this volume. One participant, Andrea Heckman, was recruited for the Chicago symposium, but active fieldwork prevented her attendance; she has nevertheless provided a volume chapter. The symposium assembled a corpus of scholars whose work collectively represents a significant advancement in the study of prehistoric ethnicity in the Andean region. The research presented in the symposium, and subsequently in this volume, was assembled in order to represent a diverse collection of theoretical and methodological approaches. The subsequent chapters will thus impart recent discoveries in several subfields of prehistoric Andean anthropology, including spatial archaeology, textile and ceramic analysis, and, perhaps most notably, biological anthropology. Many of the authors in this volume apply novel research -techniques, while others wield more established approaches in original ways. Hopefully, their results will stimulate others to pursue future innovative work in the prehistoric study of ethnic identification. Compared with many other parts of the globe, the Andean region provides some significant advantages for the researcher of prehistoric ethnic groups. Perhaps first and foremost of these advantages are its geography and environment. The spectacular Andes Mountains provide a compressed vertical geography that juxtaposes fertile coastal and mountain valleys between inhospitable deserts and mountains. Throughout Andean prehistory, these valleys were rich breeding grounds for a mosaic of distinct ethnic groups, and this diversity provides good comparative data for ethnic study. Many of these valleys, particularly the mountain variety, are still remote and secluded, which has provided some insulation against modern development, allowing traditional cultural practices and dress to persist. While less protected from modern development, the coastal valleys have extremely arid climates, which

Archaeologists working in northern Peru have proposed that victims of Moche sacrifice represented either local Moche warriors defeated in ritual battles or enemy soldiers captured in warfare with non-Moche or competing Moche polities. Analysis of biodistances among eight Early Intermediate Period (200 BC-AD 750) North Coast mortuary samples indicates that the sacrificial victims from the Huaca de la Luna are the least similar to others and the most variable. When iconographic analysis, mortuary treatment, and the available archaeological data are considered, it appears that-contrary to the prediction of the ritual-battle model-the Huaca de la Luna sacrificial victims were drawn not from the local Moche population but from a number of competing Moche polities. This result has implications for the sociopolitical development of and relations among the Moche.

In this study I review two conflicting scenaria of the history of northwestern Arabia from approximately 1300 to 200 BC and discuss their theoretical and methodological determinants. The still sparse archaeological and historic information on this topic has been used in two quite different ways. On one hand there is the traditional culture historical approach which subordines all social interpretation to the precise strictures of an interrupted ceramic typology, on the other a recent attempt to interpret archaeological and textual data within the theoretical framework of a long‐term historical model that integrates the Hejaz into the broader Near Eastern world system. I argue that these two approaches reflect fundamentally different approaches to the study of ancient society and that each incorporates a conceptual approach that necessarily determines its interpretational outcome. Furthermore I conclude that use of an inclusive theoretical model permits better integration of the grow...

Pergerakan harga saham biasanya dimodelkan dengan suatu proses stokastik. Salah satu model stokastik sederhana yang sering digunakan adalah model gerak Brown geometrik(GBG). Model GBG dipakai untuk menurunkan rumus Black-Scholes dalam penentuan harga opsi Eropa. Dalam makalah ini akan ditinjau secara ringkas sifat sifat istimewa dari proses stokastik tersebut. Pembahasan dimulai dengan definisi gerak Brown secara umum dan alat alat bantu yang diperlukan untuk menurunkan sifat sifat GBG. Tinjauan diakhiri dengan kesimpulan tentang keterbatasan model ini dalam mendeskripsikan pergerakan harga saham. .

Аннотация. В статье рассматривается одна из важнейших проблем в историографии Волго-Камья: ввод в научный оборот неиспользуемых и забытых материалов, касающихся описания в конце XVIII -начале XIX в. средневековых булгарских археологических памятников. В региональной историографии конца XIX в. этот аспект выражен отсутствием использования таких археологических материалов. Рукопись статского советника, лесного стата землемера К.С. Мильковича в данном случае является ярким тому примером. В ходе ее исследования можно сделать вывод, что К.С. Милькович был первым, кто описал значительную долю археологических памятников Казанской губернии. Однако в известный отечественной историографии труд С.М. Шпилевского «Древние города и другие булгарско-татарские памятники в Казанской губернии» имя К.С. Мильковича не вошло, а открытые им археологические памятники в Чистопольском уезде были приписаны более позднему исследователю А.И. Артемьеву. Извлеченная из РНБ г. Санкт-Петербурга, исследованная и опубликованная нами рукопись указывает на необходимость исправить этот историографический пробел и включить в анналы историографии Волго-Камья имя этого замечательного исследователя.

The paper deals with one of the most crucial issues in the Volga-Kama historiography: introduction of previously unused and forgotten materials related to the description of archaeological sites of the late 18th – early 19th centuries. This element of the late-19th century regional historiography is marked by the absence of such archaeological resources. The manuscript by Kapiton Mil'kovich, state councilor and forestry surveyor, is a vivid example of this. In the course of her study, it can be concluded that Kapiton Mil'kovich was the first to describe a significant part of the archaeological sites of Kazan Province. However the work of Sergey Shpilevskiy, known in Russian historiography as Ancient Cities and other Bulghar-Tatar Monuments in Kazan Province did not mention the name of Kapiton Mil'kovich, and the archaeological sites discovered by him in Chistopol district were attributed to Aleksandr Artemyev, the later researcher. The manuscript, found by us in St. Pete...

gave me support and intellectual companionship. And we had fun together. I am also thankful to Elizabeth Boylan, Dean of Faculty, for her unfailing support. Several graduate students at Columbia and Harvard have contributed to this book. They participated in seminars I taught organized around some of the themes of this book; they also read parts of the manuscript and gave me xi helpful feedback. I thank Judy Chen, Kouros Esmaeli, Houman Sarshar, Aneesa Sen, and Jennifer Snow. Avi Rubin read the entire manuscript with the critical insight that I had come to expect of him. Mana Kia and Sima Shakhsari provided me with insightful suggestions on the entire manuscript after it had gone to publishers. Though too late for revising this book, their generous commentaries have given me a new direction in which to move. In particular, Shakhsari's sharp critique-that the book is complicit in the amnesia that erases same-sex practices and desires of women-calls for an entire supplementary project, the kind of Derridian supplementarity that I recognize unwinds the whole fabric of this manuscript one more time. At the end, I decided to let go of this book and begin a new project. In 1994-95 I was a fellow at the Princeton Institute for Advanced Study, where the Social Science faculty and fellows created a challenging and supportive intellectual atmosphere. Like many historians of gender, I owe a great deal to Joan Scott's books and articles. But the year at the Institute also gave me a unique opportunity for conversations with her that have continued since then and have sustained my thinking. In 1995 Layla Diba invited me to contribute to a seminar at the Brooklyn Museum she organized in preparation for an exhibition she curated with Maryam Ehtiar, Royal

Il volume accoglie una selezione di contributi su linee interpretative, incentrate sul Brutus ciceroniano, che avevano già animato, qualche anno prima, l'appassionante colloquio nell'ambito delle due giornate di studio su «Prosopographie et rhétorique: le Brutus, archétype de lʼhistoire culturelle» (a cura

As r epr esentações identitár ias femininas no cor del: do século XX ao XXI. Clar issa Lour eir o Mar inho Bar bosa As r epr esentações identitár ias femininas no cor del: do século XX ao XXI Tese apresentada à banca examinadora da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco como parte dos requisitos para a obtenção do grau de doutora em Letras.

As r epr esentações identitár ias femininas no cor del: do século XX ao XXI. Clar issa Lour eir o Mar inho Bar bosa As r epr esentações identitár ias femininas no cor del: do século XX ao XXI Tese apresentada à banca examinadora da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco como parte dos requisitos para a obtenção do grau de doutora em Letras.

INTERNATIONAL REPORTING OF THE FALKLANDS WAR: CASE STUDIES FROM IRELAND, CZECHOSLOVAKIA AND SPAIN The present article explores the reporting of the Falklands war in leading daily newspapers of Czechoslovakia, Ireland and Spain. The issues examined include the importance of the war as a news story, the various aspects of the war that were reported, and the perspectives and attitudes adopted by the newspapers. The article reveals that, while each newspaper operated in very different political circumstances, some commonalities may be observed. Not only was the Falklands war a dominant news story in each case, each newspaper, to varying degrees, demonstrated a clear sympathy for one of the two belligerents: the Czech and Spanish newspaper both endorsed the Argentinean perspective, while the Irish newspaper was more sympathetic to Britain.

Vave is generally defined as a corpus of agricultural songs as they are sung and performed by Bajuni farmers -an ethnic subgroup of the Swahili -on the eve of burning the bush, a stage of slash and burn cultivation. Although the song's main theme is agriculture and each cultivation step in particular is given attention, an analysis of the aesthetics of Vave from the viewpoint of oral literature unearths the secret and sacred dimension of Vave performance. Death, bereavement, resurrection, and spirituality are, besides agricultural cultivation, the basic aspects of the Vave. Indeed the Vave performance may be more correctly recognised as an ancient religious rite which has ancestral worship as a central issue. Although the worship of ancestors is irreconcilable with the Islamic belief system, Vave is still performed by the Muslim Bajuni farmers today. This essay attempts to outline in which way the ancestors are annually remembered, revived or actualised in the present by Bajuni farmers through the performance of an oral tradition. As an agricultural people the Bajuni believe in the cyclical structure of time. According to slash and burn cultivation, dried and chopped-off bush is burned down to ashes in March, which results in a cleared field of fertile soil for new cultivation in April, before the rainy season begins in May. The belief that death is inevitably followed by resurrection or that something isn't truly dead, but continues to exist in a new form derives from an observation of nature, in the same way that reproduction or the sexual act is symbolically similar to agricultural work. In the Vave songs the Bajuni refer to the dry bush as a virgin girl who longs for a husband. Furthermore when the bush is burned, the spectators cheer on the burning by shouting Subo! Subo!, which is a Somali expression for 'married man' . Thus the fire extinguishes everything and at the same time turns the thicket to fertile land out of which new and nourishing plants may grow. This symbolic regeneration which is applied to agriculture is also applied to human life. The human being does not completely vanish with his death, but continues to exist in the form of an ancestral spirit. On the eve of burning the bush the farmers call upon their ancestors to intercede in agricultural matters. Invocational verses are recited not only to petition God for help, but also the prophets and most importantly the ancestors, who as the proprietors for burn and slash cultivation, know their job best.

La Confederación de Comuneros nació en España a principios de 1821 dentro de la masonería, creada por miembros exaltados ante la moderación de esta. Pronto tuvo un gran número de integrantes, por toda España y singularmente por los ámbitos rurales. Se dotó de una estructura más sencilla que la masonería, adoptando una terminología emparentada con las revueltas comuneras del primer cuarto del siglo XVI. Entre sus fines estaba llevar a término una revolución liberal. Tras una primera crisis en octubre de 1822 y una escisión en febrero de 1823, pasó a la irrelevancia una vez derribado el sistema constitucional español.

En las últimas décadas del siglo XVIII algunas de las Sociedades Económicas de Amigos del País que surgieron en España, se erigieron en importantes fuentes de investigación, enseñanza y promoción económica. Además de las elites de las ciudades donde surgieron, las integraron personajes del ámbito rural que se adhirieron a sus proyectos más interesantes. Es el caso del calceatense Miguel Antonio de Tejada y Otálora, miembro de varias de aquellas Sociedades, en cuyo seno publicó breves ensayos sobre la aplicación médica de la electricidad, o el fomento de la agricultura. Se trata de un ejemplo de la recepción, difusión y puesta en marcha de las ideas ilustradas promovidas por esas Sociedades fuera de los ambientes más urbanos, tratándose en este caso de una fundamental aportación al espíritu reformista del entorno calceatense y riojano.

En el presente trabajo se aborda un nuevo episodio del decidido apoyo que los Reyes Católicos prestaron a la peregrinación a Santiago de Compostela mediante la concesión en 1483 de varias exenciones fiscales a la ciudad calceatense, que sirvieron para promocionar dos de las obras más importantes realizadas por santo Domingo de la Calzada, el puente y el hospital de peregrinos. Durante su estancia en la ciudad, la reina Isabel, devota del Santo, conoció las obras que éste había realizado siglos antes y la importante función que desemperiaban ambas en pro de la peregrinación. Mediante un primer documento, a cambio de obligar a la ciudad a mantener en pie el puente que utilizaban los peregrinos, los reyes concedieron a aquella la franquicia de pedidos y monedas. Por el segundo asignaron al conocido como Hospital del Santo, hospital de peregrinos, una exención anual de 1.500 maravedíes sobre el impuesto de la alcabala. Con estos otorgamientos, los Reyes Católicos favorecieron de forma especial a la ciudad, y con ello, en el inicio de su reinado, llevaron a cabo una de las primeras iniciativas de promoción y apoyo a la peregrinación compostelana. * * * La ciudad riojana de Santo Domingo de la Calzada nace a mediados del siglo XI gracias a la labor caritativa y asistencial que, en pro de los peregrinos, lleva a cabo el santo que le da nombre. Sus esenciales obras, una calzada transitable, un hospital con su cofradía en el que atender a los peregrinos, un sencillo puente por el que cruzar el intermitente cauce del río Oja o Glera, y una capilla para orar', aunque sencillas en sus inicios, fueron el germen de

nefastas huellas en la ciudad. A las requisas de bienes, las contribuciones de dinero, los saqueos y la constante presencia de franceses durante seis años, se sumó el tránsito de tropas y guerrillas que protagonizaron diferentes enfrentamientos y escaramuzas. Todo ello llevó a un empobrecimiento de la localidad y sus habitantes que tardarían mucho tiempo en recuperarse. Por otro lado es interesante observar que, en medio de un generalizado ambiente antifrancés, surgieron en la ciudad algunas sensibilidades afrancesadas y elementos liberales que protagonizarán la vida política calceatense en los siguientes años.

The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Navigation in general is directing a ship on a voyage or a way to determine the position and direction of travel both on the actual terrain and on the map. Shipping activities are seen as a medium of community communication in one region with other regions. Bugis tribe is one of the nations of the archipelago that is oriented to the sea, and many create a tradition and culture in shipping activities. This journal discusses the roots of bugis navigation in the 17th century that marked the development of Islamic civilization in the midst of the culture of Bugis society. The 17th century in a Bugis society was an era where Islam and culture were integrated but remained in accordance with Islamic values. This can be found in ancient manuscripts sourced from the literature of the Buginese community. The journal also shows that before the advent of modern navigation tools, Bugis sailors relied on their ability and experience to sail, utilizing natural phenomena both in the sky and at sea....

Xi Jinping, often referred to as the contemporary Mao, has introduced numerous development plans on a national and global scale since taking office as President in 2012. Having learned lessons from the disastrous Cultural Revolution which aimed to implant socialist ideas in China and resulted in the deaths of millions, Xi Jinping declared a new era in governance by emphasizing the importance of "Chinese Characteristics". Now, a Chinese government that has overcome the 'century of humiliation' and is capable of confronting Western powers through a concerted effort, has successfully integrated Marxist-Leninist ideology with Chinese characteristics. Xi Jinping's philosophy, which combines modern requirements with the principles of traditional Chinese governance, has become part of the CCP ideology. Xi's comprehension of governance stems from traditional Chinese philosophy. The Warring Principalities era and the emergence of the Hundred Schools of Thought are the foundations of Xi's understanding of governance. This article investigates the heritage and evolution of Xi Jinping's governing ideology from ancient Chinese traditional beliefs, using the example of the "Hundred Schools of Thought". The article aims to explore the value implications of traditional Chinese governance thought in contemporary political life. Additionally, it seeks to promote the essence of ancient Chinese traditional culture, investigate its relevance in modern times, reveal patterns of cultural development, and offer guidance on how to carry forward and inherit the traditional Chinese cultural perspective.

Üç buçuk asır boyunca Kırım Hanlığı'na hükümdar veren Geray hanedanı mensupları VI. yüzyıldan itibaren Osmanlı Devleti topraklarında yerleşmeye başlamışlardır. O kadar ki, VIII. yüzyılda bu geniş hanedanın Osmanlı topraklarında yaşayan mensuplarının sayısı Kırım'da kalanların çok üzerine çıkmıştır. 1783'te Kırım Hanlığı'nın Rusya tarafından ortadan kaldırılmasını müteakip, Kuzey Kafkasya'ya yerleşenler dışında Geray hanedanı mensuplarının büyük çoğunluğu Osmanlı Rumelisi'nde toplanmıştır. Osmanlı topraklarında yaşayan Geraylar burada geçirdikleri yüzyıllar içinde orada doğmuş, ölmüş ve sayısız mimar eserler inşa ettirmişlerdir. Bu makalemiz bu coğrafyada Geraylardan kalabilen eserlerin bir dökümünü vermeyi amaçlamaktadır. Eski Osmanlı topraklarında Geraylardan geride kalan maddi izlerin büyük çoğunluğu mezar taşları olup, diğerleri iki türbe, bir köprü, bir çeşme, iki konak ile hamam, saray ve savunma kulesi kalıntılarından oluşmaktadır. Bunlar bugünkü Türkiye, Bulgaristan ve Yunanistan arazilerine dağılmış durumdadır. Muhakkak ki, günümüze ulaşabilen bu eserler bir zamanlar mevcut olanların çok küçük bir kısmından ibarettir. Söz konusu maddi izlerin tamamına yakını gayet harap ve restorasyona muhtaç durumdadır. Bununla birlikte, bu hanedan mensuplarının kendi vatanları olan Kırım'daki maddi izlerinin maruz bulunduğu muazzam tahribat göz önüne alındığında eski Osmanlı topraklarında kalabilen bu nispeten az sayıdaki izlerinin ve onların muhafazasının tarih açıdan çok büyük önemi haiz olduğu ortaya çıkmaktadır.

Bununla birlikte, yaygın Kırım tarihçiliğinde, daha doğrusu "asıl" Gerayların hiç değilse önemli bir kısmının rivayetinde "Çoban Geraylar"ın gayri-meşru bir kökene dayandığı ve Geray hânedânıyla kan bağının bulunmadığı tekrarlanagelmiştir. Ancak, bu klişe sorgulanmaya ve dönemin kaynakları yeniden tetkike muhtaçtır. Her şeyden önce söz konusu iddialar esasen buna ilişkin olaylardan bir asrı aşkın zaman sonraki dönemlerin tarihçilerine aitken, çağdaş kaynaklar bunları doğrulamamaktadır. Dahası, "Çoban Geraylar"ın mütekip devirlerde "asıl" yahut diğer Geraylarla esasen aynı imtiyaz ve unvanlara sahip oldukları görülmektedir.

Hakan Kirimli, The "Young Tatar" movement in the Crimea, 1905Crimea, -1909. . During the 1905 revolution, a nationalist-revolutionary movement emerged among the Crimean Tatar intelligentsia, whose members were called the "Young Tatars." Strongly influenced by the Russian revolutionaries, the Young Tatars engaged in a political and social struggle involving a network of underground cells, as well as legal publications and enlightenment activities. They introduced the political concept of "fatherland," defined by the Crimea, thereby providing a territorial basis for national identity. While endorsing broader Turkic and Islamic allegiances, they concentrated primarily on the Crimean Tatar people as the starting point of their national identity.

This study examines how the experience of time is articulated in West Semitic royal inscriptions from the Iron Age Levant. To do so, I examine two temporal indices or scaffolds on which the broader architecture of temporal experience is constructed within this corpus. The first is what I term dynastic time, a perspective organized around a ruler's life and lineage that governs how past, present, and future are conceived within these writings. The second is the time attributed to material remains, or how these inscriptions account for the age of ruins and the dilapidated structures that are often referred to within them. What is historically meaningful about these descriptions and their attendant references, I argue, is a specific reckoning with the flow of time, where we are offered insights into how these writings apprehend a sense of temporal duration. When compared to royal inscriptions commissioned by contemporaneous Assyrian and Babylonian rulers, what appears in the West Semitic corpus, I contend further, is a reduced temporal framework whose retrospective and prospective visions rarely exceed a generation and, at most, extend roughly a century into the past or future. This investigation then concludes by examining what historical factors may have shaped this distinct sense of time conveyed in the West Semitic tradition of royal inscriptions.

Como bolsista de iniciação científica no projeto "A Sociedade Platina Frente aos Avanços e Recuos dos Limites Territoriais dos Impérios Luso-Brasileiro e Espanhol (1763-1828)" apresento a pesquisa junto às Actas do Cabildo de Buenos Aires. Esta tarefa teve por objetivo mapear as condições econômicas, sociais, políticas e culturais da população platina ao final do período colonial. A metodologia de trabalho consistiu em: (1) leitura preliminar das fontes que se encontram escritas em espanhol dos séculos XVIIII e XIX; (2) recorte destas actas nos temas recorrentes à temática da pesquisa como uma amostra significativa do período; (3) releitura e tradução das actas e catalogação dos assuntos de cada uma e de palavras-chave; (4) a partir destes passos, a elaboração de um quadro temático detalhado com a lista dos assunto e seleção das palavras-chave. Paralelamente a esta atividade, leituras e análise da literatura pertinente à pesquisa complementaram a busca de informações sobre a temática. Como resultado, apresento algumas mudanças materiais e de mentalidades desta sociedade que se desenvolvia na direção da construção de sua nacionalidade e de sua identidade frente aos outros povos americanos. (CNPq e FAPERGS).

This thesis provides a historicized explanation for why implementing treatments for resuscitating the apparently dead generated so much feeling in late-eighteenth century Britain. It does so by charting the history of the Royal Humane Society of London (RHS), from its inauguration in 1774, to the death of its founder, William Hawes, in 1808. Chapter 1 explains what was unusual and innovative about the RHS's programme for recovering apparently drowned bodies from the Thames. It explains why resuscitation was considered plausible, how the Society came to concentrate on the drowned, where the various treatments came from, and who would have found it a challenging set of recommendations, and why. Chapter 2 shows how this programme was made viable by the efforts members of the RHS made to generate interest in, and financial support for, the initiative, identifies the arguments made in favour of the practice, and explains why particular kinds of medical men, with special ideas about how medicine should be organized and presented, were invested in the treatment's success. Chapter 3 shows how some people thought its objective, recovering the apparently dead, implausible and ridiculous, and how the RHS sought to overcome their objections. Chapter 4 shows how and why the treatment was considered blasphemous, and analyzes how the RHSs Anglican apologists sought to deal with this threat to the programme. Finally, Chapter 5 provides an account of why the marriage between resuscitation and the discourse of humanitarianism was so successful, and demonstrates how in practice following the RHS's agenda could be troubling for ordinary people. Seeing resuscitation's implementation as a frictional process, the thesis addresses the relations between medicine, philanthropy, science, religion and popular culture in order to establish resuscitation's cultural presence, and to appreciate the cultural effort that the treatment elicited.

Мазкур мақола француз ва ўзбек тилларида “тарихий хотира” ҳамда этно-идиоматика тушунчаларига бағишланган бўлиб, икки тил доирасида мисоллар ёрдамида таҳлил қилинган. Мақолада этно-идиоматика тушунчасига оид олимларнинг назарий фикрлари асосида “тарихий хотира”га оид фразеологик бирликлар тадқиқ қилинган.

In the region of Valenca (Northern Portugal) inner and outer granitic pegmatites, include green and blue-green amazonites, and late rose-colored microcline. Pb is the chromophore constituent responsible for the green color and the inclusion of galena in amazonite is consistent with this fact. The rose-colored microcline results from a pos-amazonitic metassomatic phenomenon, called reddening, which may evolve to epi-sienitization.

À escala dos mercados globais o Ta é um metal cujo aprovisionamento pode ser considerado errático, sujeito a oscilações importantes. Um primeiro imperativo de optimização para a valorização de concentrados de Ta é a proporção de "pentóxido" que o produto transacionável deve comportar para que possa ser comercializado aos mais altos valores unitários: Ta2O5>30%. Esta proporção tem como factor limitante natural a grande diversidade mineroquímica das fases portadoras que ocorrem em depósitos primários, o que suscita muitas vezes a adopção pós -mineralúrgica de correcções de teor ("blending"),procurando, com lotes de diferentes cargas tantalíferas, valorizar os minérios. No N de Portugal, a maioria dos depósitos primários de Ta, essencialmente pegmatíticos, dispõe-se segundo uma faixa NW -SE que segue aproximadamente as trajectórias de estruturação orogénica, Varisca, atribuídas às 2ª e 3ª fases de deformação. A localização das jazidas de tipo placer, acompanha esta tendência, reflectindo a relação proximal com as jazidas primárias. Destacam-se deste padrão as mineralizações situadas em fácies apograníticas (leucogranitos de cúpula) por vezes estruturadas em complexos exo-granito / endo-granito com "stock -sheider",como é o caso das mineralizações de Montesinho e Seixigal, a que correspondem os mais baixos teores mas, potencialmente, as tonelagens mais elevadas. Entre os placeres, parece ser em aluviões da Cumieira e Ribeiro Salgueiro, na Serra de Arga, e em aluviões da Ribeira da Gaia em Belmonte, Guarda que se podem obter os minérios de melhor qualidade. Quanto aos depósitos primários, os concentrados de mais alto valor podem ser apurados em fácies aplito-pegmatíticas LCT, lepidolíticas, das regiões da Régua e da Guarda e ainda nas unidades tardias de tipo brecha hidrotemal ou de colapso em pegmatitos intra-graníticos como os do Grupo de Senhora de Assunção. Valores de 150-200 ppm de Ta podem ser considerados um padrão aceitável para considerar as jazidas como potencialmente interessantes prevendo que alguns conteúdos em "oreshoots"possam variar de forma consistente entre 300 e 1500 ppm. No que diz respeito aos pegmatitos graníticos, parece iniciar-se agora um novo ciclo de procura, evidência de reservas e eventual exploração que tem como objectivo o Li metálico (como Li brought to you by CORE View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk provided by Universidade do Minho: RepositoriUM 2CO3). É pois de considerar com seriedade a possibilidade de obtenção sucedânea de concentrados de Ta até porque no caso das jazidas lepidolíticas existe uma associação muito marcada entre concentrações de Li e Ta, o que justifica equacionar o aproveitamento integrado dos dois minérios. Palavras-chave:Tântalo, paragénese, minérios, teores, depósitos, Varisco, pegmatito, Portugal.

RESUMO: A instalação dos conjuntos pegmatíticos no Licungo é controlada por lineamentos NNE-SSW e NNW-SSE e a dimensão e morfologia dos pegmatitos é influenciada por carreamentos que também induziram nas rochas encaixantes uma foliação subhorizontal. Os corpos maiores terão sido acolhidos por volumes transtensivos. A deformação subsequente modificou atitudes, mas as paragéneses e as estruturas são pouco variáveis ao nível do campo pegmatítico: predomina a feição NYF. Isto sugere uma afinidade genética com granitos de tipo alcalino que afloram a Este na região de Ethabo.

RESUMO: No Domo de Covas (Serra de Arga), a contaminação de magmas pegmatíticos por reacção com rochas calcossilicatadas, metacarbonatadas e metaexalíticas originam paragéneses dessilicificadas com mineralogia anómala que inclui além da plagioclase, escapolite, fosfatos de Li e minerais de epídoto. A evolução paragenética manifesta-se para uma modificação da atitude dos veios e pode resultar de processos de fraccionação e/ou evolução térmica que culminam na formação de venulações ricas em prenite e associações com oligoclase+escapolite.

Descriptive analysis of tantalum paragenesis and tantalum pegmatites from the South Pegmatite District of Zambezian Province (Mozambique) The differences between NYF and LCT pegmatite evolution and regional distribution in Zambézia Pegmatite Province are the main determinants of its tantalum potentiality. Alto Ligonha District in Central Zambézia holds important Ta resources in relation to LCT giant pegmatites, which have been mined for decades and are reasonably known. Minor attention was dedicated since now to the South District. Recent studies dedicated to this domain revealed several pegmatite fields with a great diversity of Ta mineralization: M´Luma -Nicula -low Ta NYF pegmatites, with high Sc, Y, Ti, R.E. and ixiolite-cheralite dominant ores; Rio Licungo -low Ta NYF and beryl pegmatites, with high Bi, W and struverite dominant ores; Rio Namivo -low to high Ta NYF to LCT pegmatites, beryl rich with petalite and spodumene as high temperature remnants and tantalite-tapiolite-microlite dominant ores. Regional distribution and paragenetic analysis of some key pegmatites suggest that South District reveals a more proximal and sub-autochthonous emplacement of the pegmatite bodies in tangential ruptures under the cover terrenes of Mamala to Morrua Formations, which undergone a different evolution since Pan-African event to uplifting an exhumation. In what concerns the strategic stage of exploration, such a pattern of emplacement and evolution, suggests the possibility of future detection of unknown high Ta pegmatites at the South District.

Resumen: Este artículo analiza la participación político-militar de los mapuche durante la Restauración de Fernando VII, centrándose principalmente en los años 1814-1825. El trabajo se inserta dentro de una discusión más amplia sobre las causas y consecuencias de la restauración monárquica en Chile, enfocándose en la intervención de las distintas parcialidades mapuche al sur del río Biobío. La hipótesis central es que las alianzas cambiantes contraídas por los mapuche explican la inusual duración de la guerra en Chile -y, por tanto, de la Restauración fernandina-si se compara con otras zonas de Sudamérica, donde las contiendas con los realistas se saldaron a fines de la década de 1810. Las fuentes muestran que durante la llamada "Guerra a Muerte" la región de la Araucanía experimentó un complejo proceso de negociación entre los principales caciques mapuche y los oficiales regulares. Siguiendo los últimos aportes historiográficos sobre este tema, el artículo concluye que en dichas negociaciones las comunidades mapuche actuaron portando una sofisticada agencia política, y no como actores supuestamente "manipulados" por las autoridades realistas y/o revolucionarias. El artículo se divide en cuatro secciones. En primer lugar, se hace un recuento del período 1793-1810 con el fin de indicar el estado de las relaciones establecidas entre la corona y las comunidades mapuche en vísperas de la revolución. Luego, se aborda la participación indígena en la guerra que azotó al Valle Central en el contexto más amplio de la Restauración fernandina. La tercera sección estudia los mecanismos de negociación entablados entre los mapuche y los realistas, así como entre los mapuche y los revolucionarios, en los años 1817-1823. Fue durante la "Guerra a Muerte" que se hicieron más evidentes las divisiones entre las comunidades indígenas, apoyando algunas a los revolu-cionarios y otras a los realistas, aunque también en algunos casos, y según se iba desarrollando el conflicto, a ambos ejércitos al mismo tiempo o sucesivamente a uno y otro. Esta flexibilidad se aprecia claramente en el epílogo de este artículo, donde se analiza la documentación sobre el Parlamento de Tapihue (1825), mediante el cual el gobierno de Ramón Freire concluyó la guerra al sur del Biobío. El Tratado entrega una visión clara de los principales problemas asociados a la organización

In Joanna Crow’s cultural exposition of Chile’s largest indigenous population, The Mapuche in Modern Chile: A Cultural History, she makes a concerted effort to highlight the cultural components of the group’s identity and presence both in negotiation with and in resistance to the larger Chilean state throughout history. As a primary target of her research, the post-colonial approach illuminates the agency-driven Mapuche as being continuously reimagined in the nation’s history—not necessarily restructured but more to the point of being reconsidered. In order to elicit this type of reconsideration, Crow exposes the prominence of the “historic Mapuche” image as the dominant cultural marker of their existence. One particular manner in which she stresses this reality is in her highlighting of the performative nature of the touristy postcards of present-day Chile and their harkening back to late nineteenth century “indigenous identity” in the way that the contemporary audience desires to ...

This paper is based on an analysis of the drawings of Aadivasi children in Maraharashtra, a state in India. It presents the otherwise neglected world of the Aadivasi children, namely, the children's perspectives towards their environment and culture as expressed in the drawings. It also discusses the influence of the geographical and cultural environment on the drawing style of Aadivasi children, emphasizing special features of the drawings, i.e., their collective creation. It further analyzes the intellectual attributes Aadivasi children exhibit through their art work using the theory framework of multipleintelligence. The drawings exhibit different aspects of visual-spatial intelligence and a strong emotional bond between Aadivasi children and nature. The paper offers leads for understanding the visual-spatial intelligence and naturalistic intelligence among these children. It also discusses the possibility that the high ability of coordination and cooperation among Aadivasi children acquired through socialization in their communities could be attributed as interpersonal intelligence. The paper comments on the design of the Indian Education System, which is characterized by an insensitive approach towards the specific cultural context and intellectual attributes of tribal children.

This paper is based on an analysis of the drawings of Aadivasi children in Maraharashtra, a state in India. It presents the otherwise neglected world of the Aadivasi children, namely, the children's perspectives towards their environment and culture as expressed in the drawings. It also discusses the influence of the geographical and cultural environment on the drawing style of Aadivasi children, emphasizing special features of the drawings, i.e., their collective creation. It further analyzes the intellectual attributes Aadivasi children exhibit through their art work using the theory framework of multiple-intelligence. The drawings exhibit different aspects of visual-spatial intelligence and a strong emotional bond between Aadivasi children and nature. The paper offers leads for understanding the visual-spatial intelligence and naturalistic intelligence among these children. It also discusses the possibility that the high ability of coordination and cooperation among Aadivasi ...

El artículo presenta los resultados de un estudio de caso del proyecto en curso para construir una carretera del peaje entre Dakar y Diamniadio. El proyecto forma parte de la estrategia para la reducción de la pobreza de Senegal y en 2009 fue reconocida como buena práctica por el Banco Mundial. A pesar de este reconocimiento institucional, la carretera implica el desalojo de más de 30.000 personas y por lo tanto la destrucción de sus organizaciones sociales de apoyo mutuo. Los gobiernos africanos tienden a invertir sus escasos recursos en las principales zonas urbanas. Intentan de esta manera « conectarlas con el espacio global del negocio y de flujos financieros ». La gente local se ve forzada a irse, en lo que supone una agresión múltiple: no se beneficiarán en absoluto de las inversiones y de la revalorización del precio del suelo; pierden sus vínculos con la ciudad en una localización central. Además en el prooceso se rompen los movimientos de base, pues realojarán a la gente en diversos puntos lejanos de Dakar. En este contexto de la alta vulnerabilidad, en el cual las autoridades no tienen en cuenta a los habitantes más desfavorecidos, un grupo de ciudadanos se organizó para reclamar sus derechos, intentando evitar los desalojos. La investigación analiza este caso aplicando el efoque de desarrollo a escala humana en un proceso participativo. Los resultados demuestran que existen alternativas a partir de procesos locales que permiten satisfacer de una manera sinérgica las necesidades humanas del conjunto. Se puede haccer frente a la exclusión social y a la vulnerabilidad a través de un desarrollo endógeno. Si las instituciones se implican en el proceso podrían a su vez aumentar su legitimidad.

In the sources of Sunni hadith, there is a narration according to which Imam Ali (AS) said to a person who is a storyteller who did not have mastered the abrogated and obsolete knowledge: This narration has become one of the narrative foundations of those who believe in the occurrence of abrogation in the Qur'an to emphasize the importance and high position of this science in the field of Qur'anic sciences, to prove the widespread occurrence of abrogation in the Qur'an. The present study pursues the originality of this narrative in the first century AH as a goal. For this purpose, using the method of document-text analysis and identifying the common loop, key individuals have been identified and spread this narration in different hadith ecosystems and relying on Sunni hadith sources, the credibility of individuals and effective ways in transmitting it to the assessment plant. Laid out.The findings suggest that the narrative, which is likely to be considered the birthplac...

Wooden chairs with rush seats have been a part of North- and West-European vernacular furniture since at least the 17th century. The same type of chairs with woven seats are represented among the Estonian vernacular chairs as well, but no research has been done on this topic so far. The term “rush seats” (kõrkjapõhjad) has been used in museum collections records as well as archival sources to denote the seats woven of plant material. The aim of the present article is to analyse what plant species have been used for making “rush seats”, how the plant material was prepared for weaving, what the work process was like, and which variations can be found in the patterns of surviving rush seats. Our source material includes the rush seat chairs in the Estonian National Museum (ENM) collections and archival sources from the ENM, as well as the Institute of the Estonian Language archive of the Estonian dialects and Finno-Ugric languages (EMSUKA). As the information concerning our research to...

The COVID-19 outbreak initiated from the Chinese city of Wuhan and eventually affected almost every nation around the globe. From China, the disease started spreading to the rest of the world. After China, Italy became the next epicentre of the virus and witnessed a very high death toll. Soon nations like the USA became severely hit by SARS-CoV-2 virus. The World Health Organisation, on 11th March 2020, declared COVID-19 a pandemic. To combat the epidemic, the nations from every corner of the world has instituted various policies like physical distancing, isolation of infected population and researching on the potential vaccine of SARS-CoV-2. To identify the impact of various policies implemented by the affected countries on the pandemic spread, a myriad of AI-based models have been presented to analyse and predict the epidemiological trends of COVID-19. In this work, the authors present a detailed study of different arti cial intelligence frameworks applied for predictive analysis of COVID-19 patient record. The forecasting models acquire information from records to detect the pandemic spreading and thus enabling an opportunity to take immediate actions to reduce the spread of the virus. This paper addresses the research issues and corresponding solutions associated with the prediction and detection of infectious diseases like COVID-19. It further focuses on the study of vaccinations to cope with the pandemic. Finally, the research challenges in terms of data availability, reliability, the accuracy of the existing prediction models and other open issues are discussed to outline the future course of this study.

The purpose of this videotape is to introduce anthropology students to the spreading controversy about whether early American Indian skeletal remains and associated artifacts should be returned to modern Native American groups for permanent reburial or if this material can continue to be studied by professional anthropologists in order to further our understanding of the biology and culture of early human populations. The cast of characters includes five archaeologists from various California institutions (Clement Meighan, Ernestine Elster, Ruth Tringham, Mike Glassow, and Pandora Snethkamp), one religious studies professor (Richard Hecht), six individuals of American Indian descent (William Pink, Kote Lotah, Dick Pierce, Fern Southcott, Walter Lara, and Dwight Duschke), and Julia Costello, who I presume is associated with some sort of California state agency. The format is simple. Each person, without being asked any specific question, presents his or her own rationale for arguing either for or against reburial. There are no debates; with only two minor exceptions, one in which Pink, Southcott, and Duschke address a panel of unidentified people, and another where Tringham, Elster, and Costello have a joint discussion, each individual provides a personal viewpoint in private. Since the film is described in an accompanying advertisement as having dealt with a number of questions, it seems only fair to assess it in this context.